Midterm Review - AP Biology

How do you calculate the onion root tip mitotic index?

# of cells in mitosis / # of cells in mitosis + interphase

What is the formula for the volume of a sphere?

(4/3)πr3

A third example of the water potential formula:

(Plant cell after being distilled in water for some time) Yp = +2 + Ys = -2 _______ Y = 0

Define the Mark-Recapture Method mathematically.

(Population Destiny Estimation) 27 marked / ? total population = 5 marked / 40 total population recaptured

How do you calculate the degree of freedom?

(df) = n - 1 *"n" is the number of classes (possible outcomes)

UNIT THREE: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

- Dehydration synthesis vs. Hydrolysis reactions - Proteins (primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary structures and their causes), R groups + and five R group interactions + denaturation

UNIT ONE: ECOLOGY

- Dissolved Oxygen / Primary Productivity Lab - Energy Dynamics / Caterpillar Lab - Exponential vs Logistic Growth Models - G=rN - G=rmaxN(k-N)/K - mark / recapture formula

UNIT SEVEN: DNA AND DNA TECHNOLOGY

- EcoRI and HinDIII restriction enzyme lab (gel electrophoresis) - Lab Bench #6 - RFLP's - VNTR's - PCR

UNIT SIX: GENETICS

- Fruit Fly Lab - Lab Bench #7

UNIT FOUR: CELLS

- Gel Block Diffusion Lab (S.A. vs. Volume calculations) - Water Potential Lab (Lab Bench #1) - Theory of Endosymbiosis and evidences used

Some proteins need more than one tertiary polypeptide to make it functional, which creates a quaternary structure in proteins. List some examples of quaternary-structured proteins.

- Hemaglobin -- needs iron (Fe+) for 4 polypeptides to wrap around - Collagen -- needs 3 polypeptide subunits - Microtubules -- not functional as a tertiary structure, but functional as a quaternary

UNIT FIVE: MITOSIS

- Onion Root Tip Lap - Chi Square Calculations - Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Graph Error Bars (calculation/understanding) - Cell cycle and checkpoints -Density dependence and anchorage dependence - PDGF, signal transduction

UNIT TWO: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (ETHOLOGY)

- Pill Bug Lab (Lab Bench #11) - Proximate vs. Ultimate behavioral causes, Innate vs. Learned behaviors

All cells share some basic features. List some of the basic features.

- Plasma membrane: bounded by a membrane - Chromosomes: genes made of DNA - Ribsomes: tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions in the DNA - Cytoplasm: entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Polysaccharide means as "many sugars." Name some examples of polysaccharides and their respective functions.

- Starch -- energy - Glycogen -- store excess sugar in this form - Cellulose -- enclose plant cells - Chitin -- exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

Disaccharide means "two sugars." Name some examples of disaccharides and their respective functions.

- Sucrose -- the chief component of cane or beet sugar - Lactose -- a sugar disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose

List some examples of polypeptides that are functional proteins in the tertiary structure.

- Transthyretin (globular protein) - Ovalbumin (egg white) - Elastin (skin) - Keratin (skin) - Amylase (many enzymes)

In the gel block diffusion lab, why were celery sticks soaked in salt water more flexible than those soaked in distilled water?

...

At minimum size, a cell must be able to house...

...enough DNA, protein molecules, and internal structures to survive and reproduce

What are 3 ways primary productivity can be measured?

1) Amount of CO2 2) Rate of sugar formation 3) Rate of O2 production

If 20 caterpillars were weighed at 8.0g total, approximately how much energy (kcal) would that biomass dry represent? Use these given amounts: - 10g caterpillars = approx. 4g biomass dry --> [(10g x 40%) = (10g x 0.4) = 4g] - Each GRAM of plant biomass = about 4,35 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae = about 5.5 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae frass (feces) = about 4.76 kcal/g of energy

1. 8.0 g total caterpillar mass/20 caterpillars = 0.4 g per caterpillar 2. 0.4 g caterpillar x 40% (0.4) = 0.16 biomass dry per caterpillar 3. 0.16 biomass dry per caterpillar x 5.5 kcal/g = 17.6 kcal 4. The total is 17.6 kcal

Complete the chart: INPUT (kcal light energy) --> OUTPUT --> 1. ___, 2. ___, 3. ___

1. Biomass 2. Respiration 3. Heat loss (waste)

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

1. C3H6O3 - Ribose -- this is the sugar for RNA - Deoxyribose -- this is the sugar for DNA (code of life) 2. C6H12O6 - Glucose -- blood sugar and photosynthesis sugar - Fructose -- fruit sugar

If 10 caterpillars (larvae) were weighed at 3.0g total, approximately how much energy (kcal) would the biomass (dry) of a single larvae represent? Use these given amounts: - 10g caterpillars = approx. 4g biomass dry --> [(10g x 40%) = (10g x 0.4) = 4g] - Each GRAM of plant biomass = about 4,35 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae = about 5.5 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae frass (feces) = about 4.76 kcal/g of energy

1. Calculate the average mass of one larvae: 3.0g total caterpillar/10 caterpillars = 0.3g per caterpillar 2. Calculate the average biomass dry: 0.3g caterpillar x 40% (0.4) = 0.12 g biomass dry per caterpillar 3. Calculate the average energy (kcal) produced per gram biomass dry: 0.12g biomass dry per caterpillar x 5.5 kcal/g = 0.66 kcal per caterpillar

What were the variables in the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab?

1. Dependent variable (Y-axis) - DO2 2. Independent variable (X-axis) - Light 3. Manipulated variable - Light

During the mitotic cell cycle, interphase happens about 95% of the cell's life. During interphase, what 3 "sub-phases" does the cell go through, in sequential order?

1. G1, which is basic cell function and growth 2. S, which is DNA replication/synthesis 3. G2, which is continual growth and preparation for division

Give examples of social learning.

1. Many predators learn to hunt by observing and imitating mothers. 2. Alarm calls/predator warnings (vervet monkey infants give general distress calls, and then learn specific calls for predators such as eagles, leopards, snakes, etc.) 3. Crying (attention) is a baby's signal of a problem

In the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab, these were the following Control Groups: 1. Dark bottle 2. Initial DO2 read

1. Necessary for comparison to light bottle (Respiration) (Light bottle - Dark bottle = Gross Productivity) 2. Necessary for comparison to light bottle (Initial DO2) (Light bottle - Initial bottle = Net Productivity

Complete the following statements about a prokayotic cell. 1. Membrane-bound nucleus? 2. Membrane-bound organelles? 3. Simple or complex? 4. Size? 5. Ribsomes (rRNA)?

1. No 2. No 3. Simple 4. 1 to 10 um (small) 5. Yes

Know some examples of cells trying to solve the problem of effective surface are to volume ratio.

1. Plant cells --> Vacuole - Vacuole takes up to 90% of the cytoplasmic volume, thus reducing the volume. In other words, there is more surface area compared to volume. 2. Amebas (and plants) --> they're really big - Cytoplasmic streaming (cytoplasm is exposed to the surface) - In amebas, their folds allow them to have a greater surface area

These are all examples of lipids: 1. Waxes 2. Phospholipids 3. Cholesterol 4. Steroid hormones (vs. protein hormones) 5. Fats (solid at room temperature = triglycerides) 6. Oils (liquid at room temperature = triglycerides) Name their respective functions.

1. Prevents dehydration (waxy cuticle on leaves) 2. Major component of cell membranes (water barrier) 3. Common component of cell membranes --> animal cells use it as a starting material for making other steroids, including sex hormones 4. Can move through cell membrane 5. Energy storage 6. Energy storage

List the five main phases of mitosis in sequential order.

1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

Describe the most important factors of each phase of mitosis.

1. Prophase -- Chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids form within the nucleus, connected together by centromeres. Centrosomes also begin to create mitotic spindle fibers. 2. Prometaphase -- The nuclear envelope begins to break down. Centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids (and are now considered kinetochore fibers). 3. Metaphase -- The sister chromatids all align in the middle of the cell, along the "metaphase plate" (an imaginary, horizontal plate that runs through the cell). The spindle fibers are all aligned and ready to pull the sister chromatids apart. *(The stage was being set, and now the show is happening in this one phase) 4. Anaphase -- Kinetochore fibers pull the sister chromatids apart gradually, towards opposite ends of the cell. 5. Telophase -- A cleavage furrow (or a cell wall, depending it the cell is a plant cell) forms between the cell. The cell then begins to divide into two new cells as the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus reform.

Name the stages of Meiosis I, sequentially, excluding Interphase.

1. Prophase I 2. Metaphase I 3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I (and Cytokinesis)

Describe the most important facts of all the stages of Meiosis I.

1. Prophase I -- The nuclear envelope disappears. Sister chromatids cross over at different sites to "swap DNA." Centrosomes also begin to create mitotic spindle fibers. 2. Metaphase I -- The sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell, along the "metaphase plate." The chromatids are held together by sites of crossing over. 3. Anaphase I -- The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell, the crossing over of genetic information having already happened. 4. Telophase I (and Cytokinesis) -- The cell divides into two daughter cells. In some species, the nuclear envelope re-develops, but in most cases it does not.

Name the stages of Meiosis II, sequentially.

1. Prophase II 2. Metaphase II 3. Anaphase II 4. Telophase II (and Cytokinesis)

Describe the most important facts of all the stages of Meiosis II.

1. Prophase II -- The chromosomes have spindle fibers attached to their centromeres. 2. Metaphase II -- The chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell, along the metaphase plate. 3. Anaphase II -- The chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. 4. Telophase II (and Cytokinesis) -- The two daughter cells divide into four daughter cells.

At maximum size, a cell is influenced by what two objectives?

1. Requirement for enough surface area to obtain adequate nutrients and oxygen from the environment and dispose of wastes (surface area to volume ratio problem) 2. Size is also limited by the distance these materials must diffuse within a cell (ex.: mRNA has to travel a longer distance)

What evidence supports the Theory of Endosymbiosis? (Hint: there are 3)

1. Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplast are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes. 2. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce on their own. 3. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, as well as their own mRNA, ribosomes, and proteins.

Signal behaviors, or cues, can produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in increased survival (reproductive success). Give examples of signal behaviors.

1. Territory -- an area where individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excluded 2. Cues such as bird songs, chattering of squirrels, etc. 3. Scent markers -- signal serves as a "no trespassing" sign 4. Establishing territories can provide exclusive access to food supplies, breeding areas and places to raise babies

What does each aspect of the of standard deviation of an entire population equation represent? 1. o = ? 2. x = ? 3. x-bar = ? 4. N = ?

1. The standard deviation 2. Each value in the population 3. The mean of the values 4. The number of values (the population)

What does each aspect of the standard deviation of a sample of a population equation represent? 1. s = ? 2. x = ? 3. x-bar = ? 4. N = ?

1. The standard deviation 2. Each value in the sample 3. The mean of the values 4. The number of values (the sample size)

The following six controls were used in the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab: 1. Constant volume > 2. Constant plant life > 3. Constant light > 4. Same aquatic pond source > 5. Constant initial Oxygen level > 6. Constant light variations >

1. Used same sized bottles to maintain constant volume. 2. Used same size Elodea or Duck weed 3. All bottles were placed under the same light source with the same distance 4. Used one tub to obtain all samples 5. Sample from the middle of the water column, overfilled to allow NO bubbles 6. Used same number of screens, with no tape, overlappping, or labels to interfere with the light source

What is the general recipe for standard deviation? 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ 5. ___ 6. ___

1. Work out the average (mean value) of a set of numbers __ x symbol is called --> "x-bar" 2. Work out the difference between each number and the mean 3. Square those differences 4. Add up the square of all of the differences 5. Divide this up one less than the number of numbers in the set (n-1), which is called the variance 6. Take the square root of the variance and that results in the standard deviation

Complete the following statements about a eukaryotic cell. 1. Do they have membrane-bound nucleus? 2. Do they have membrane-bound organelles? 3. Are they simple or complex? 4. What is their size? 5. Do they have ribsomes (rRNA)?

1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Complex 4. 10 times the size of a prokaryotic cell (big) 5. Yes

In the following problem, it is assumed that only 5 pirates were asked how many gold coins they have. These are the amounts: 4, 2, 5, 8, 6 1. Calculate the mean. **This problem is continued in steps throughout the next several flashcards.

1. x-bar = Ex / N = x1 + x2 + . . . + xN _____________ N = 4 + 2 + 5 + 8 + 6 ____________ 5 = 5

2. Calculate x - x^ for each value in the sample. *x^ = x-bar

2. x1 - x^ = 4 -5 = -1 x2 - x^ = 2 - 5 = -3 x3 - x^ = 5 - 5 = 0 x4 - x^ = 8 - 5 = 3 x5 - x^ = 6 - 5 = 1

How many essential amino acids are there, in total?

20

3. Calculate E(x - x^)2 *x^ = x-bar

3. E(x - x^)2 = (x - x^)2 + (x2 - x^)2 + . . . + (xN - x^)2 = (-1)2 + (-3)2 + (0)2 + (3)2 + (1)2 = 20

4. Calculate the standard deviation.

4. (The square root of) 20 / ( 5 - 1) = 2.24 gold coins

The biomass, dry, is about what percent of the measured "wet" weight?

40%

What is the formula for the surface area of a sphere?

4πr2

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H1206 + 6O2

Define spatial learning.

A female digger wasp uses landmarks to mark her nest, such as a circular ring of pine cones. Scientists moved the pine cones several feet away from the nest, in the exact same shape. The female digger wasp, instead of flying to the nest, flew over to the pine cones. In another experiment, the scientists placed the pine cones back around the original nest site, this time arranging the pine cones into a triangular shape. Then the scientists arranged several pine cone-sized rocks in a circular shape several feet away from the nest. In this instance, the digger wasp flew to the rocks that were arranged in a circle. The experiment heralded the following result: the digger wasp memorized her nest site by the arrangement of the landmarks.

What is a growth factor?

A growth factor is a protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other body cells to divide.

What is standard deviation?

A measure of statistical dispersion.

Why was a mild acid (vinegar = acetic acid) to test the movement of diffusion through the agar block?

A mild acid, vinegar (which is an acetic acid), is used to test the movement of diffusion through the agar blocks because the acetic acid is acidic enough to trigger the phenolphthalein in each agar block to turn clear (because an acid, vinegar, is diffusing through the agar).

What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?

A mutually beneficial relationship between a cell living inside another cell. Evidently, this theory is prominent in eukaryotic (animal) cells, with the mitochondria. This theory is also prominent in eukaryotic (plant) cells, with both mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Define density-dependent inhibition.

A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing. For example, animal cells growing on the surface of a dish multiply to form a single layer and usually stop dividing when they touch one another. If some cells are removed, those bordering the open space begin dividing again and continue until the vacancy is filled.

Define the term water potential.

A term used to describe the tendency of water to leave one place in favor of another.

What is the pillbugs' MOST preferred environment?

A wet, dark environment that is ripe with decomposing/dead organic material.

In what types of cells does Mitosis occur?

All somatic cells.

What is the ultimate cause of the mammalian suckling response?

Allows the mammal to get food, and increases chances of survival.

What are the two different shapes of a secondary structure of a protein?

Alpha Helix shaped and Pleated Sheet shaped

Define trial and error learning.

An animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with positive or negative effects. Example: "Skinner box" -- a rat came close to a lever in a box for food. *An animal tends to repeat the RESPONSE if it's a positive reward, or AVOID if it's harmful! They can also unlearn and relearn new things.

Define taxis.

An animal moves toward or away from a stimulus. Is often exhibited when the stimulus is light, heat, moisture, sound, or chemicals.

What is the definition of proximate behavior?

An immediate mechanism for a behavior.

Innate behaviors, or "instinctual" behaviors can be further specialized into Fixed Action Patterns ("FAPs"), or types of movement (such as kinesis or taxis). What is a Fixed Action Pattern?

An unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus. It saves TIME (when time matters). There is no need to learn a FAP, as it is pre-programmed within an individual. An example of a FAP is the mammalian "suckling" response, when mammals suckle to extract milk to drink/live.

An example of the water potential formula: (Distilled water) Yp = 0 + Ys = 0 ______ Y = 0

Another example of the water potential formula: (Plant cell after being put into distilled water) Yp = 0 + Ys = -2 _______ Y = -2

Explain the physiological reasons as to why the pillbugs flocked to the wet petri dish.

As stated previously, pill bugs use gills to breathe -- therefore, they require water to survive and function.

Define genetic behavior (factor).

Behavioral changes can be passed to future generations, not through genes, but through the social environment. "Phenotypes depend on BOTH genes and the environment." Example: High interaction, relaxed mothers vs. low interaction, fearful mothers (rats) - High interaction mothers interact with their pups, and their pups become high interaction, relaxed adults - Low interaction mothers do not interact with their pups very much, and their pups become low interaction, fearful adults **In a cross-fostering experiment, pups born of high interaction, relaxed mothers were placed with low interaction, fearful mothers, and vice versa. The pups that were cross-fostered grew up to act like their foster mothers.

Define hydrolysis.

Breaking down polymers to monomers by using an enzyme. Water is needed to provide an -OH and -H to "fill in" the e-sharing site that is opened when the covalent bond is broken. (Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide)

Define dehydration synthesis.

Building up monomers to polymers by using an enzyme. Water is created when -OH and -H are released as the new covalent bond is formed.

What consists of a plasmodesmata in a plant cell?

Channels between adjacent cells that form a circulatory and communication system connecting the cells in plant tissues. *This is the counterpart to a gap junction in an animal cell

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

Cilia mainly sweep mucus (in the lungs) and propel movement -- they are shorter. Flagella mainly propel cells forward using a "whip-like" motion -- they are longer.

What is the molecular formula for carbohydrates?

Cn (H20)n *where n = 3-8

Define agnostic behaviors

Conflicts that arise over limited resources like food, mates, or territories that are settled by agnostic behaviors, which are threats, rituals, and sometimes combat.

In the Energy Dynamics/Caterpillar Lab, is the biomass measured wet or dry?

Dry.

Motor proteins called ___ ___ are attached to each microtubule doublet. Using energy from ATP, these motor proteins "walk" along as they attach and release and re-attach.

Dynein Arms

Define the term isotonic.

Equal solute concentration.

What consists of a gap junction in an animal cell?

Especially common in animal embryos, where chemical communication between cells is essentially for development Examples: All types of cells, though specific examples that were given were heart cells

What is the definition of ultimate behavior?

Evolutionary explanations for a behavior.

What is eutrophication? Explain why allowing nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers to run into a body of water can negatively affect life in it. What will happen at first? What might happen eventually?

Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from land, which causes a dense grown of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

(USE THIS MODEL AND THE NEXT ONE TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AFTERWARD.) *What goes in has to equal what comes out FLOW OF ENERGY INTO AND OUT OF A PRODUCER (PLANT) Energy INPUT (sun energy) --> Plant (total biomass energy of plant) --> Energy output --> Respiration needed for new biomass energy (secondary growth), Respiration needed to stay alive, Heat (waste)

FLOW OF ENERGY INTO AND OUT OF A PRIMARY CONSUMER Energy INPUT (biomass energy the consumer eats!) --> Primary consumer (total biomass energy of consumer) --> Energy output --> (Growth) Respiration needed for new biomass energy**, respiration needed for life activities**, feces biomass energy (heat loss, waste) **"Total Respiration"

True or False: Does every species have their own unique, MINIMUM "r"?

False. Every species has their own unique, MAXIMUM "r."

How is LIFE done? (i.e. This was discussed in class)

First cells on Earth (3.5 billion years ago, the cell sizes were prokaryotic. Membrane infolding let to Endoplasmic Reticulum [or E.R.]) --> Primitive eukaryotic cells (no mitochondria or chloroplasts YET, but the E.R. leads to endosymbiosis) --> Advanced eukaryotic cells (cells have mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, depending if it's a plant or animal cell)

G = rN Define each part of this equation.

G = Growth rate of the population (number of individuals added per time interval) r = Max per capita (individual) rate N = Population size (number of indivuduals in the population at a particular time

In what types of cells does Meiosis happen?

Gametes (eggs and sperm).

Define environmental behavior (factor).

Genes govern learning, memory, internal clocks, courtship and mating rituals, etc. "It seems to run in the family." Example: Male fruit fly (protein) -- leads to males courting other males; genetically engineered females with the male fruit fly protein will court other females

Monomers = ___ + ___ --> Triglycerides (a polymer)

Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acids

Define the term hypertonic.

Higher solute concentration.

What is the goal of Meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes separate.

What are some examples of habituation?

Hydra -- contracts when disturbed by a slight stimulus, stops doing this if the stimulus is repeated. Scarecrow -- birds will avoid a fruit tree for a few days then become used to it.

Would you expect the DO (Dissolved Oxygen) concentration of water samples taken from a lake at 7:00 a.m. to be higher or lower than samples taken at 5:00 p.m.? Explain.

I would expect water samples taken at 7:00 AM to be lower than those taken at 5:00 PM because during the day, the water plants in the lake will be undergoing photosynthesis, producing oxygen, which will dissolve into the lake water over the course of the day. Overnight, only respiration will take place because there is no sunlight, so the O2 levels will be low.

Would you expect the DO2 in water taken from a stream entering a lake to be higher or lower than the DO2 taken from the lake itself?

I would expect water taken from a stream to have more dissolved oxygen because it is less shallow therefore it is vulnerable to acquiring more oxygen.

What was the prediction for the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab?

If an aquatic ecosystem is exposed to various light intensities, then the primary productivity will increase as the light is increased.

Explain why imprinting (such as baby geese imprinting on their mothers) has both innate AND learned components.

Imprinting's innate component is the tendency to imprint on a stimulus during a sensitive period (such as a mother goose making noise and walking away from her newly hatched chicks). The imprinting itself is from a learning. Innate -- (pre-programmed behavior) the baby geese WILL imprint on an object during a critical period of time. Learned -- they learn what object to imprint on.

What does the secondary structure of proteins consist of?

Interactions between O- and H+ charged regions of aa's, which creates H- bonding. (The O- are the backbones of amino acids).

What consists of an anchoring junction in an animal cell?

Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor these junctions in the cytoplasm. Examples: All types of cells, though specific examples that were given were skin and heart cells

What does the primary structure of proteins consist of?

Just the sequence of amino acids.

Name the behavior that pillbugs use to locate their preferred environments and define the behavior.

Kinesis - random, uncoordinated movement used to locate a favorable environment in pill bugs (i.e. they do not a plan, rather they just wander around, trying to sense water around them).

Define the term hypotonic.

Lower solute concentration.

What consists of a tight junction in an animal cell?

Membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, knit together by proteins. Examples: digestive track, skin

Define kinesis.

Movement that is random and does not result in orientation with respect to a stimulus.

Due to the rule described on the previous card, is N low or high at the beginning of a graph?

N is low

As ___ increases, ___ increases exponentially.

N, G

Which of the three outputs of the primary consumer can be measured?

New biomass and feces biomass

Do any of these compounds occur naturally: a) Methane b) Ethane c) Butene d) 1-butene

No. They are all made from photosynthesis (as well as oil, coal, etc.)

OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIOR: Environmental Behavior: - All behavior will probably be shaped (to some extent) by the environment Genetic Behavior: - All behavior has a gene component, such as natural selection

OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIOR: Innate Behavior: - Instinctual, pre-programmed - Calling when there's a predator - All mosquito behavior (most) - Short time, quick reaction, no learning - Kinesis - Taxis - FAPS Learned Behavior: - Different calls/cries - Takes longer, as the environment changes - Habituation - Imprinting - Trial + error learning - Classical (association) learning - Social learning

What does this mean relative to the average (mean) of the pirates?

On average, each pirate has 2.24 gold coins in their possession, among each of the 5 pirates in question.

Learned behaviors take time to learn. Using knowledge you already know, what is habituation?

Once habituated to a particular stimulus, an animal still senses the stimulus -- its sensory organs detect it -- but the animal learned not to respond it.

What do orientation behaviors do for animals?

Orientation behaviors place an animal in its most favorable environment.

What is phenolphthalein used for in this lab?

Phenolphthalein is used as an acid base indicator in this investigation. Furthermore, it is used to show the rate of diffusion (of an acid) through the respective agar cubes. In turn, the augur cubes would turn from their red hued colors (phenolphthalein) to a clear color, indicating that the diffusion of an acid was successful.

What is sex-linked inheritance?

Phenotypes that are expressed and/or inherited, due to sex chromosomes.

What is autosomal inheritance?

Phenotypes that are expressed and/or inherited, regardless of the sex chromosomes.

When does primary productivity typically occur? What is the formula?

Photosynthesis > 6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

List a few differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.

Plant cell: - Supported by rigid cell walls made largely of cellulose - Plasmodesmata are connecting between cell walls Animal cell: - The extracellular matrix consists mainly of glycoproteins - Tight junctions form leak-proof sheets - Anchoring junctions rivet cells into strong tissues - Gap junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell

What is the broad definition of survivorship curves?

Plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age.

In an S-Shaped Logistic Curve, why is the rate slow at the beginning and then at the end?

Population growth is slowed by limiting factors and then gradually wears off.

In the plant model, which output represents the energy available to primary consumers? What measurement in this lab reflects this?

Respiration needed for new biomass energy (secondary growth); the dry mass of plants

Where does the primary consumer get their energy input? What measurement in this lab reflects this?

Respiration needed for new biomass energy (secondary growth); the dry mass of plants

Which row represents the feces biomass energy in the primary consumer model? What is the value?

Row 11 -- there was 0.04 g excreted

Which row represents the total respiration for life activities and new biomass? What is the value?

Row 13 -- there is 1.81 kcal

Which row represents the energy input to the caterpillar in the primary consumer model? What is the value?

Row 4 -- there is 2.0 kcal per larva

Which row represents the respiration energy needed for new biomass in the primary consumer model? What is the value?

Row 9 -- there is 0.35 kcal

What is the proximal cause of the mammalian suckling response?

Rubbing the mammal's cheek.

What is the difference between an "S-Shaped Curve" and a "J-Shaped Curve"?

S-Shaped Curve - represents logistic growth, G = rN [(K-N)/K] J-Shaped Curve - represents logistic growth, G = rN

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fat has the maximum number of hydrogens. Unsaturated fat has less than the maximum number of hydrogen.

Define signal transduction.

Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.

What is the goal of Meiosis II?

Sister chromatids separate.

Diffusion can occur in all three basic states of matter. What are these basic states?

Solids, liquids, gases.

List some density dependent factors.

Space, health, predation, physiological factors* *For example, high mice density leads to "stress syndrome." This delays sexual maturation in a mouse population that is extremely high. The reproductive organs can also shrink and the immune system can become depressed. Ultimately, there is a high increase in morality and a decrease in birth rate.

A shortage of sulfur or the sulfur rad group amino acids in your diet would make it very difficult for you to build proteins. Why?

Sulfur constructs disulfide bridges which unify protein building. It there is a sulfur shortage, protein building can't take place.

Describe an energy pyramid representing the ecosystem in this lab.

Sunlight --> Bottom level - Producers --> Middle level - Primary Consumers --> Frass --> Decomposers

In the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab, which way are we measuring primary productivity?

The DO2 is measured by oxygen produced with the units mg/L and PPM.

Define associative (classical) learning.

The ability to associate one environmental feature with another (such as a school bell, phone ringing, etc.). *"If I hear, see, feel, smell that . . . I'll get . . ." (stimulus) Example: "Pavlov's dog" -- tube in salivary gland. Dog would salivate when he got food, and he would ring a bell and the dog would salivate at a bell ringing.

A mammal uses only 1 to 2 percent of its energy in ventilation (breathing air in and out) while a fish must spend about 15 percent of its energy to move water over its gills. Explain this huge difference in their efforts to collect oxygen.

The amount of oxygen in the water is lower than the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore, it make easier for mammals to breathe the air and for fish to work harder to get oxygen.

Which way might be better to measure the primary productivity of your backyard grass? How would you do this?

The best way to measure the primary productivity of the backyard is to measure the increase in biomass over a period of time (Gross Productivity). By using the net productivity calculations (Net Productivity + Respiration = Gross Productivity), we can determine the biomass over a period of time left over from respiration (Gross Productivity)

What would be the problem if we were to measure the true biomass (DRY!) of the caterpillars as they grow?

The caterpillars would have to be killed in order to dry them.

Why were the cubes pre-soaked in mild (0.01%) NaOH and what color did this pre-soak make the blocks?term-152

The cubes were pre-soaked in mild (0.01%) NaOH because this causes the agar blocks to change pink/red (due to the phenolphthalein) in response to a base diffusing through the block, which is the NaOH itself. In turn, diffusing a acid through the cubes (vinegar) would make them turn clear.

USE THIS INFORMATION TO ANSWER THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS. 1. Mass of Brussel Sprouts 2. Dry Mass of Brussel Sprouts (mass x 23%) - (23% is the average percent biomass from the fast plant data table) 3. Plant Energy (biomass x 4.35 kcal/g) 4. Plan Energy consumed by each Larvae 5. Mass of 10 Larvae 6. Average mass of one Larvae 7. Larva percent biomass as stated in lab manual 8. Individual larva biomass (mass x percent biomass) 9. Energy produced per individual (individual biomass x 5.5 kcal/g) - (New Growth) 10. Mass of the frass of the larvae 11. Frass per individual 12. Waste energy (frass mass x 4.76 cal/g) 13. Estimate of Total Cellular Respiration (plant energy consumed - waste energy produced)

The data is organized in this order: *DAY 1 - 12-day old larvae **DAY 3 - 15-day old larvae ***Over 3 days of growth 1. 31 g -- 11 g -- 20 g total mass consumed 2. 7.13 g -- 2.53 g -- 4.6 g dry mass consumed 3. 31.01 kcal -- 11.00 kcal -- 20.01 kcal 4. 3.1 kcal -- 1.1 kcal -- 2.0 kcal per larva 5. 0.4 g -- 2.0 g -- 1.6 g gained 6. 0.04 g -- 0.2 g -- 0.16 gained 7. 40% -- 40% -- 40% 8. 0.016 g -- 0.08 g -- 0.064 g gained 9. 0.088 kcal -- 0.44 kcal -- 0.35 kcal 10. 0 -- 0.4 g -- 0.4 g excreted 11. 0 -- 0.04 g -- 0.04 g excreted 12. 0 -- 0.19 kcal -- 0.19 kcal excreted 13. 0 -- 0 -- 1.81 kcal

What is considered the dependent variable in this experiment?

The dependent variable in this experiment would be the amount of the agar cubes that the vinegar moved through (otherwise known as the "clear," coloring, or "basic" part of the agar cubes).

What is the effect of temperature on the amount of oxygen that water at different temperatures can hold?

The effect that different temperatures have on the amount of oxygen that water has varies because when water is cold there is more dissolved oxygen and when the water is warmer there is less dissolved oxygen. This works this way because the amount of dissolved oxygen in warm water decreases when the ability of the molecules to move around increases. Therefore, oxygen escapes.

What is cytokinesis?

The final division of the cell in question -- the cleavage furrow/cell wall finally split the parent cell into two new daughter cells.

What is the definition of the benthic zone?

The floor of a body of water. (Lake bottom, bottom of an ocean, etc.)

In a second instance, say there was only enough time to ask 5 pirates how many gold coins they have. In statistical terms this means we have a sample size of 5 and in this case we use the standard deviation equation for sample of a population.

The formula of standard deviation differs from the formula of a standard deviation of a select population.

There are 100 pirates on a ship. In statistical term this means there is a population of 100. If the amount of gold coins that each of the 100 pirates have is known, we use the standard deviation for an entire population.

The formula of standard deviation of an entire population is different than the formula of standard deviation of a select population.

What is considered the independent/manipulated variable in this experiment?

The independent/manipulated variable in this experiment would be the amount of time the agar cubes were left in the vinegar solution (which was determined as being ten minutes).

Define a monohybrid pattern of inheritance.

The inheritance of a single characteristic. The different forms of the characteristic are usually controlled by different alleles of the same gene.

Define a dihybrid pattern of inheritance.

The inheritance of two characteristics, usually over two generations. Two different genes usually code for two different characteristics.

During this lab, a doorway was created between two petri dishes that the pillbugs could walk through. One petri dish was given wet paper, and the other was given dry paper. Five pillbugs were placed in each side of the petri dish. Using what you already know about pillbugs, which side would they flock to?

The pillbugs would flock to the wet petri dish.

What is the definition of primary productivity?

The rate at which biomass is produced by organisms which converts inorganic substrates into complex organic substrates.

What is your conclusion regarding the rate of diffusion of vinegar into agar? (What was the "discovery" here?) Does this make sense? Why or why not?

The rate of diffusion of vinegar into agar is the same across each of the individual cubes, regardless of their respective size differences. This does make sense, considering the vinegar was evenly distributed among all three of the cubes (covering all of them completely in the same beaker). The vinegar then was guided through the cubes when they were swirled around in the beaker. The augurs are not of the same thickness (as they are three different sizes - 1 x 1 cm, 2 x 2 cm, 3 x 3 cm), however, they are made of the same material and were soaked with the same concentration (0.01%) of sodium hydroxide (and, thus, they all have the same concentration of phenolphthalein), which would account to the directly similar rates of diffusion of vinegar into the agar.

A fish swims in a glass of water, about half full. Another fish swims in a glass of water, which is totally full. Which glass would have more oxygen available to the fish?

The second container would have more oxygen available to the fish. Oxygen exchange is dependent on surface area rather than volume, so the second container would have more oxygen available to the fish. The greater the surface area of water, the more oxygen can diffuse into it.

The tertiary structure of a protein forms a 3-D polypeptide, which can result in a functional protein. But, how does a tertiary structure form?

The tertiary structure is formed due to interactions of unique R-Groups: 1. H+ (hydrogen bonds) 2. Ionic bonds 3. Sulfur - Sulfur (Disulfide bridges) 4. Hydrophobic forces (hate water) 5. Hydrophilic forces (love water)

Besides the new growth in biomass, what else would have to be measured from the caterpillar (the primary consumer)? Why?

The waste. As they grow and consume more, the waste will get bigger.

What makes proteins so unique?

Their respective shapes.

What is the scale pH range and colors for phenolphthalein?

There is a scale pH range and specific colors for phenolphthalein. If an agar cube was colorless, its pH content was in a 0 - 8.2 pH range, which means it is either acidic or slightly neutral. If the color was pink or red, its pH content was in a 8.2 - 12.0, which means it is basic.

To determine if the observed date fall within acceptable limits, a chi-square analysis is performed the test the variability of null hypothesis. What is the basic null hypothesis?

There is no (null) statistically significant difference between the observed and expected value.

What is anchorage dependence?

They must be in contact with a solid surface -- such as the inside of a culture dish or the extracellular matrix of a tissue -- to divide.

How do innate (inherited) and learned behaviors affect animal survive?

They promote their survival and reproductive success.

True or False: Pillbugs are the only form of land isopods that actually have a set of gills.

True.

True or False: Though the net movement of molecules is down their concentration gradient, at any time molecules can move in both directions as long as the membrane is permeable to the molecule.

True.

True or False: Are all lipids insoluble in water?

True. They are also non-polar.

What does "exponential growth" mean?

Unregulated growth in ideal conditions.

What was the hypothesis for the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab?

Varying light intensities will have an effect on aquatic primary productivity over a certain period of time.

Know the water potential formula:

Water potential (Y) = pressure potential (Yp) + solute potential (Ys)

Why is the biomass measured dry?

With extra water, the biomass would be heavier than it actually is. Therefore, the biomass is dried and then measured.

What is the Chi square formula?

X2 = E (observed value - expected value)2 / (expected value) *X2 = chi-square **E = summation

When they find the appropriate probability number in a "degrees of freedom" chart, scientists usually use the "0.05" probability from the chart. However, if the calculated chi square value is greater than or equal to the critical value from the table, is the null hypothesis still rejected?

Yes, the null hypothesis is then rejected.

Are monomers considered monosaccharides?

Yes. They both mean "one sugar."

These are the BIG FOUR of biological ORGANIC compounds: a) Carbohydrates b) Lipids c) Proteins d) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Now name their functions and give an example.

a) Energy - Gasoline b) Long term storage - Some structure c) Enzyme function - Enzymes control chemical reactions (structure) d) Shape - Sequences of amino acids (can code ANY enzymes)

Agnostic behaviors is exhibited when animals respond to each other through ___ or ___ responses.

aggressive, submissive

Hydrocarbons are compounds only composed of: a) sulfur and phosphorous b) hydrogen and carbon c) carbon and oxygen

b) hydrogen and carbon (otherwise known as carbohydrates) **LOTS of energy (calories) in their C-H bonds

Organic chemistry is ___ based life.

carbon

If the null hypothesis is rejected, the differences between the observed and expected are probably due to something other than ___ alone.

chance

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules down their ___ ___.

concentration gradient

Nucleic acids are made of monomers and polymers. Monomers in nucleic acids are made of ___, and the polymers are made of ___.

deoxyribose, DNA or RNA

Environmentally controlled behavior will differ between ___ environments.

different

Mating behaviors may involve a complex series of activities that facilitate ___, ___, and ___ with a member of the same species.

finding, courting, mating

Many behaviors have ___ and ___ components.

genetic, learned

Molecules are in constant motion and tend to move from regions where they are in ___ concentration to areas of ___ concentration.

higher, lower

A fantastic, lengthy overview of the endomembrane system in motion (with an animation):

http://users.uma.maine.edu/SBaker/nucleus_endo.html

A good overview website of the parts of an animal cell (diagram):

http://www.celldiagram.net/animal-cell-diagram.html

A good overview website of the parts of a plant cell (diagram):

http://www.celldiagram.net/plant-cell-diagram.html

**Great link to check out:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?_v=3xfGbloqG4&feature=player_detailpage

The celery sticks placed in salt water were placed in a ___ solution.

hypertonic

Solute potential (Ys) = iCRT

i = The number of particles the molecule will make in water; for NaCl this would be 2; for sucrose or glucose, this number is 1 C = Molar concentration (from your experimental data) R = Pressure constant = 0.0831 liter bar/mole K T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + °C of solution

The process of diffusion and osmosis account for much of the ___ movement of molecules at the cellular level.

passive

The membrane ___ allows passage of certain types of molecules while restricting the movement of others.

passively

Polymers of amino acids are connected by ___ (carboxyl group to amine/nitrogen group)

peptide bonds

Isomers are compounds with the ___ formulas but ___ structures.

same, different

In osmosis, water moves through a ___ ___ from a region of its higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

selectively permeable

If the null hypothesis is accepted, it means that there is a 95% confidence level, and there is no ___ ___ difference between the observed numbers and the ___ numbers! The observed seem to fit the expected numbers, in this instance. In other words, the differences that are seen between the observed and expected are probably due to ___ alone.

statistically significant, expected, chance