Midterm Review

Value

shared beliefs about what a group considers worthwhile or desirable; these guide the creation of norms. ex: -All people should have the chance to advance by 'pulling themselves up by their boot straps.' -respect for authority (covid)

Agency

the ability of the individual to act freely and independently

social control

the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion

The term, social control, refers to___.

the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity in society.

Norm

the formal and informal rules regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable within a culture ex: -Race- based job discrimination is illegal -Staying 6 feet away (covid)

According to sigmund freud's theoretical perspective, the parts of the mind are ____.

the id, ego, and superego

labeling theory

the idea that deviance is a consequence of the external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person ex; -black women seem angry -immigrant speaks 2 langs vs white girl

nonmaterial culture

the ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking(beliefs,values,and assumptions) and ways of behaving(norms, interactions and communication)

social construction

the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists

Resocialization

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as part of a transition in. life

cultural leveling

the process through which cultures become more and more alike ex: -You can watch game of thrones in Uzbekistan -The existence of walmart, starbucks , target and other chain stores in the vast majority of American towns

role

the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status

Sociology

the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions

Microsociology Questions

-How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? -How do two drivers decide who does first at a four way a stop? -How does giving children different types of toys to play with affect their performance of gender roles? -What types of language and gestures do students use when interacting with teachers?

Macrosociology Questions:

-Why do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others? -How does the culture among enlisted officers differ between a country's army and it's navy? -What types of religious organizations are most effective at lobbying political entities for support? -How do the organization of education systems around the world affect the % of individuals who go to college?

George Herbert Mead

1. Preparatory Stage: Wherein children mimic or imitate others 2.Playstage: Wherein children pretend to play the role of a particular or signifiacnt other 3.Game Stage: Wherein children play organized games and take perspective of the generalized other

Three tenets of symbolic interactionism

1. We act toward things on the basis of their meanings 2. Meanings are not inherent; rather, they are negotiated through interaction with others 3. Meanings can change or be modified through interaction

More

A norm that carries greater moral significance, is closely related to the core values of a group, and often involves severe repercussions for violators Ex: -A woman walking down an American Street with no shirt or bra on

What is Agency?

Ability of the individual to act freely and independently

Media, Family, Peers and schools are considered to be____.

Agents of socialization

Who was given the credit for coining the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

_____ argues that punishments fro rule violators are unequally distributed in society.

Conflict Theory

The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one group to another is known as ______.

Cultural Diffusion

The term____refers to the entire way of life a group of people.

Culture

____ is the approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes?

Deterrence

Which theory argues that we learn to be deviant from our peers?

Differential Association Theory

The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within society are called____.

Dominant Culture

In functionalist theory, what is a disturbance to or undesirable consequence of some aspect of the social system?

Dysfunction

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

stigma

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

Folkway

Ex: -A man paying $100 meal using only one-dollar bills

Quantitative

Ex: -Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a United States citizen or a citizen of another country -The number of people in a large gathering is recorded

Qualitative

Ex: -An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials. -Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about their political views

What is the theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena?

Hypothesis

secodary deviance

In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

cultural relativism

Is the process of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging according to one's own culture ex: -An american believes that other languages should be respected and valued equally to english

In the United States, norms are usually formalized into _______.

LAW

Sociological Studies that focus on large-scale phenomena that impact groups and individuals fall under the scope of _____.

Macrosociology

What is Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical approach to presentation of self?

People are seen as theatrical performers.

What is another name for the methodology that Auguste Comte called "social physics"?

Positivism

Which step in labeling theory describes the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant?

Primary Deviance

What research works with nonnumerical data such as texts, field notes, interview transcripts, and photographs?

Qualitative Research

A social scientist would be likely to study the_______.

Reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States.

____ identify the means of enforcing norms that include positive and negative versions.

Sanctions

According to C. Wright Mills, what is one quality of mind that all great sociologist posses?

Sociological Imagination

Which paradigm discusses how a stable system of structures contribute to the equilibrium of society as a whole?

Structural Functionalism

Emile Durkheim and the Theory of Anomie

Study (1897) Durkheim theorized that suicide is one result of a lack of connection to the social world or anomie. Anomie: "Normlessness;" term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change

which paradigm suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for individuals to interact with each other?

Symbolic Interactionism

Social Sciences

The disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world. -Include fields such as anthropology, psychology, economics, political science, and sometimes history, geography, and communication studies.

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

Culture

The entire way of life of a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and that is passed from one generation to the next

Which theory poses the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us?

The looking-glass self theory

Ethnocentrism

The principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior Ex: -An american believes that learning a 2nd language is not worth the time because english is superior language

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

When a driver honks at the driver of another vehicle for some violation of traffic laws, the honk is an example of ___.

a Negative Sanction.

Deviance

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

Subculture

a group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle

Taboos

a norm ingrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion

status

a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

achieved status

a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

embodied status

a status generated by physical characteristics

ascribed status

a status that is inborn; usually difficult or impossible to change

Hypothesis

a theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena

Dramaturgy

an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance

Rehabilitation

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty Ex:

retribution

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal Ex:

Deterrence

an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes. Ex:

Incapacitation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them Ex:

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies

matieral culture

any physical object to which we give social meaning

white collar crime

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

A behavior, trait, or belief is considered_____ if it departs from a norm ad results in a negative reaction.

deviant

agents of socialization

family, school, peers, mass media

primary deviance

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

secondary deviance

in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

Innovators

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them

Ritualists

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means

Rebels

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means

Retreatists

individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether

A set of assumptions, theories, and perspectives that make up a way of understanding social reality is a(n)

paradigm

Sanctions

positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations

tertiary deviance

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon