Midterm: Public speaking SPC 205
to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
paraphrase
What is an ideal final slide for a speech that includes visual aids displayed using presentation technology?
A blank slide note: when presenting an object or model, a speaker should decide ahead of time the best place to display it
Note: gathering information from online sources tempts people to plagiarize more than using other sources does
Note: Ethical guidelines for speaking: making sure your goals are ethically sound, being honest, avoiding name-calling, being fully prepared for each speech Does not include dressing well for the speech
Note: If we ensure someone's right to free speech, it does not mean we agree with what they say
Note: any borrowed language or ideas must be credited
Note: as a listener, failing to be attentive is not ethical behavior
Note: ethical behavior for a listener includes taking seriously your responsibility as a listener, showing support for the speaker by being attentive, showing speakers the same cy you want from them when you are speaking, using good manners when someone else is speaking, keeping an open mind to controversial ideas, focusing your attention on the speaker
Note: global plagiarism is most often the result of putting off speech preparation until the deadline is near
Note: the title of each internet document is included in a speech bibliography for listing online sources used
the ____ is the most culturally diverse society in the world
United States
What is a recommended strategy for ensuring that the fonts used in a presentation program are clear, legible, and consistent?
Using a built-in theme note: guidelines for effective use of text on presentation technology slides include using key words only; limit text to under 6 lines
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
adrenaline
a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
attitude
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
audience-centeredness
the first 10 amendments to the united states constitution
bill of rights
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
central idea
what you expect to say in a speech
central idea note: signposts are: brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in a speech; frequently just numbers
in the process of communication, the ____ is defined as the means by which a message is communicated
channel
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading gradually is called a ____ ending
dissolve
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
egocentrism
the oldest known handbook on effective speech was written 4,500 years ago in ____
egypt
the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
feedback
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
fixed-alternative questions
the broad goal of a speech
general purpose
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
gestures
the major points developed in the body of a speech
main points
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
message
____ plagiarism occurs when a speaker ties together words and ideas from several sources without citation
patchwork
constructing a speech out of language from two or three sources, without crediting the sources or including much original language, is called ____ plagiarism
patchwork plagiarism
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
scale questions
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
situation
in addition to factoring in the audience size and physical setting of a speech, a ____ audience analysis also considers how the audience feels about the speech topic
situational note: considers the size of the audience; considers the physical setting; should be used in conjunction with demographic analysis
the subject of a speech
topic
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
topical order
the ____ message consists of the spoken words
verbal message
drawings, photographs, graphs, and videos are examples of
visual aids note: when presenting visual aids, speakers should focus on talking to their listeners rather than looking at heir visual aid; explain each visual aid as it is displayed; display visual aids only when talking about them
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
open-ended questions
involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
ethical decisions
the nervousness and anxiety you feel at the start of your speech is a normal consequence of your body's production of ____
adrenaline
the main section of a speech
body
a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts
brainstorming
the means by which a message is communicated
channel
the person who receives the speaker's message
listener
which generation is the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history?
millennials note: examples of commonly used presentation technology include prezi, powerpoint, keynote
according to the 2012 study, more / less people are scared of giving a speech than of dying
more
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
name-calling
when beginning a speech about a controversial issue, it is best to start with a ____
noncommittal position note: a speech should be well organized because that speaker's coherence affects the listener's perception of the speech; and unlike reading a text, the audience cannot reread parts to better understand the message
facial expressions and tone of voice are examples of the ____ message
nonverbal message
note: speakers are expected to behave ethically in every speech
note: abusive speech and slurs are never ethical
note: a classroom audience usually expects the speaker to follow standards for taste and decorum, conform to the assignment, and conform to time parameters
note: all speeches are influenced by the frame of reference of audience members
which elements of the speech communication process does the speaker have the most control over?
the message
method of speech organization in which order is based on categories or subtopics rather than the sequence in which events occurred
topical order
a word or phase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
transition
What is the primary problem with Prezi and similar presentation programs?
visual effects distract from the content of the speech note: when using presentation technology, speakers should mark cues in the speaking notes to indicate slide changes; decide exactly when to change slides; rehearse with the mouse or keyboard until their use requires only a glance at the equipment
mental imaging in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation
visualization
how many main points should classroom speeches contain?
2 to 5
with what or whom does the process of communication begin?
a receiver
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
chronological order
the final section of a speech
conclusion
what is the term for the audience's perception of how well a person is qualified to speak on a given topic?
credibility
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
critical thinking
audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like
demographic audience analysis
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic, final statement
dissolve ending
what is the tendency of people to be concerned primarily with their own values, beliefs, and well-being?
egocentrism note: elements that can be written on a visual aid in all capital letters include titles; individual words requiring special emphasis
the best practices of speechmaking have little value if the speaker lack ____
enthusiasm
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
ethics
believing that one culture is better than another is the definition for ____
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
ethnocentrism
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
extemporaneous speech
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
eye contact
the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes; no two people can have exactly the same
frame of reference
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing ir off as one's own
global plagiarism
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind is called ____
goodwill
presenting someone else's words or ideas as your own is a violation of the ethical value of ____
honesty
a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible
ice break speech
____ plagiarism occurs when a speaker plagiarizes only specific elements of the speech
incremental
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
incremental plagiarism
anything that impedes the communication of a message; can be external or internal to listeners
interference
the opening section of a speech
introduction
What is the most important reason for limiting main points?
it is hard to adequately develop numerous main points in a short speech
the person who receives information during a speech is known as the ____
listened
note: recommended guidelines for the preparation of a speech introduction be creative and experiment with two or three different openings keep the introduction relatively brief make note of any possible introductory materials you see during research
note: as you start your presentation... establish eye contact with the audience before you begin speaking wait until the audience has quieted down to begin speaking
note: the introduction... can boost the speaker's confidence establishes rapport between the speaker and audience members should make a good first impression to avoid alienating audience members
note: audience adaptation occurs before and during a speech
note: don't start talking immediately when starting your speech
note: if you are unable to capture the attention and interest of your audience during the speech introduction, you risk losing the audience
note: ethical decisions are an important part of public speaking because public speaking is a form of power, and it can be abused
note: the study of the process of public speaking originated in many locations thousands of years ago
note: manipulating statistics in making a speech is a form of dishonesty, which is unethical
note: your first responsibility as a speaker is to question whether your speech goals are ethically sound
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
patchwork plagiarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
plagiarism
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation
positive nervousness
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after they has forgotten everything else in a speech
residual message
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occassion
situational audience analysis
method of speech organization in which a directional pattern is followed rather than the sequence in which events occurred
spatial order
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
speaker
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
specific purpose
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
stage fright
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
stereotyping
when preparing to begin a speech, positive nervousness refers to ____
taking control of your fear