Ming/Qing Dynasty and Tokugawa Japan Review

Civil Service Examination

3 day examination, 1 million degree holders competed for 20,000 positions in Chinese government, aimed at selecting the finest and studious people, finally abolished in 1905

Zheng He

Born in Mongol Province of Yunnan, Muslim, Chinese overthrew Yunnan in 1382, he was captured and made a Eunuch, and he was brought to the palace of Emperor Yongle commanded 7 sea voyages, died on 7th one

The Treaty of Nanking

Britain acquired Hong Kong

Opium Wars

Britain wanted greater access to Qing Empire for trade and tea, the Qing court wanted to keep opium and British influence out, Qing went to war and were easily defeated, this resulted in the Treaty of Nanking, where Britain gained Hong Kong

Population control in Tokugawa

Contraception(protection), late marriage, and abortion, all in an attempt to improve the standard of living

Shogun control over Daimyos

Daimyos had relative local control to do what they wish on their manors, controlled by shogun through required commuting trips between their lands and Edo via the Tokaido Road, the wife and children were forced to remain in capital

Kabuki theatre

Dramatic performance theatre consisting of men playing women roles, provided a vivid commentary on contemporary society, theatre for the townspeople & farmers, prospered during the Golden Age (1673-1841)

Shintoism

Early Japanese had isolated lives, clans lived in Mountain Valleys, each clan had its own set of gods, no founder, no holy text, no body of religious laws, approximately 4 million followers today

Social Class structure of Tokugawa

Emperor(at the top but had little power), Shogun(actual ruler of Japan), Daimyo(wealthy landowners), Samurai(Japan's warriors), Peasants and Artisans(Largest class), Merchants(lowest class because they produce nothing on their own)

Social class change in Tokugawa

End of civil disturbances created massive unemployment of daimyo & samurai warriors, they were encouraged to join bureaucracy & scholarship, many declined to poverty, urban wealthy classes developed from trade activity even though they were seen at the bottom of the social class

Influences on Japan

England, France, the Dutch, Russia, & United States of America

Floating Worlds

Everyday life expressed in entertainment and art, very different from the rigid government of bakufu

Emperor Yongle

Experimented with sea expeditions, moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks, built the Forbidden City, expanded the Grand Canal to reach Beijing

Collapse of Ming Dynasty

Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century followed by rebels taking Beijing in 1644, then Manchu fighters enter from the northeast, and start to establish the Qing Dynasty

Collapse of Qing Dynasty

Famine, warfare, rebellions, economic disasters, natural disasters, all seen as a sign that the dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven

Ming cultural Contributions

Feng Shui, Dragon, Chinese Zodiac, Superstitions, Jingdezhen porcelain, rise in calligraphy

Edo

Flourished under Tokugawa rule, now commonly known as Tokyo

Emperor Hongwu

Founder of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang birth name. peasant origins

Second Opium War

Gave the British an Embassy in Beijing

Emperor Kangxi

He was a Confucian scholar and poet, conquered Taiwan, Tibet, and Central Asia, the Grandson of Emperor Qianlong, expanded territory greatly, ruled during the height of Qing dynasty, led to great prosperity, and tax collection was cancelled several times, and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1789 with Russia which set modern borders

Bunraku Theatre

Japanese puppet theatre

Shoguns

Leader of military government, would rule Japan from 12th-16th century. they were large landholders with private armies, the emperor was merely a puppet, constant civil war

Daimyos

Local lords, controlled by Shogun

Forbidden City

Located in Beijing, built from 1406-1420, was a replica of the Purple Palace (God lived there in Heaven).

Mandarins and Eunuchs

Mandarins were special class of powerful officials, and Eunuchs were castrated servants, usually came from the poorer families to receive extra cash

Qing Dynasty

Means "pure," was the last dynastic empire of China, consisted of pastoral nomads (Manchuria), Manchus forbid intermarriage with the Chinese, forbid the study of Manchu language by Chinese & forced Manchu hairstyle as a sign of loyalty

Ming Dynasty

Means Brilliant and bright, founded by Emperor Hongwu, the Civil service system was used again to obtain government positions, relied on the literate in managing state affairs, and relied on Mandarins and Eunuchs to contain the power of the Ming officials

Importance of Yellow

Noble color, usually representing power, loyalty, and prosperity

Origami

Originated in Japan when Buddhist monks brought paper from China, was expensive so it was only used for religious rituals and ceremonies...Cranes represent good fortune and longevity, meaning "Bird of Happiness"

Great Wall of China

Rebuilt under Ming rule with stone, 1550 miles, had many guard towers, lots of room for housing soldiers

Patriarchal Society

Rule of Qing, Filial piety understood as duty of utmost respect from child to parent, the eldest son was favored, women join husband's family, including social and financial liability, and foot binding was at its height

Amateratsu

Sun goddess, ancestor of imperial family, commonly associated with roosters

Pu yi

The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty

Bakufu

The military Government led by the Shogun

Kangxi Dictionary

This book compiled 42,000 Chinese character and became the standard of the Chinese language for this time period

Affirmations of Shinto

Traditions and family, Love of Nature, Renewal + purification, and Matsuri(The worship given to the Kami and the ancestral spirits, including festivals to please the gods)

Importance of Dragon

Was a symbol of the emperor and power

Foot binding

Women did this due to people believing that small feet were more attractive, and women who did this had a greater chance of marrying a rich man who could provide for her family

Hokusai

Woodblock prints, resembled everyday life, influenced Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gogh

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan, fueled by terrible economic conditions that resulted in the deaths of over 20 million people

Restrictions in Tokugawa

shoguns restrict foreign relations, travel, import of books forbidden, no construction of large ships, restricted trade in Nagasaki, controlled marriages