Midterm Questions
How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?
4
How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
4
typically, an adults body contains ____ of blood
5 liters
plasma makes up about ___ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood
55
the first signal during helper t-lymphocyte activation involves
CD4 of the helper t-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell
helper t-lymphocytes are also known as
CD4+ cells
the second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from
IL-4 released by helper t-lymphocytes
which type of antibody is formed in response to allergies and has the edict of activating mast cells and basophils
IgE
which is NOT a function of integument
No exceptions; all are functions of the integument
which is NOT correct regarding lymph nodes
No exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes. (They contain strands of lymphatic cells supported by medullary cords, They are drained by efferent lymphatic vessels, They contain macrophages, They filter lymph)
which are not tonsils?
Palatoglossal tonsils
what are characteristics of type O blood a. has anti-A antibodies b. has anti-B antibodies c. has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d. has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e. has neither antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
a,b,e
Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate
a,c,d,e
Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B
a,c,f
which leukocytes are granulocytes a. neutrophils b. lymphocytes c. monocytes d. eosinophils e. basophils f. erythrocytes
a,d,e
which of these comprises the nail plate a. free edge b. nail folds c. eponchyium d. nail root e. nail body
a,d,e
The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as
agglutination
keratinocytes are
all of the choices are correct. - the most abundant cell type of the epidermis. - found throughout all epidermal strata. - sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found. - able to synthesize the protein keratin.
what are considered to be the electors of humoral immunity
antibodies
From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is
basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum
which type of leukocyte release histamine
basophil
in order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day
blood vessels of the dermis constrict
Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?
capillaries - collective vessels - trunks - ducts
chemotaxis is the process by which
cells are attracted to chemical agents
Opsonization involves
coating the surface of a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with phagocyte
which class of chemical facilities white blood cells formation in bone marrow
colony stimulating factors
classical pathway of complement activation
complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance.
Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.
corneum
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
decrease
as a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2
active immunity requires
direct encounter with the antigen.
Which is going to result in significant agglutination?
donor is type AB and recipient is type B
Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma
electrolytes
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the
erythrocytes
the most numerous formed elements are
erythrocytes
the clinical definition of the hemacrit refers to the perfectage of
erythrocytes in the blood
what is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer
exposure to UV light rays
Tonsils have multiple invaginated outer edges called _______ that help trap material.
fissures
thick skin contains
five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.
a membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that
forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis
the carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to _____ units
globin
the force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is
hydrostatic pressure
langerhans cells function as part of the ____ response
immune
IgA is found primarily
in external secretion such as tears, saliva, and mucus
one of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to
increase viscosity of the blood
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by
increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis.
Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection.
interferon
which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cistern chyli
intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?
keratinized stratified squamous
a lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called
lacteal
Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.
largest, prominent nuclei
MCH class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with
natural killer cells
which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted cells and cause those cells to undergo apoptosis
natural killer cells
which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes
which are does NOT contain MALT
no exceptions: all choices contain MALT
which is NOT one of the characteristics of inflammation
numbness
antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen
on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it
the hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include
organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing
perforin and granzymes
most activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into
plasma cells
the "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
platelets and leukocytes
"mad cow disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-jakob disease) is caused by a
prion
malaria is a disease caused by a
protozoan
The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies
red bone marrow and thymus
the deeper layer of the dermis is the ___ layer and it is the ____ of the two
reticular, thicker
The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the
right arm
which would be the route take by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg
right lumbar trunk - cisterns chyli thoracic duct - left subclavian vein
activation of lymphocytes occurs in
secondary lymphatic structures
The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the
shaft
antigens are
something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to.
The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through
spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps
red bone marrow is found within
spaces within spongy bone
immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum
spinosum
A fever __________ reproduction of bacteria and ___________ CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes.
stimulates; decreases
which type of hair forms the beard of the faces of males
terminal
where do T-lymphocytes mature?
thymus gland
lymphatic capillaries originate in the
tissue spaces between cells
tactile (merkel) cells are sensitive to
touch
The first phase in hemostasis is
vascular spasm
Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate.
vitamin D
