Mid-Term Review 2019

What is a phenotype?

An observable expression of a trait in an organism

Sometimes, children have a stronger resemblance to one parent over the other. Which of the following best explains why this is true?

Children inherit a varied combination of genes from both their mother and father.

Plants use energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. Which structure is found only in plant cells and helps plants capture energy from sunlight?

Chloroplast

Malaria is a disease caused by a Protist that travels into a person's blood stream after a mosquito bite. People who carry the gene for sickle cell anemia are less likely to get malaria because they have misshaped blood cells that do not allow the Protist to travel easily in the blood stream. People with sickle cell anemia have an advantage because they —

inherited this gene from a previous generation

Gregor Mendel experimented with patterns of inheritance in the 1800s. His work is the foundation for much of what we know about inheritance today. Which of these would be evidence that would MOST strengthen the theories developed by Mendel?

two solid brown dogs having a litter of solid brown puppies

In what way is a single cell similar to an organism that contains cells?

A cell and an organism have individual structures that have specific jobs, such as a cell's nucleus and an organism's brain

The hydra is a very small, simple animal that lives in water. Hydras reproduce asexually by budding, a process in which a bud breaks off an adult hydra and floats away. Which of the following best describes a hydra bud?

A hydra bud is genetically identical to the parent hydra.

Certain species of whip-tail lizards have only female individuals and no males. These lizards reproduce asexually. What is one is advantage of asexual reproduction for these lizards?

All the members of a population are genetically very similar and less able to survive environmental changes

At the end of their biology unit, 7th grade students were asked to make a glossary of biological terms. Which student did the best job of defining the word "heredity"?

Carla - Heredity is the passing of genetic information contained in chromosomes from one generation to the next.

Two sisters are born from a father who has blue eyes and a mother who has brown eyes. One sister has blue eyes, and the other has brown eyes. Which of the following explains this difference in eye color?

Each sister inherited a different combination of genes from their parents that determined their eye color.

Which force helps food move through the large intestine during digestion?

Muscle contractions exert a pushing force on the food

Which of the following best describes how an organism inherits physical characteristics, such as eye color, from their parents?

Offspring receive chromosomes from their parents, each chromosome contains genes, each gene contains alleles which determine the appearance of an organism.

What is a genotype?

The genes within DNA that are responsible for a trait in an organism

Maya has an attached ear lobe. What is responsible for Maya's ear shape?

The genetic material inside her cells' nuclei, where her chromosomes are

What is the main function of the human reproductive system?

To allow offspring to be born

Which of the following situations shows a response to colder temperatures?

a plant sheds its leaves.

In 1838 botanist Matthias Schleiden determined that all plants are composed of cells. In 1839 anatomist Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are composed of cells. In 1855 biologist Rudolph Virchow added to Schleiden's and Schwann's observations and proposed that all living things are composed of cells. Which statement is also part of Virchow's cell theory?

all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Which of the following would result in the most diverse offspring?

bees bringing pollen from the flower of one plant to the flower of an another

The shoot system, which consists of the phloem and xylem, transports food and water through the plant. This can be compared to which of the following body systems?

circulatory system

The function of the human excretory system is to —

dispose of wastes and control body fluid composition

What part of this system is most essential for the water cycle to function?

energy from the Sun

A plant breeder is MOST likely to produce offspring with new combinations of traits by —

exchanging grains of pollen between two different colored roses

Gregor Mendel conducted research on pea plant characteristics. To which field of study has Mendel's work contributed the MOST Scientific understanding?

genetics

When a litter of puppies is born, the pups will exhibit certain physical characteristics that can be found in one or both of the parent dogs. These characteristics passed down from parent to offspring are considered to be-

inherited traits

Trees that grow in a forest tend to grow very tall, with few branches. The same species of tree grown in an open area tends to grow shorter and wider, with many branches. The stimulus responsible for these different growth patterns is the amount of —

light reaching the tree

All living organisms need energy to function. Both unicellular organisms and multi-cellular organism retrieve energy using —

mitochondria to do cellular respiration

Heartbeat, body temperature, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all functions directly controlled by the —

nervous system

Plant's roots grow down, anchoring it into the soil. To what stimulus is the plant responding?

positive geotropism

In one student's family, two of the children have curly hair, one child has wavy hair, and the fourth child has straight hair. Which of these processes is responsible for the variety of hair texture in this family?

sexual reproduction

Many processes occur in the digestive system. Which process is best classified as a physical change?

teeth grinding an almond into smaller pieces in the mouth

Which lab investigation requires knowing the location of this equipment?

testing for the presence of sugar using benedicts solution, hot plate, beaker, and test tubes

During asexual reproduction in one-celled algae, a single algae becomes two new algae. The genetic material in each of the daughter cells is usually —

the same number of genes

Osmosis is the movement of water from low concentrations of solutes, like pure water, to high concentrations of solutes, like 30% salt water. Plants use osmosis to take in and hold onto water because they have a higher solute concentration in their cells than the freshwater that surrounds them. Using the passage, a student can conclude that a celery stalk placed in concentrated salt water would wilt, but a celery stalk placed in pure water would stand up tall because —

water is rushing into the celery stalk cells and applying a pushing force on the cell walls to make the plant firm.