Understanding Religion Estrads: Final
The Council of Trent's understanding of salvation was most closely aligned to which of the following perspectives?
ECPS
The medieval practice of indulgences was mostly connected to which of the following four perspectives in early Christianity?
ECPS
which group preferred the language of faith alone as describing the minimal requirements for salvation for Catholic Christians after baptism?
ECPS
Martin Luther initially objected to Pope Leo X and Johannes Tetzel on which grounds?
ECPS Catholic
During which period of Church history did the Mercy Debate occur?
Early Christianity (ca. 40-500 AD)
Which of the following people coined the phrase "treasury of merit"?
Hugh of Saint-Cher
Origen is important for the history of scholasticism because he authored a book systematizing Christian theology (i.e., thinking about the Life Questions) titled _________________________.
On the first principles
merciful Christianity, according to Augustine, constituted a majority within the Catholic Church.
true
Please identify the philosophical schools of ancient Greece.
-Plato's School -Aristotle's School
Some people mistakenly believe that Christians were ignorant about India until the sixteenth-century _____________ missionary Francis Xavier made his way into South India.
Catholic
in which Christian community did the mercy debate take place?
Catholic church
Which of the following authors testify to the existence of Persian Christians on the island of Sri Lanka?
Cosmas Indocupleustes
Which of the following groups affirmed traditional medieval Catholic piety (e.g., number of masses said, works of satisfaction etc.), although with certain minor reforms?
Council Of Trent
Of the four perspectives below, which most shaped the ways the average lay medieval Christian thought about their piety and overall religious commitments?
ECPS
Overall the Medieval Catholicism was committed to which of the four perspectives?
ECPS
Which of the following statements would Peter Abelard most likely have made?
-"There were some serious disagreements among early Catholic leaders on important questions" -"There are many unresolved questions in the writings of the early Church Fathers." -"I prefer to leave disputed questions unanswered."
What were not some of the benefits of penance for medieval Catholicism as an institution?
-Allows every Catholic Christian to do as they please -Denigrates justice in church and society -Allows laity to to not care about their daily choices
Which of the following eras are known to have had activities that later characterized medieval universities?
-Ancient Greece / Rome (4th c. BC onwards) -Early Christianity (ca 100-600) -Early Middle Ages (ca. 600-1000 AD)
From the list below, which were not reasons for the great significance of the indulgences controversy?
-Angered Martin Luther -Led to the construction of St. Peter's Basilica -Created a scandal among Catholics around Europe
Which of the following were not Christian communities that utilized scholastic methods in their academic institutions of higher learning?
-Aristotle's followers -Plato's followers
According to medieval Catholic Christians, who was not the founder of the Catholic Church?
-Augustine of Hippo -Peter -Constantine -Pope Innocent III
Which of the following were Anabaptist leaders / theologians?
-Balthasar Hubmeier -Conrad Grebel
According to Luther, papal indulgences encourage which of the following?:
-Belief in assurance of salvation -Laziness in piety
Please identify the schools of early Christianity.
-Cassiodorus' School -Justin's School -Origen's School
Which of the following Christian communities utilized scholastic methods in their academic institutions of higher learning?
-Catholic -Protestant -Orthodox
Early Christian schools did not demonstrate which of the following to the ancient Greek and Roman world?
-Christianity could not stand test of careful scrutiny -Christianity was unable to create parallel academic institutions to Greeks and Romans -Christianity was unable to utilize similar pedagogical methods to their Greek and Roman predecessors
Early Christian schools demonstrated which of the following to the ancient Greek and Roman world?
-Christianity could stand test of careful scrutiny -Christianity could create parallel academic institutions to Greeks and Romans -Christianity could utilize similar pedagogical methods to their Greek and Roman predecessors
In the medieval Catholic mind, which of the follow do not constitute the place in which the Church is located?
-Church militant: on crusade -Church suffering: in hell -Church triumphant: in battle
In the medieval Catholic mind, which of the follow constitute the Church?
-Church militant: on earth -Church suffering: in purgatory -Church triumphant: in heaven
Which of the following groups were not the first Christians to conduct missions in the East Asia?
-Coptic Christians -Baptist Christians -Indian Christians -Catholic Christians -Byzantine Christians
Which of the following historians had something to say about Christian missions in Asia?
-Cosmas Indocupleustes -Luke, author of Acts of the Apostles
Which of the following points were not the main issue under debate at Marburg (1529)?
-Divinity of Christ -Historical Existence of Christ -Matter Not a Conduit of Grace
scholars from which of the following perspectives left statements about salvation that appear to be concession to the MCFAPS?
-ECPS -FACPS
Which of the following statements would Peter Abelard most likely not have made?
-Early Christian authors mostly agreed on important questions -"I have all the answers to Life's Questions."
Please select the missions to South Asia that occurred during the late antique period (i.e., ca 100-600 AD).
-Egyptian mission -Assyrian mission
Which of the following historians had nothing to say about Christian missions in Asia?
-Eusebius of Caesarea -Pliny
During his work of explaining the meaning of palsa pissels, Marius victorinus adhered to which of the following perspectives on the meaning of scripture?
-FACPS -FAWCPS
Despite the overall commitment to the Medieval Catholicism to one particular perspective, key medieval Catholic thinkers left concessions to which two of the four perspectives?
-FACPS -MCFACPS
According to Luther, papal indulgences discourage which of the following?:
-Genuine Christian repentance for sin (i.e., satisfaction) -Charitable works -Contrition (sadness) for sin
On which grounds did medieval popes and bishops not establish their claims to grant indulgences?
-Good character of Church leaders -Popular vote of the people -State's approval of the Catholic Church
What were the responsibilities medieval Catholic Christians attributed to the pope?
-Help all Christians complete journey to eternal life -Preserve Catholic faith without heresy -Give final word in Christendom -Approve or reject ecumenical councils
What were some of the benefits of penance for medieval Catholicism as an institution?
-Holds every Catholic Christian accountable -Upholds justice in church and society -Compels laity to care about their daily choices
Which of the following people have been seen as sources for medieval Catholic understanding of merit?
-Jesus -Paul -Israelite religion -Second Temple Judaism
Which of the following Christian authors created schools in early Christianity?
-Justin Martyr -Valentinus -Origen
On which grounds did medieval popes and bishops establish their claims to grant indulgences?
-Keys of Kingdom given to Peter and his successors -Authority to bind and loose sins given to Apostles and successors -Church's authority to govern the remission of sins
Medieval ECPS biblical scholars left few but significant concessions to which two early Catholic perspectives during this era (ca. 600-1500 AD)?
-MCFAPS -FACPS
The medieval practice of indulgences was least connected to which of the following three perspectives in early Christianity?
-MCFAPS -FACPS -FAWCPS
Which of the following were not Anabaptist leaders / theologians?
-Martin Luther -Ulrich Zwingli -John Calvin
Which of the following people did not coin the phrase "treasury of merit"?
-Martin luther -Jesus -Paul -Judas -Thomas Aquinas
Which of the following people have not been seen as sources for medieval Catholic understanding of merit?
-Martin luther -Judas
Early Christian authors did not associate the founding of the Christian community in India with which of the following apostles?
-Matthew -James -Paul
Origen is important for the history of scholasticism because he authored a book systematizing Christian theology (i.e., thinking about the Life Questions). The title for this book is not which of the following?
-On Christian Doctrine -On ecclesiastical dogmas -On the soul
Which of the following leaders in the Greater Church discussed the Life Questions in schools of Christian learning?
-Origen of Alexandria -Justin Martyr
Which of the following sectors in medieval Catholicism did not have leaders who left concessions to the MCFAPS and FACPS?
-Papal Courts -ecumenical councils
Luther perceived a contradiction between the following two Christian authors
-Paul -James
Which of the following authors do not testify to the existence of Persian Christians on the island of Sri Lanka?
-Pliny -Eusebius of Caesarea -Ibn Battuta -Marco Polo
Please identify some of the risks connected to indulgences?
-Potential destruction of the penance (i.e., satisfaction) -misuse of money -simony (i.e., selling of Church goods for money) -turning the granting of indulgence to the selling of indulgences
Which of the following were not the responsibilities that medieval Catholic Christians attributed to the pope?
-Preserve the peace and not upset anyone -Be popular with the most political leaders -Acquiesce to the dictates of the ecumenical council
Before his break from Rome in 1521, the young Catholic Luther defended which of the following ECPS ideas?:
-Purgatory -Necessity of satisfaction for sin -Lifelong commitment to penance
Pliny's accounts relate information about trade between which regions of the world?
-Roman Empire -South Asia
Christians from which places did not plant a church on the island of Sri Lanka by the mid 550s A.D.
-Roman Palestine -Roman Egypt -Asia Minor -Armenia
The Treasury of merit, according to medieval Catholic theology, can be accessed in which of the following ways?
-Sacraments -charitable donations -indulgences
What sorts of ideas did Medieval Catholic leaders not concede to the MCFAPS?
-Salvation comes through penance in cases of post-baptismal mortal sin -Church has the authority to regulate the forgiveness of sins -Pope has the power to issue indulgences
What sorts of ideas did Medieval Catholic leaders concede to the MCFAPS?
-Salvation/justification is by faith alone -Nature of imputed righteousness through faith is alien -Nature of imputed righteousness through faith is extrinsic
In medieval theology, which are the two basic problems facing human beings with regard to their ability to achieve their most important goal in this life?
-Sin -Gulf between God and human beings
Early Christian authors associated the founding of the Christian community in India with which of the following apostles?
-Thomas -Bartholomew
Why was the indulgences controversy significant?
-Triggered the Reformations of the sixteenth century -Leads to the founding of the Protestant Perspectives on Scripture -Leads to the founding of Catholic Perspectives on Scripture -Begins the rending of medieval Catholic unity
In our lesson we did not argue that attention must be given to universities because such academic institutions do which of the following?
-Universities address many disputed questions -Stimulate good conversations for the benefit of society -Universities give people something to do with their time -Universities allow people the opportunity to express some ideas
In our lesson we argued that attention must be given to universities because such academic institutions do which of the following?
-Universities are catalysts of gradual and immediate change in society -Stimulate new developments in human behavior and thinking
What was not the central question of the Mercy Debate?
-Why do bad things happen to good people? -Why do bad things happen to bad people? -what must baptized Catholic Christians do to be saved from the temporal consequences of their mortal sins? -what must baptized Catholic Christians do to earn their salvation?
Funds gained from indulgences were typically used for which of the following activities?
-cathedrals -monasteries -orphanages
An indulgence was not meant to remedy partly or completely which of the following parts of the sacrament of penance?
-confession -absolution
From the list below, please identify the effects that medieval Catholic Christians attributed to the Seven Sacraments (e.g., Baptism, Eucharist, Penance etc.).
-connect one to the divine -save the soul -sustain the Christian on the journey
Which of the following phrases best describes the Reformations of the sixteenth century in relation to the Mercy Debate?
-continuation of -precedents in
On the theological level, Teztel did not cause scandal to people such as Luther because Tetzel:
-encouraged Catholic to do good works -promoted satisfaction for making up for the wrongs done -encouraged Christians to obtain indulgences and do their penance as well
Which options below, according to medieval theology, were not the two of the main problems facing human beings and their desire to obtain unity with God.
-human impatience -human temperments -culture -competing truth claims of other forms of Christianity (e.g., Eastern Orthodoxy) -competing truth claims of other religions (e.g., Judaism, Hinduism etc.)
In medieval theology, which are not the two basic problems facing human beings with regard to their ability to achieve their most important goal in this life?
-illiteracy -Mercy -Divisions in society -Access to books -Corruption in the clergy
What were some of the central MCFAPS/FACPS elements that Luther integrated into his theology?
-language of faith alone -Language of imputation of righteousness
What were, according to medieval theology, the two of the main problems facing human beings and their desire to obtain unity with God.
-limits of human nature -sin
Key ECPS leader appear to have made concessions to the MCFAPS in which of the following areas?
-membership in the catholic church is sufficient for salvation -Baptism in the catholic church is enough to remain saved for life
Which of the following sectors in medieval Catholicism had leaders who left concessions to the MCFAPS and FACPS?
-monasteries -Bishops -Universities
The early Middle Ages had which of the following two academic institutions?
-monasteries -cathedral schools
Which of the following were not elements of MCFAPS/FACPS that Luther integrated into his theology?
-necessity of penitential satisfaction -benefit of papal indulgences
From the list below, please identify the effects that medieval Catholic Christians did not attribute to the Seven Sacraments (e.g., baptism, Eucharist, Penance etc.).
-only signify a connection with the divine -do not save the soul -hinders the Christian on the journey
Church leaders used indulgences in order inspire Christians to do good works for:
-other members of the Catholic Church -themselves
For Luther, which of the following was/were not the main goal of the Christian life?
-performing works of satisfaction till death -receiving an indulgence before death -resisting mortal sin till death
which of the following were subscripts in the MCFAPS?
-radical -Progressives -moderates
which of the following were sub groups in the ECPS?
-radical -moderates
which of the following were subgroups among the MCFAPS?
-radicals -progressives -moderates
Why were the Anabaptists so opposed to infant baptism?
-regarded infant baptism as not an entrance to Christianity -infant baptism violates basic premise of Christian existence / identity (i.e., choice, personal faith) -infant baptism has no explicit basis in Scripture
Most medieval Catholic Christians regarded the Church in which of the following ways?
-reliable as a spiritual guide -correct in her teachings -the vehicle to salvation -like a mother
For Luther, which of the following was the main goal of the Christian life?
-retaining faith alone till death -trusting in God alone till death
The idea of justification by faith alone has not been referred to as which of the following?
-the material cause of the Reformation -the true cause of the Reformation -the underlying cause of the Reformation
The early Middle Ages did not have which of the following two academic institutions?
-universities -mini-satellite campuses connected to university
Most medieval Catholic Christians did not regard the Church in which of the following ways?
-unreliable as a spiritual guide -wrong in her teachings -not the vehicle to salvation -not like a mother
Please identify those outcomes that were not regarded as risks connected to indulgences during the Middle Ages?
-use of money for construction of a monastery -use of money for construction of a church -use of money for construction of an orphanage
please identify the answers below that we're not this under question of the mercy debate
-what most baptized Catholic Christian do to be saved from the temporal consequences of their mortal sins -what must baptized Catholic Christians do to be saved from the temporal consequences of their venial sins -what must Christians do to be saved from the eternal consequences of their mortal sins -what most baptized Catholic Christians do to be saved from the eternal consequences of their venial sins
Since which century did the papacy use indulgences?
10th
The practice of indulgences dates back to which century? This was a period when Christians used the so-called "booklets of peace."
3rd
how many major perspectives on scripture emerged during the mercy debate
4
When did the Mercy Debate reach its apex?
400 AD
How long did the Council of Trent take to render its decisions on questions concerning salvation?
6 months
Which of the following texts provided the grounds for later reconstructions of Thomas' life and work in India?
Acts of Thomas
Which of the following definitions best describes a Christian mission?
An attempt to raise humanitarian funds in a financially challenged region
About 50 years ago, which of the following groups were typically omitted when historians used to talk about the Protestant Reformation?
Anabaptist Christians
When did the Mercy Debate begin?
Around 40-50s AD
Which of the following Christian Churches was the first to establish a church of immigrants on the island of Sri Lanka?
Assyrian (Nestorian)
The building of St. Peter's basilica is a testimony to the immense belief of 16th-century Catholics in the spiritual authority of the _______________.
Bible
from the list below identify the most important book of the New Testament for the adherence of the ECPS
Epistle James
Which of the following documents provided the key for the way the Council of Trent interpreted Paul's statements about salvation/justification by faith?
Epistle of James
Luther's understanding of salvation was most closely aligned to which of the following perspectives?
FACPS
Which of the four perspectives listed below did not greatly shape the ways the average lay medieval Christian thought about their piety and overall religious commitments?
FACPS MCFAPS FAWCPS
Marius victorinus is one of the major founders of the______
Faith alone Catholic perspectives on scripture
Merit is an action deserving of reward from which of the following ?
God
Luther wanted to remove which of the following authors from his German translation of the Bible.
James
The Council of Trent interpreted the Pauline Epistles and their statements on justification by faith most especially in light of which author(s)?
James
Which of the following New Testament authors provided the Council of Trent its overall framework for its understanding of justification by faith and good works.
James
Which of the following authors leaves an explicit affirmation of justification by good works?
James
Which of the following authors proved to be the most problematic for Luther's understanding of justification by faith alone?
James
Which of the following authors was understood by Luther as affirming justification by good works?
James
Which of the following authors, according to Luther, could easily lead someone to have a false understanding of salvation/justification?
James
According to medieval Catholic Christians, who founded the Catholic Church?
Jesus
Which of the following groups defended justification by faith alone and not by good works?
Lutheran Christians
Because they agreed to the terms of the debate (i.e., authority of scripture above authority of Church), at the early stages of the Protestant Reformation the Anabaptists posed the greatest challenge to which of the following groups?
Lutheran and Reformed
The Council of Trent saw Luther as an adherent of which of the following perspectives?
MCFAPS
Which groups used the language of faith alone as a description of the minimal requirement for salvation for Catholic Christians after baptism despite post-baptismal mortal sin?
MCFAPS
In this lesson, the professor argued that which of the following conflicts was most important for understanding the debates of the sixteenth century over justification by faith alone.
Mercy Debate
Medieval theology (i.e., conversation and thinking about the Life Questions) was most indebted to which of the following events or persons from early Christianity?
Mercy Debate
Of the various factors discussed in this lesson, which has exerted the most influence on the ways sixteenth-century Christians discussed the problem of justification by faith alone?
Mercy Debate
One can differentiate the various perspectives in the mercy debate over which of the following issues?
Necessity of membership in the catholic church
For Luther, which of the following authors was normative for the Christian faith? In other words, what this author said, Luther believed, should govern how Christians think about salvation.
Paul
Which of the following authors was understood by Luther as affirming justification by faith alone?
Paul
Which of the following authors, according to Luther, was the most important for understanding the Christian message of salvation/justification?
Paul
On which corpus (i.e., body) of letters did Martin Luther lecture on during his years in the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine?
Paul's Letters
From the following list of Sacraments, which was the most common means for the forgiveness of post-baptismal sin in the medieval Christian experience?
Penance
An indulgence was meant to replace (partially or completely) which part of the Sacrament of Penance?
Penance (i.e., reparation for the wrong done)
Christians from ________ had already planted a church on the island of Sri Lanka by at least the mid 550s A.D.
Persia
________ is by far the most powerful illustration of the idea of a shared heritage among Christians. This book contained reasons for and against various questions of theology.
Peter Abelard's Sic et Non (Yes and No)
This person wrote the most popular manual systematic theology in the Middle Ages. He was the Bishop of Paris and taught in a cathedral school. He was by far the most famous scholastic theologian because every teacher of theology used his book as a point of departure for further theological reflection, debate and innovation.
Peter Lombard
Who wanted to rebuild the Constantinian basilica and construct the largest basilica in Christendom for the benefit of all Christian people?
Pope Leo X
What was the main issue under debate at Marburg (1529)?
Presence of Christ in Eucharist
Medieval Catholic trust in the Church is comparable to ____________________.
Protestant Christian's trust in the Bible
_________ was a method of teaching and learning used in the universities, the schools of theology and the papal court.
Scholasticism
_________ was a pedagogical (i.e., teaching and learning) method used in the universities, the schools of theology and the papal court.
Scholasticism
The Treasury of merit, according to medieval Catholic theology, cannot be accessed in which of the following ways?
Sinful Behavior
Pope Leo X sought to rebuild which of the following Christian edifices?
St. Peter's Basilica
Which of the following religio-philosophical perspectives has had the most acceptance among the Chinese people over large swaths of time?
Taoism (or Daoism)
According to the early Christian sources such as the Acts of Thomas and (Pseudo-)Ephrem, who is regarded as the founder of South Asian Christianity?
Thomas the Apostle
Martin Luther taught at which Catholic university?
University of Wittenberg
What was the central question of the Mercy Debate?
What must baptized Catholic Christians do to be saved from the eternal consequences of their mortal sins?
From the following list, which is the most important source for the first arrival of Christianity in China?
Xi'an (Nestorian) Stele
Which is the most famous early Christian monument in East Asia? This monument was discovered in 1623/1625 and was buried for many years.
Xi'an (aka Nestorian) Stele
On the theological level, Teztel caused scandal to people such as Luther because Tetzel:
argued that indulgences could compensate for the worst of sins
When did Luther begin developing his theology of faith alone?
before the 1517 indulgences controversy
Luther began his public critique of the practice of preaching indulgences on which basis?
difficulty of obtaining salvation
from the list below identify the most important book of the New Testament for the adherence of the MCFAPS
epistle to the Romans
Pelagius is one of the major founders of______
ethical Catholic perfectives on scripture
Augustine is one of the major founders of the_____
ethical Catholics perspectives on scripture
Adherents to the merciful Catholic faith alone perspective on scripture defended the idea that after death bad Catholics would be purged through______.
fire
The following definition "The free offer of the forgiveness of sins in Jesus Christ mediated through faith (i.e., trust) in God's Word (Promise) and the 2(3) Sacraments of the Church" goes with which term?
gospel
The ultimate goal of life for medieval Christians was which of the following?
heaven
Christians since the sixteenth century have been divided and united by a shared __________ of various sources (i.e., biblical, post-biblical, artistic, liturgical, theological, architectural etc.), which were in themselves at times divided.
heritage
What was the major strategy of the the Church of the East (i.e., Assyrian Church), according to the Xi'an stele, that led to massive Assyrian Christian success in seventh through tenth-century China?
inculturation
The _____________ of the artifacts / sources of Christianity has played a tremendous role in how various Christian leaders have shaped their respective communities (e.g., Catholic, Lutheran, Anabaptist, Reformed, Anglican, etc.)
interpretation
What was the major religious issue that separated Europe during the sixteenth century?
justification by faith alone
Which idea is Martin Luther most known for?
justification by faith alone
From a theological perspective, wat was the greatest danger to the ethical emphasis in medieval Catholicism?
legalism
Which of the following people/groups did the records of the Mercy Debate affect?
luther
Throughout his work as a Christian commentator, Marius Victorinus believe that faith alone prevents_______
mortal sin
What is the single greatest threat to the primary goals of the Christian life?
mortal sin
An indulgence was meant to remedy partly or completely which of the following parts of the sacrament of penance?
penance (i.e., satisfaction for sin)
From the following list of adjectives, which would best describe medieval piety?:
penitential
The _________ model of the Christian life essentially tries to make up for the wrongs one has done in this life. The central idea is that one is attempting to lessen the time of one's suffering in purgatory and to make reparation for one's post-baptismal sins.
penitential
The term "Anabaptist" means _____________.
rebaptizer
Medieval culture was shaped by _____________ via students.
scholasticism
The idea of justification by faith alone has been referred to as which of the following?
the formal cause of the Reformation
please identify the central question of the Mercy Debate
what must baptized Catholic Christians do to be saved from the eternal consequences of their moral sins?