Midterm / Quiz 4 Prep
Nien Rebellion
(1851-1868) a major rebellion where secret gangs active in the southern area of north china, used guerrilla tactics, lived off looting and forced contributions
Choson Korea
1392-1910. After Koryo (-BCE to 1392ce). Koryo and Choson korea had an emperor who was also ruling through bureaucratic means with people chosen through civil service exams.
Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle
-China -believed authority to rule came from God Natural disaster or war may cause emperor to lose the mandate. Dynasty rises, then falls.
Writing (chinese character system)
came from early china. region of east asia shares writing system. japan- kanji. korea- hangul.
Treaty of Kanghwa
1876. Gunboat diplomacy forced on Korea similarly to what the U.S. had done to Japan. Opened three Korean ports and gave the Japanese extraterritoriality. Beginning of attempt by Japanese government to supersede Korea's ties to China.
Self-Strengthening Movement
late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders
"Rich Country, Strong Army"
A Meiji Reformation Slogan that unified currency to Yen, introduced tax reforms, civil service exams, railroads, foreign consultants and telegraph lines. Modernity quote meaning to have richer country, we need stronger army, justifying funding the military.
Buddhism
A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. Only someone who dedicates their life to religion could receive enlightenment (monks). When it went northward from Vietnam, it became less strict (not as much dedication needed) (Mahayana).
Daoism (religion)
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature/ favors spontaneous, intuitive action. Less with learning and more with experience and nature. was a philosophy. Individualistic. Longevity- immortality elixirs trying to be made by Taoists. Text: Tao te ching- Fortune telling.
Choson Korea
After Manchu invasion and until 1850s, Chose government followed a policy of seclusion (isolation). All contact with foreigners was forbidden except with occasional contact with Japanese and tributary missions to China. Continued seclusion in 19th century earned nickname "Hermit Kingdom".
Lecture 2 of week 8
After unequal treaties from foreign, western and eastern states, China was subject to a lot of foreign influence. Resulted in: After 100 days reform, Qing court put a series of reforms. Schemes of Saving China- -save current polity (qing dynasty ruled by Manchu monarch), -save chinese sovereignty (against colonial powers) -save the Han-Chinese race (heal and strengthen the "sick men of East Asia" (cause by Opium)). Consevative- Empress Dowager Cixi/ Imperialists. Revolutionary- Nationalists. -Failure of "self-strenghtening" reform attempts: : 1901 Boxer Protocol exhuasted China- Shadong villagers practicing martial arts coalesced to resist German infrastructure since 1897. Utlized by Empress Dowager. After boxer movement (groups of martial arts practitioners resisted against German infrastructure since 1897, other countries angry that China wasn't doing anything about this kind of rebellion, so the western nations made an alliance, attacked Beijing and drove Emperor Dowager out, forcing China to make negotitations. Li Hongzhang put to the negotiation table (he was exhausted by the 1901 boxer protocol- died). This caused Qing court to lose credibility and power (cant resist against western powers). 100 days reform: people didnt dare to utter political reform to qing court. Kang Youwei tries to depict confucius as a reformist to raise new ideas. his voice heard by the emperor through a petition to urge changes to be made because treaty of shiminoseki was shameful. Emperor summoned Kang asking how to make reform. In 1898, Kang appointed to Zongli Yamen and emperor also tried to seek more personal power. In 3 months, Empress Dowager (aunt) issued a coup to arrest the emperor and officials, and invalidated all the reformist decrees. So, reformists fled to Japan (Kang and his students). New ideas spread there (constitutional monarchism). Sun Yet-sen established Revive China Society in Hawaii (1894). Sun elected to lead Revolutionary League in Tokyo (1905). Han-chauvinism against Manchu rulership. Vision of a modern republic (very far from imperialism). Han-chauvinism against Manchu/ Qing (barbarian in their eyes) rulership (since Manchu court were not satisfying people's expectations). Social Darwinism- some people are advantaged, so get rid of the weaklings (manchu were the weaklings). Revolutions: - reformist activities widepsread (central government lost authority, local entry modernized privately), revolutionary league instigated rebelliosn (oversease chinese funded southern uprisings, failed without domestic awakening), 1910 conflic over railroad constructions (spontaneous resistances to protect local rights, anti-manchu sentiment in China Proper), and 1911 anti-Qing revolution started in Wuchang (general Yuan Shikai joined to fight revolution (employed by the Qing government), forced Emperor Puyi to abdicated in 1912 because Yuan became president of China proper, wanted democracy) Yuan Shikai also thought that Qing court was failing, so he joined revolutionary force and became president (was a plan, emperor of china agreed). (BTW- China proper is the territory that is not Qing Dynasty (dominated by Han chinese) provinces in southeast).
Choson Korea
Anybody could rise to top with education, unlike Choson Korea and Tokugawa japan. Yonbon-> Urban Yonbon (lived in imperial capital), and the rest of yonbon (in small cities, major land owner). True for all: Below craftsmen- merchants.
Qing Dynasty
Banner system dissipated (became outdated) by 1840s. Regional governers built up provincial military units (pattern Qing relied on to put down Tai Ping rebellion). This pattern set in motion a major division between central court (dominated by Manchus (established Qing Dynasty, reside in Manchuria, don't allow Chinese people to settle in Manchuria, not interested in taking government positions below national level)) and local governors (dominated by Han). This was also an ethnic divide. Resistance grew to Manchu rule by Han governors (will lead to revolution in 1911). Pro vs anti-modernity. One of the last Manchu emperor (Tongjur) understood need for Qing court to change its ways (made reforms: Office in new government (Bureau of Foreign Affairs made). Changed how imperial government viewed international trade and commerce (rather than just thinking about tribute (foreigners had to show the Manchu emperor that the foreign state was a tribute of the Qing state)). Very radical step (got rid of idea that China is center of civilization). Han men appointed to central government. Machu courtmen were opposed to this idea (didn't want to give up authority to new imperial program). Local activism by local and private individuals also occurred, they assumed/ knew the Manchus in Beijing weren't going to change anything.
Why did I argue that the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was a unique era in China's very long imperial history?
Because it is the only time when China was a merely a part of a bigger, mongol empire.
East Asia
Best off- merchant class (had economic power/ rich).
East Asia
Best off- merchant class (had economic power/ rich). As more people from Yonbon class became land owners, peasants became less and less economically powerful.
What is the "bronze age" in human history, why is it seen as an important stage in the evolution of human societies? What was bronze age China called and approximately when did it begin?
Bronze tools, armor, vessels, etc. were more durable and powerful. Agricultural tools used to make civilizations flourish. Bronze age china- Shang Dynasty and Zhou dynasty (1700bc- 1200bc).
French Indochina (vietnam)
Cambodia ceded to France as protectorate in 1863, and Laos in 1893. (Cochin China taken in 1862). Annam and Tonkin- 1883. Nguyen Dynasty still existed, though, and the Nguyen Emperor still occupied imperial throne in Hanoi.
Mahayana Buddhism
Came in to china from India. In the process of coming to China, became Mahayana. idea of Salvation. Salvation Buddhists enlighten the believer. In this, everyone, not just monks, can become enlightened. School of Zen- in japan, asks nonsensical question to empty thought to achieve enlightenment and salvation. Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.
First Opium War
China had enjoyed several centuries of economic dominance. By 1800, China acquired a lot of silver supply.. was one of the richest. (not militarily though). Until defeat in opium war, they didn't know their military was bad. Tea dominated their economy. Trading happened in Canton. British traded tea, silk, porcelain. Tea was grown in Indian highlands, were stolen by British commercial people. British stole Chinese tea and grew it in India. Wanted China to have less silver. Silver flew from Britain to China, and tea was given to Britain from China. To reverse this, Opium (pain reliever, addictive) was traded. China had banned Opium. British developed Opium in India for consumption by the Chinese population. Qing court tried to outlaw import of Opium. In response, British sent warships into City of Canton (only place open to foreigners). Chinese also tried to block their port with military bannermen. Banner units, however, had outdated and inferior equipment. British had modern military weapons like cannons, ships etc. British forced Chinese state to allow Opium import after bombardment of Chinese forts that guarded canton harbor. This ended the Canton System (restricted all foreign trade to port of Canton), causing multiple ports to open (Ghanzong, Hong Kong etc.)
Qing China
China had many problems in its borders. Changchun was one of 5 cities open to Japan after Sino-Japanese war (1899). Hong Kong leased to British for 100 yrs, Macau leased to Portuguese (both port cities). Japan took Taiwan (1895). after victory Russia wanted port cities, and they took northeastern China. Germans took interest in Shandong peninsula. British wanted commercial (trade ports: Nanjing, Shanghai, Hong Kong) or industrial heartland. 1879 Ryuku (island) Kingdom grabbed by Japan and became southern part of the state, called Okinawa Prefecture (Okinawa was in the southern end of Ryuku island chain). Qing lost territory to Russian in NW and NE, influence over Korea and Vietnam, and puncturing of China's eastern seaboard and vital shipping zone along Yangzi by foreign powers and Japan.
East Asia's current economic strength is actually a return to a historic pattern.
China has been the largest economy for much of its history (for 1000 years after 500 CE) per capita AND aggregate total wise. Gunpowder, paper, and printing made a significant impact on China before Europe. Japan became modern before China. Korea pioneered metal movable type printing. All East Asian countries made significant contributions.
Treaty of Shimonoseki
China recognized complete independence of Korea. China gave full control of 3 separate parcels of territory to Japan (Formosa- first republic (taiwan), Persadores (called today Penghu) and Dalian (Liaodong Peninsula). Huge payment of silver given to Japan. 4 cities on Yangzi river opened for preferential trade with Japan.
How do the histories of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam differ from that of China as a civilization? As a nation? What are the origins of their names?
China was a primary civilization, while the rest were secondary (with outside influence). Japan-Only one dynasty, never suffered foreign conquest, emperors didn't yield much power. Mandarin "Riben"-> Japanese "Nihon", which means 'Origin of the sun'. Korea- Koryo Dynasty, which came from Koguryo. North Korea- Choson. South Korea- Han'gulk (people of Han). Vietnam- First proposed by Beijing. Nam Viet (Annam) was the independent ancient kingdom near China used for inspiration. Nam Viet (Southern Viet) -> Viet Nam (South of Viet).
Movements Across East Asia during 1850-1950
China- Qing Court lost power. Local leadership grew. Self-strengthening (1861-1895): local leadership supported this and were the attempts to modernization (modern knowledge and technology) and strengthening of military power (constructed factories and dockyards). Tongzhi Restoration (1860-1874): Zongli yamen (Office of foreign affairs). Resulted by equal treaties. Qin court for long did not recognize foreign states as equals. So, Zongli Yamen didn't recognize foreign countries as tributary diplomats. Qin wanted to catch up to western countries because of Opium wars, internal rebellions etc., but they only copied the west in practicality. They still reserved chinese thought and Qing order (UNLIKE JAPAN). Japan- Meiji Restoration. Rich Country, Strong Army: led to: Abolishment of samurai, daimyo system, shogun power and also resettled imperial authority of emperor in court. To catch up with westerners, wholesale modernization happened (enrich country, strengthen army). Constitutional monarchy:(emphasized centrality of citizenship and was like a republic government) given as a present to the people (because they could now vote). Recognized rights of individuals. Zaibastu- Financial group. Japan wanted a strong economy to bolster the industrialization and military funding, so Meiji emperor boosted up economy of Japan. Reforms/ policies- New infrastructure projects, providing support to major business group, and instead of letting industry develop on their own, government intervened and gave resources and funds to factories (this is Zaibatsu). Mistubishi was given many funds by this (example). Emperor was political hat of the entire state and was the divine leader. Korea- 1876: Unequal treaty signed by Korea to make Korea independent. Japan influenced Korea a lot because of this. This invoked heated debate between Conservatives (Queen min, Yangban class, Qin government- hoped to maintain tadeonal diplomatic relationship with Qin court to continue the support from China) and liberal party (King Kojong, other officials- more communication with Japan and the west, strengthening of military). Donghak Peasant Movement- (means eastern learning, was against western learning) Did not support either the King or Queens group. Was strongly against foreign powers (West and Japan), but were also anti Yangban and wanted abolishment of social classes. Japan and China pacified the rebellion. This caused the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) (first war between Japan and China). Japan defeated China (signaled that Japan was the most powerful to other states in East Asia). In 1897, King Kojong reclaimed the name of emperor of Korea which ended Korea's tribular relationship to the Qin court. Became first emperor of Korea after Sino-Japanese War. Emperor Gojong- wanted to learn from Japan. Reforms (modernized Korea): Get rid of Yangban class, abolishment of civil service examinations (Confucian ideals), and continued to attain western costume culture. China held up to traditonal values (Confucian hierarchy and bureaucratic system), only adapted to modern tech. Japan, on the other hand, absorbed western learning as much as possible while still holding up authority of emperor (son to father respect). Korea struggled between China and Japan in its way to modernization. Japan continued its imperial influence to colonize East Asia.
Korea
Choson Korea had been closed off for a long time. Only state relationship was with Ching national court. Korea became battlefield between China and Japan over control over East Asia. Japanese Gunboat diplomacy forced Korea to sign the unequal Treaty of Kanghwa-> Korea became individual state. Treaty of Ganghwa (1876)- Creation of Japan, Korea was independent from China. Japan cut off China's commitment of protecting Korea. Liberation attempt by Meiji emperor to liberate Korea from China. This freed Korea from dependency from China-> Japanese influence on Korea increased (in the future, this causes Japan to be able to colonize Korea). King Kojong tried to bring changes to Korea (mimicked eradicated social classes, eliminated Yangban (led to rebellions by Yangbans) and slavery). Unequal treaties between Korea and western treaties took place. Court was conflicted in Korea: Pro Japanese (against King Kojong), pro modernization people and the Queen/ her supporters were opposed to King Kojong-> caused rebellion and warfare. Japan backed King Kojong, and were opposed by Queen faction (backed by Qing/ Manchu court and individuals in Qing (Li Hongzang). Kojong also believed in Rich country, strong army (v. similar to Emperor Meiji).
Treaty Ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality (if westerner committed a crime in these places, they wouldn't be tried by Chinese courts but by their home country's court). British focused on cities along Yangtze River (central China), French focused on south west China, Germans had concessions in north east China.
Tonghak Rebellion 1892-1895
Conflict between Queen Min's forces and King Kojongs forces. Peasant movement supported Kojong (supported levelling of social classes).
Please be sure you know some of the major concepts in Confucianism, Daoism, Shinto, Mahayana Buddhism, including (1) are all of them religions, and if not, why not? (2) what is the role of education in each of these "systems of thought"? (3) how does each system of thought view "god" or the moving force of life, etc.?
Confucianism is philosophy: , Daosim, Shinto and Buddhism are religion. Because confucius didn't talk about life after death or good and evil. Confucianism- Education is key to making society better. Kings are like father (son of heaven under mandate of heaven), obey him. Daoism- More about experience and instinct. Tao is "the way". No god. Shinto- Sun goddess is the diety. Dieties are called Kami. Buddhism- BUddha.
Religion
Deals with life after death and good and evil.
Sino-Japanese War
Donghak movement tried to create new conditions for peasants in Korea. High levels of corruption from Korea government was they target. They used Korea to enrich themselves (peasants had to pay for it). Korean king Kojong unable to put rebellion down, so he called on Qing China. Japan was actively involved in Korea already. Outcome- Korean King put down Donghak rebels and gave Japan opportunity to increase influence in Korea. China came to Korea through boats. Japanese were more sea based as opposed to Chinese forces. China lost, treaty of Shimonosaki (1895). Japan invaded Manchuria. Liadong Peninsula gave easy access to yellow sea, control of Korea and China. Port Arthur built by Japan in Liaodong. Treaty of Shimonosaki gave Japan full control in the past, but 3 powers (triple intervention) were opposed to Japan's control and presence in Liaodong, forcing Japan to give control to Beijing. Ryukyu kingdom pay tribute to Japan and China. Japan took Ryuku islands.
Shinto
Earliest religion in Japan. Shinto- way of the gods. similar to daoism- focused on spirits in nature.. gods are associated with nature. Institutionalized religion (has set of beliefs and doctrines). Religion of life- focuses on here and now.. to solve problems. Celebration and enrichment of life. People are naturally good, and become evil through influence. Kami (gods) are natural. Spring planting and shrine worship are ways to worship.
Yin
Earth, darkness, and female forces
Shinto System
Emperor had command over military, appointed ministers of state and all members of upper house of Imperial Diet (legislature (house of reps (lower house, appointed by men with economic status) and house of peers). This constitutional monarchy was borrowed from Germany (strong executive authority, low legislative authority (unequal separation of power)). Former senior statesmen (old daimyo leaders- became Cabinet) could give advice to Emperors, and ministers of state could counsel for secretary of state... virtually nothing constrained power of emperor (no checks and balances).
Korea
Gained complete freedom from China. 1890s: Failed attempt to reform Korea's imperial system. Korean government was riddled with corruption that prevented Korea from making progress. Kojong still relied on outside help to preserve Korea's territorial integrity. Rebels exposed to ideas from west attacked imperial government's ineffective policies and called for true independence of Korea (like Japan). They believed in "Strong army, rich country". Also liked modern business and international trade-> Wanted to open Korea. They also liked Western weapons and bringing in advisors. These practical goals were soon overtaken by call for political and institutional change. Sae Jae-pil: Fled to US after failed coup to overthrow Korean emperor. Returned to Korea in 1896 as advisor to Korean emperor. Ideas: Modern press was best way to bring change. First bilingual, independent newspaper made (Dongnip Sinmun/ "The independent"). Served as vehicle to spread messages of reform and Korean nationalism. Called out corruption and covered examples of foreign activities that may undercut independence. Independence Club: Made by Seo Jae-pil and others. Minister of War and Foreign Minister were its President and Chairman. To instill belief in democracy, independence and modernization/ strengthening. New officials were men influenced by Western culture whose ideology was like Self-strengthening- to maintain eastern ways, but adopt western machines. Used newspaper "The Independent" to promote national self rule and reform of government. First project was to establish symbol of Korean independence. Seo proposed to tear down a gate in imperial palace built in 1539 and was gate through which Chinese envoys had entered the imperial grounds to meet with Korean king, and to renovate guest quarters where Chinese envoys stayed to be called "Independence Hall". The people agreed. "Independence Association" founded in 1896. People and high officials (even royal family) responded with support and contributions. Independence Gate modeled after French Arc de Triomphe built by Chinese workers supervised by Korean architect. Independence Club 3 goals- National independence, wider citizen participation in political process by voting and national self-strengthening. Urged Korea to adopt foreign policy of strict neutrality. Initiated popular rights movement, called for equality, free speech, property, etc. Sought to promote movement of self-strengthening by establishing schools in all villages that provided modern, western based education. Called for establishment of Korean navy. Movement launched to establish national assembly in 1898 by IC. Demonstrations held in front of palaces in response to government revising repressive laws. The club came close to forcing Kohong to give in to their demands for appointed assembly. "loyalty to emperor and patriotism for country" was new motto. Kojon relied on conservatives in imperial court to opposed club, who charged that club was plotting to overthrow emperor. IC members arrested, resulting in riots in Seoul. Kojong then enforced martial law and arrested 340 leaders of IC. Kojong tried to consolidate his power and discourage public opposition, but time was running out because Japan was increasing influence in Korea.
Macartney Mission
Goal- (For Britain to) establish a trading connected with China. Outcome- British ambassador refused to bow down to emperor. Emperor refused to establish diplomatic relations with Britain.
Tonghak Movement
Goal- To promote "eastern learning" and equality for all (abolish social class and yangban), and opposed to western learning. People- Peasants sick of the government exploiting the people in Korea. Also followed Christian Ideology (caused the government to clamp down on Christianity). dddd
Yang
Heaven, light, and male forces
philosophy
How man should live in present.
Summary Below
Summary Below
Meiji Japan (1850-1890) (very revolutionary era)
In contrast to Qing court's response to modernity (to french (hostility)), during Meiji revolution/ restoration period, ___. Before 1960, Pro Shogun vs Pro Emperor forces in Japan (shortlived rebellion by Samurai in 1850s as last gasp by Shogun against emperor, but Shoguns power ultimately was lost). This period was characterized by trying to get full and complete power over Japan by the emperor (restoration of power of emperor) (by Daimyo heads (hated power of Shogun, loved emperor, didn't have power during Tokugawa period | Shogun signed Harris Treaty-> first strong opposition of Daimyos against power of Shogun)). Once emperors power was restored, Emperor Meiji dismantled Daimyo (land given to state), social class system dissolved (samurai suffered, revenues decreased a lot as cost rose, they were the least powerful class before restoration, new rule prohibited Samurai from carrying swords, caused upset in Samurai class). New military (initiated by Meiji)- based on conscription (not just samurai, but not peopled by peasants), Meiji and his oligarchs invested in military system (ships (ironclad) commissioned)). This restoration also caused centralization of power into emperors hand. Idea of State Shinto (state-supported Shinto-inspired ideology/ practice intended to inspire national integration, unity and loyalty) was linked to power of emperor. Emperor had command over military, appointed ministers of state and all members of upper house of Imperial Diet (legislature (house of reps (lower house, appointed by men with economic status) and house of peers). This constitutional monarchy was borrowed from Germany (strong executive authority, low legislative authority (unequal separation of power)). Former senior statesmen (old daimyo leaders- became Cabinet) could give advice to Emperors, and ministers of state could counsel for secretary of state... virtually nothing constrained power of emperor (no checks and balances). Rich Country, Strong Army- Japanese equivalent of China's self strengthening movement (to have rich nation, we need strong army). Emperor moved from Kyoto to city of Edo (where Tokugawa clan had their space of operations), he renamed Edo to Tokyo (eastern capital (east of Kyoto)). Meant to build up the state (emperor was head of state), not to build up individuals/ provinces.
Women
In general, East Asian states were male oriented. Women- second class. Discouraged from being educated. Arranged marriage (arranged by father). Exception: Samurai. Some women became Samurai. Involved a lot in development of alternative writing system. Kana developed for women. Choson Korea- Hangul: Since women werent taught to read and write, this was for men. Was women's script. replaced chinese written language. korea was least prepared for mordern era.
King Kojong and Queen Min
Japan backed King Kojong, and were opposed by Queen faction (her family/ clan, who opposed pro-japanese and pro-western ideologies) (backed by Qing/ Manchu court and individuals in Qing (Li Hongzang).
Government systems and differences in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and China.
Japan- Bureaucracy. Shogun has more power than emperor, but emperor has the mandate of heaven (Confucius). Korea- Had an emperor who ruled with bureaucracy with civil service exam passers. Vietnam- Divided into 2, Annam (confucius) and Chompa (hindu). China- Imperial style of governing- Emperor has mandate of heaven, rules using bureaucratic means and appoints through civil service exams.
Early Korea (600AD)
Koguryo (china + nomadic groups up north), Silla (japan) and Paekche (china).
Qing China
Last moments of old imperial system. First phase: Manchu court trying to hold on to power and maintain imperial power (trying to keep status quo). Emperor attempted to in 1898 initiate a bunch of reforms (influenced by a reformer called Qang Ghuwe?). People wanted to get rid of imperial system, but not the whole thing. 100 days of reform by emperor- he got put down on house arrest by his aunt. Aunt backed the "boxers". Once they failed, she tried to initiate her own reforms. Neither wanted ABSOLUTE revolution, but Sun did. Wanted to get rid of the imperial system not just in China but also abroad (hawaii and japan). Japan was the place for reformists/ revolutionaries to exile. At the end of 1912, Republic of China established. (keep in mind spheres of foreign influence were still in China Proper) | Boxer rebellion (geography)- Near Korea in China. Tainjin, Beijing, Niuzhyang. Qingdao, Weihaiwei all in the rebellion. Chinese Revolution started in south.
What does "logographic" mean as a way to describe the Chinese written language? When did written Chinese first appear in human history?
Logographic- Chinese letter system. represented the meaning of words as much as their sound. 1200bc.
Mccartney mission
Lord McCartney went to China as head of British diplomatic mission to get China to trade with Britain, failed because British ambassador refused to show respect to emperor. Up until that time, all trade with China was called Tribute missions: Chinese court insisted that any states that wanted to business with China had to submit to China. Business was not "trade" but as "tribute" missions, snice other states were subordinate. So, Manchu emperor sent a famous letter to British saying that they have no need for British items.
Unequal treaty
Losing party after series of wars forced to give up privileges and territory to winners (western countries were winners against Japan and China, Japan was winner against Korea).
Harris Treaty
Negotiated treaty of amity and commerce US agree provide arms sales and military advisors Japan's first modern training in warfare and weaponry Japan give trade concessions- give up ports for commerce US guaranteed free mobility in Japan fixed tariffs on US imports US extraterritorial rights each side respect freedom religion and worship. Emperor's will not respected, caused Daimyo's to try to overthrow the Shogun. Shogun bowed to reality.
Japan
Newly restored Meiji imperial rule imposed military force that was powerful (as powerful as Britain). Signed treaty with China (got silver, territory and trade).
Vietnam
Nguyen state's capital was in city of Hue until French controlled Nguyen state (Hanoi became new capital). Northern Trin clan vs Southern Nguyen clan. Nguyen clan established the state with help from Manchu Qing state. Word for their state: Vietnam: was coined by Qing court to treat Vietnam as a subordinate power of China. French gave aid to Nguyen King when he established his state. Benefits of France was realized when southern port of Turan/ Donghan was given to France. French had a lot of influence in the court. This caused creeping of French interest and influence in Vietnam. Even after Nguyen state was dissolved, the Nguyen state was in daily competition with French power. Nguyen state was Confucian. So Nguyen state was divided ideologically (court was Qing Confucian oriented, but also tried to clamp out Christianity and wanted isolationist (kept out west)... Nguyen Court also was divided (because it depended on French power and allowed French influence but didn't want westerners)).
Russia
Northeast: Treaty of Nirchance: Defined boundary between russia and china in 1669. Russia wanted Vladivostok (port city). Continued expansion because Russia wanted a pacific port that was ICE FREE. Naval forces could only operate in certain seasons. Also wanted another opening for trading and commerce. Treaty of Aigun increased expansion. Treaty of Peking made Russia expand to shores. Railroad (trans Siberian railroad) used to expansion (built railroad in new cities). This railroad went around Manchuria, so China and Russia cooperated to build a railroad directly from Russia to Vladivostok (through Manchuria). This was a potential threat to Japan since Japan wanted to expand too. Northwest: Manchu court wanted to expand control to the west. Turkic people controlled Dzungar Khanate in west. China took control over the region. Russia saw this as competing (since they were expanding too).
Confucian humility
Obstacles impeding ones progress of self cultivation are mostly from within. With humility (humbleness) comes other good traits like loyalty and honor.
Zongli Yamen
Office of Foreign Affairs, established in 1861 an advisory body, break from Confucianism. An effort of the self-strengthening movement. In response to reality of a weak military compared to the west (reality bought by the recent wars and rebellions).
Canton System and Treaty Ports
Only port that foreigners could come to was Canton. Cities open to foreigners as a result of treaties between China and foreigners. Foreigners would enjoy extraterritoriality.
China
Peasants- third lowest rank in all east asian states. No economic benefits for them.
Legalism
Philisophy- man is inherently bad. Only way for man to behave is by setting down rules and punishing. Harsh ruling.
Taewongun
Prince Regent, father of King Kojong; xenophobic, responsible for mass persecution of Catholicism and seclusion policy; highly resistant to foreign influence; feverishly beat back American and French incursions in 1866; wanted to rebuild strength of dynasty, trying to take away privileges of yangban; although captured in 1880s, 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese war led to his reinstatement; wanted reform.
Theme of Self-Strengthening
Private, not government sponsored program to modernize (bring modern technology) along western lines. Li Hongzhang: chief architect (built Nanjing Arsenal in 1860s). This was in response to rebellions (White Lotus rebellion, Taiping rebellion etc).
Qing China-Nguyen Vietnam
Qing tried to restore order in Nguyen Vietnam to keep out the French. Qing court saw itself as the father figure to Choson Korea and Nguyen Vietnam (these policies failed miserably). Tried to assert power (very late) on Vietnam, failed. Sino-French Way (1884-1885): Chinese military (new naval force) were defeated by French Navy southeast of China), allowing french to take complete control over Vietnam.
Rebellions against imperial authorities by religious groups, disaffected elites and tong-term impact on the state
Religious, or philosophers, didn't like changes.
Era of the Shogun
Ruled by Tokugawa family/ clan. Shogun is commander in chief/ leader. Emperor gave military power to military general (shogun). He controlled economy, military and everything else. Shogun was real leader, emperor was religious leader. Chinese emperors were "divine beings", japanese emperors had mandate of heaven, but not divine beings.
Meiji Japan/ Choson Korea
Ruso-japanese war (1904-1905) ended with treaty of Portsmouth over control of Korea (japanese won). King Kojong was in charge of weak state (weak military), they knew they had to rely on others to fight off foreigners. US, after winning Philippines after Spanish-US War gave consent to Japan to take control over Korea. Russo-Japanese War- Causes: -Russian empire seeking warm-water port-Vladivostok ice bound. -Wittes economic reforms meant Russia was expanding and looking for influence and more markets in far east. (thus the Trans-Siberian railway). -Russia forced China to lease Port Arthur to them and accept 25 year lease on Liaodong peninsula. -Japan knew if Korea was taken by Russia, Russia could cause trouble to Japan. Before the war, Russia controlled Manchuria. Ruso-Japanese war was the final nail to Imperial Russia (one of the most powerful). After Russia lost (very little naval support since most of the fleet was in west Russia). Effects: - Japan gained control of Korea and Manchuria. - Fostered respect of the West. - Increased admiration by other Asian nations - Admired Japan's own belied in its destiny as leader of Asia - Cost of war and defending new territories increased demand for strong army. - By 1906, Japan was obsessed with security and being a leader of East Asia. Consequenced: -Russia recognized Korea as part of Japanese sphere of influence. -Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria. Japan would annex Korea in 1910. - Russia signed over its 25 year leasehold rights to Port Arthur, including the naval base and the peninsula around it. - Russia ceded the southern heir of Sakhalin Island to Japan. - Japan was free to dominate the region without Russian competition. - Maybe other nations underestimate Russian power. Japan deserved the spoils of war (by 1910, choson state was of Japan).
What are the names of the earliest Chinese states/societies? Where were they located in terms of a major river? What do you know about the long Han Dynasty in terms of the evolution of Chinese government systems? How were men chosen for an office in the early Chinese government bureaucracy? Why was that system important?
Shang, Zhou (philisophy), Han, qin (prosperity and emperor)., division (above and below yellow river). Governing- Emperor looked over a bureaucracy, which had people who went though the civil service exams. Ran by educated and ethical men (confucius), rather than Qin's legalism.
What was the "Shogun" and how did that person/office interact with Japan's emperors?
Shogun was the military general. He regulated the economy, the military and was the real ruler, while the emperor was a religious icon.
Heian Period
The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, one emperor rules all, controller the central government and military. Classical era. Chinese bureaucracy adopted to keep people satisfied and keep power.
Yangban
The land-owning aristocracy of Korea filled all positions of authority in government and military. Did not want reform, for it may cause a decrease in power.
Taiping Movement
The people thought the Qing were unable to govern. Chinese were not passive; they sought to protect their own interests. Peasants fought with religious conviction over economic conditions under Manchu (Qing) court. Led to Qing Court signing unequal treaties with Western powers. Took lives of over 20 million.
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. Daimyo's pushed for it. Paved way for Japan to become an international super power, but caused traditions to break (social structure, samurai etc.).
Qin- Han Period
This period was the golden age of Chinese civilization. Because of this, any Chinese call themselves "the people of Han". The idea of bureaucratic system (bureaus/ offices). Imperial/ civil service exams (local, higher level, and highest level; exams that tested Confucianism). As inflation grew, more people became dissatisfied and rebelled, causing Han dynasty to end.
Social levels of hierarchy of Tokugawa Japan
Top level of hierarchy of Tokugawa Japan was Emperor AND Shogun, unlike other countries where its only Emperor (unique). Second top level was Samurai (highest level you could rise). Shogun was one of many Daimyos (got power from land ownership). Yonbon- military person or civilian. Samurai- both civilian and military. Samurai lost military role over time, became civilian bureaucrats. Then Peasants. Then craftsmen. Then merchants. Lowest: Untouchables/ other (Burakumin)- hereditary (almost impossible to work out of the class, because limited to jobs no one else wanted to do- little pay- very little resource/ education).
Japan
Tokugawa Japan imposed complete shut down of Japan against foreigners. Only Dutch were allowed to trade with them. Japanese were fascinated by Dutch sailing technologies. They could only trade in Island of Tashima. Commodore (US) Perry arrived in Japan to demand more trading ports to Tokugawa court. Signing of the treaty was done by representative of Tokugawa/ Shogun even though emperor refused (they knew how powerful US was). Emperor's life only did religious rituals to continue the imperial authority. Harris Treaty was signed in 1858, shogun bowed to reality. This caused trying to overthrow the Shogun by Daimyos. This left a huge political divide in Japan (kinda like Qing china, where regional authorities understood political and military realities of the west).
Social issues in Choson Korea
Yangban- prevented reform. Didn't want to better life of people below them. Change would undermine their dominance of the economy. This caused response by Choson court to clamp down Christianity. Tonghak learning movement caused by this (chritistianity + Confucianism + Shamanism + Taoism, "eastern learning" opposed to Sohak (eastern learning)). Wanted to weaken Yangban. Leader of the movement executed. Gave rise to more movements. Enlightenment and reform in 19th century- Advocates of reform saw value of westernization, but largely overwhelmed by forces of tradition that despised foreign ideas. Emperor Taewong Gun bought opposition to Tonghok. Tonghak movement and reforms were unsuccessful because Japan told Korea to open up. Treaty of Kanghwa was forced to be signed by Korea- recognized Korean independence (but was unfair treaty), ports of Pusan, Wonsan and Inchon were opened to Japanese trade, Japan given extraterritoriality rights, Japanese consul stationed in Seoul. Japan exempt from any custom duties.
French Indochina
Vietnamese elite thought if they withdrew from society (passive resistance against french rule), it would be good enough. Public didn't like this. A more active role of french resistance (calls for reform) employed by public. Phan Boi Chan- his rival was Phan Chu Prin. Advocated for different ways to deal with france. Colonial economy- Foreign colony reap all the benefits (france). All valuable resources are exported back home (textile mills, lumber, mining resources etc.). Attempts of resistance was first passive. Phan Boi Chau- interested in loss of Asian territory to western colonists. Saw Japan as role model. Invited other reformists to Japan to talk what to do in Vietnam. He founded Duy Tan Hoi (reformation society) and founded Viet Nam Cong Hien Hoi (Vietnam Public Offering Society) in Japan and Viet Nam Quang Phuc Hoi (Vietnam Restoration Society). Rise of Asian nationalism and communism- Vietnamese Nationalist Party formed in Hanoi (influenced by Japan after they won against Russia). Chinese revolution (1911) also provided a model for similar such movements. When nationalists came into power in China in 1927, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party was formed in Hanoi- armed uprisings in Cochen China, hundreds guillotined. 5 year imprisonment and death in 1817 for Phan Boi Chau's organisations' members.
Vietnam
Vin dynasty was very inept and unable to repel French forces. (Timeline: Initial cooperation between Vin and French. French given port (south- they named Cochinchine). Gained control over Cambodia. Launched naval blockade over Hanoi (capital of Vietnam (but not of Vin imperial dynasty)). French military gained more and more power. Took control over Tonkin and Annam (east coast of Vietnam). Vietnam forces defeated French in 1953, after which US came to colonize Vietnam).
Era of modernization + Colonialism
Western values were modern (because British showed up in 1830 with modern equipment to china). Shogun kept out foreigners except Dutch. until late 1850s (Commodore Harry from US to Japan shores introduced modern technology). Korea, like Japan, was also late in responding to modernity because they closed off from the western world. Vietnam- Early French presence in 1790s. French military presence didn't make impact until the French started to demand opportunities for trade and commerce which led to colonization of Vietnam.
wu xing (Five Elements)
Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water.
Please be sure you know what "yin/yang" are, how does their interaction affect every aspect of human life?
Yang- Heaven, light, and male forces. Yin- Earth, darkness, and female forces. Things exist as inseparable and opposite. Both to be in balance to achieve harmony.
Can you describe how the state we know as Vietnam evolved over time? (think in terms of migration of peoples, relations with other neighboring cultures).
Yue from north migrated to south for decades till 1750s. North- Annam (confucius/ chinese), south- Chompa (hindu).
Taiping Rebellion
a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan (convert to Christianity, but dabbled in Buddhism, viewed himself as younger brother of Jesus, established religious sect where he'd lead his followers into new era of peace and prosperity). Capital of Taiping state was city of Nanjing. Taiping consumed heartland of China (Richest farmland and most populous region). Qing state didn't get tax revenues from there, and were threatened to be overthroned. Lasted for 15 years. Encouraging local governors to build up their own military broke down the Taiping wave. White Lotus rebellion was repelled this way too. Whenever province gains power, its at the expense of imperial court. Qing government refused to modernize military, which is why Qing court lost its power. Why did they refuse? Because Qing government was dominated by Confucian scholar officials (high class elite)- wealthy people by owning agricultural land, whose power came by lending land and making money (gave it to peasants, they financed by peasants). Political elite wanted China to be a premodern state whose wealth came from farmers (contrast to modernity). One of the major forces of modernity was growth of cities, money, commercial class and merchant class. There were more merchants, who responded to elite class by selling more luxury goods. After realizing how superior western technology was, regional military leaders decided independently to buy new military tech from westerners directly. Raised up their own provincial forces. Qing court had to call on them to suppress the taping rebellion. Qing court was opposed to modernization at the same time. Imposed taxes on land owning class. But central government in Beijing were unwilling to do this. By the end of 1850s, regional provincial leaders grew in power while Qing court lost power (cus they didn't want to modernize).
Treaty of Hue
in 1883, recognized French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin after Nguyen army and Chinese forces lost to the French
Ying-Yang
in Chinese thought, the two balanced powers that govern the natural rhythms of life
Confucianism (philosophy)
system of human values and good relationships with others. Like Jesus, didnt write, his disciples did. Lived during zhou dynasty (after shang). never answered life after death questions. Doctrines- human nature is good, education is key to improving life and society. Filial piety- respect for elders/ parents (hierarchy). So, people should obey the emperor/ state. Everybody should stay in station/ kids born in farmer family should be farmer. Mandate of heaven: King is ruler on earth by virtue of mandate of heaven.. NOT divine (political doctrine). Jin- Humanness (how people relate to each other). Coorperate well-being (society as whole).
Feng Shui (spiritual aspect of geography)
the art and science of organizing living spaces in order to channel the life forces that exist in nature in favorable ways
Vietnam
was racked by warfare between south and north. south- vin clan. north- yin? clan. Women were warriors (social movement). In vietnam, there was no central state.
Rebellions
were response to weakening of economic power of Qing state and chaos that Qing state was thrown into. Weakening of Qing state was caused by new appearance of the west as superior. Aspects of unequal treaty (like treaty of Nanjing), was a huge amount of money that China had to pay to western powers.
How old is "China" as (1) a civilization, and (2) as a nation? What is a Chinese "dynasty"? What is the origin of the term "China"?
~3500 years (1700bc~ 1200bc). 1949 was when it became a country. A dynasty is a succession of rulers from the same family. Derived from Sanskrit 'Cina", may have derived from the first imperial dynasty, Qin. (Do know, they called themselves Huaxia (civil, contrasts to barbarians) /Zhongguo (central countries/ middle kingdom/ central plain in north china) (like 'Chinese'))-> even now called Zhonghua.