Mid Term for Epidemiology
Which type of data is measured in unrestricted, measurable quantities?
Continuous
Epidemiologic investigations of racial/ethnic disparities may fail to capture which of the following?
Cultural differences
Who was the professor who first observed the relationship between the repetitive physical aspects of work and their potential harmful effects?
Bernardino Ramazzini
Which of the following individuals developed the vaccination for smallpox?
Edward Jenner
The factors that contribute to a disease or public health outcome include which of the following?
Environmental circumstances, timing of events, host, and agent
The first person to conduct a large-scale case-control study on the epidemiology of breast cancer was:
Janet Lane-Claypon.
Which of the following developed life tables and life expectancy calculations?
John Graunt
Who is considered to be the "Father of Epidemiology"?
John Snow
An afterschool program was established to provide struggling elementary students with free tutoring. The program was located far from the school, making it difficult for the students to engage in the program. Which of the following would best describe this program?
Lacking effectiveness
Public health surveillance is part of an epidemiologist's role and includes which of the following tasks?
Systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data
The outbreak of typhoid in connection with Mary Mallon led to which of the following epidemiologic findings?
The importance of tracking carriers of disease
A __________ displays data in quartiles, showing the median, minimum, and maximum of data.
box plot
Public health surveillance is used to prompt:
control measures.
A case definition is central to epidemiology because it:
ensures an accurate representation of the health problem.
The common cold can be transmitted through a virus left on a door handle by an infected person. This mode of transmission is classified as:
fomite-borne.
Illness surveys consist of:
house-to-house canvassing of the population.
One inanimate source of illness is fumes, which can gain access to the body through:
inhalation and the skin.
Hippocrates' main contribution to epidemiology was his:
observations on how diseases affected a population and how they spread
A(n) __________ monitors and compares changes in population age distributions between males and females.
population pyramid
Mosquitos, which can transmit the parasite that cause's malaria, live near standing water. Thus, a habitat such as a swamp can be considered a:
reservoir
The __________ is a measure of dispersion that is used in constructing confidence intervals for the mean and in evaluating research hypotheses.
standard deviation
A population pyramid displaying low fertility and low mortality is called a(n):
stationary pyramid.
A woman has a fever, sore throat, and fatigue. She thinks she has West Nile Virus but has not been to a doctor to confirm her diagnosis. She is considered a(n):
suspect case
The ability of the disease-causing agent to cause a severe case of the disease and death is called its:
virulence.
The vitamin produced through the interaction of sunshine and the body's fats is:
vitamin D
True or False? The "Spontaneous Generation" theory of disease was replaced by the identification of microorganisms as the cause of diseases.
True
True or False? The connection between nutritional deficiency and poverty was made during the same time period as the discovery of the role of vitamins in health.
True
True or False? The term healthy worker effect refers to populations of employed workers having a lower mortality rate than the general population.
True
True or False? Vaccinations were first invented using cowpox to protect against smallpox in the 1700s.
True
When handwashing was implemented as a regular practice in a maternity hospital in the 1800s, the mortality rate from childbed fever was drastically reduced.
True
Which of the following epidemiologic studies may be used to assess the role of environment and genetics on disease?
Twin studies
John has had hepatitis C for 2 years, and although he is not showing any symptoms of the disease, he is still considered a(n) _________ carrier because he can still transmit the disease to others.
active
Determining a risk factor for a disease is enough to establish causality.
False
Florence Nightingale was an advocate for the training of nurses in statistical methods.
False
Primary deficiency diseases result from the body's inability to use specific nutrients properly.
False
The bacterium that causes bubonic plague does not undergo any lifecycle changes while living in its host. This is considered a biological transmission.
False
True or False? A point source epidemic refers to persons who are exposed to the same exposure over an extended time period.
False
True or False? A spot map is used to display both location and number or rate of health-related states or events.
False
True or False? Discrete data has a continuous scale.
False
True or False? It is easier to eradicate a propagated epidemic than a common-source epidemic.
False
True or False? Secondary prevention is a means for reaching herd immunity in the population.
False
True or False? Tetanus is a chronic disease.
False
True or False? The geometric mean may be more than or equal to the arithmetic mean for any given data set.
False
True or False? Zoonosis is an infectious organism spread from a vector to a human.
False
In which stage is the disease highly communicable, but the host does not spread it much?
Fastigium
The Framingham Heart Study was an example of which type of study design?
Prospective cohort study
Which of the following is one of the main components of primary prevention?
Health promotion
The __________ is defined as new cases occurring within a short time period divided by the total population at risk at the beginning of that time period, then multiplied by 100.
attack rate
The word epidemiology is based on the Greek word's epi, demos, and logos. Which of the following is the meaning of epi?
On, upon, or befall
__________ is the descriptive characteristic that describes who is getting the disease.
Person
Which of the following is useful for measuring diseases in which it is difficult to pinpoint when an individual became a case and for describing the magnitude of a public health problem?
Point prevalence proportion
Which of the following was one of Janet Lane-Claypon's contributions to epidemiology?
She established the relationship between disease stage at time of diagnosis and survival.
Which stage may also be called the incubation period?
Stage of presymptomatic disease
True or False? Presenting disease or a health-related state over time is a fundamental aspect of descriptive epidemiology.
True
A carrier of a disease may be a zoonosis or a vector.
True
British seamen are termed "limeys" due to the use of limes and lime juice in their diet for the prevention of scurvy.
True
Epidemiologic research was used to show the increased risk of lung cancer among tobacco smokers compared with nonsmokers.
True
Immune status, lifestyle factors, and environmental conditions are causative factors in the modern triangle of epidemiology.
True
True or False? A person potentially exposed to yellow fever without a confirmed diagnosis may be placed under quarantine
True
True or False? Animalcules was the first term for microbes, bacteria, and microorganisms.
True
True or False? If the coefficient of determination is r 2 = 0.27, then 27% of the variation within the dependent variable is accounted for by the independent variable.
True
True or False? If the standard morbidity/mortality ratio (SMR) is less than 1, fewer diseases or health-related states are observed than expected from the age-specific rates in the standard population.
True
True or False? One way to control for age as a confounder is to use age-adjusted rates.
True
The chain of infection describes disease transmission, beginning with:
the pathogen leaving the reservoir
Epidemiologists identify causal associations using:
the time sequence of events.
