misterm 2
at what gestational age should physiologic bowel herniation be resolved
16 weeks
how many ossification centers should be present for each vertebrae?
3
if a patient has a HCG level of 100, in how many days should it be possible to visualize a gestational sac?
4 days
what does g4p3a1 represent?
4 preg, 3 births at 20 + weeks gestation, 1 failed gestation
what criteria is used to classify placentomegaly?
>4 cm
while scanning an 11 week pregnancy, you come across a mid-gut herniation, this is:
a normal finding
Where does fertilization usually occur?
ampulla of fallopian tube
which of the following disorders presents with vaginal bleeding, low hog, decreased symptoms of pregnancy, and a poor decimal reaction with an empty gestational sac?
anembryonic pregnancy
a fetus demonstrates absence of the cornea on a coronal view of the fetal face. What abnormality does this represent?
anopthalmia
all of the following are risk factors for developing an ectopic pregnancy except:
anterior placenta
if while scanning you suspect an ectopic pregnancy, where would you most likely find free fluid in the abdomen?
b/w the liver and the right kidney
a fetal ultrasound deonstrates a large protruding tongue, hepatoblastoma, and an omphalocele. What syndrome does this represent?
beckwith-weidemann syndrome
what measurements are correlated to determine an estimated fetal weight
biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length
if a fetus has a heart rate of 74 ppm, is this:
bradycardia
A fetus is demonstrated to have very close set orbits and a small nose with a single nostril. What does this represent?
cebocephaly
what part of the blastocyst implants in the endometrium during implantation?
chorionic villus
sonographic features of narrowing of the aortic arch, enlargement of the right ventricle and enlargement if the pulmonary artery are characteristics of what heart defect?
coarctation of the aorta
Presentation of the umbilical cord in advance of fetal presenting part during labor and delivery is termed
cord prolapse
which of the following is false with respect to the nuchal translucency exam?
crown rump length must be b/w 40 mm and 80 mm at time of exam
what is the most accurate sonographic method for dating a pregnancy
crown rump length prior to 14 weeks gestation
Which fetal brain structures should be visualized in the axial plane used to measure the biparietal diameter?
csp, thalamus, and falx cerebri
What is the term used to describe fusion of the orbits?
cyclopia
what makes up the maternal portion of the placenta
decidua basalis
what is the first definitive sonographic sign of an intrauterine pregnancy
double sac sign
which of the following is an indication for a first trimester sonogram?
evaluation of suspected ectopic pregnancy
What divides the cerebral right hemisphere from the left hemisphere?
fall cerbri
absence of the cave septum pellucidum is suggestive of which of the following conditions?
genesis of the corpus callosum
which of the following pathologies has clinical presentation that includes hyperemesis, extremely elevated hog, enlarged uterus and heavy vaginal bleeding?
gestational trophoblast disease
a patient presents for a dating ultrasound at 7 weeks gestation with right lower quadrant pain and a palpable right adnexal mass. Sonography demonstrates an intrauterine pregnancy and an ovarian cyst with a thickened wall and internal echoes. What is the most likely diagnosis
hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst
A fetal ultrasound demonstrated ethmocephaly, cyclopia, and cleft palate. Which of the following disorders is most likely?
holoprosencephaly
Sonography demonstrated a large soft tissue mass with low to moderate amplitude echoes in the uterus containing fluid filled spaces. The patient demonstrated elevated hCG and an enlarged UT; her doctor was unable to detect a fetal heartbeat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
hydatidiform mole
A patient presents with a lateral ventricle measurement of 22 mm, dangling choroid, and the BPD and HC measure 3 weeks greater than the gestational age. What is the most likely diagnosis?
hydrocephalus
What is the term used to describe orbits that are widely spaced apart?
hypertelorism
a fetal heart sonogram demonstrates a small left ventricle, aortic stenosis, and absent mitral valve. What do these findings suggest?
hypo plastic left heart syndrome
the four-chamber view is best for demonstrating which of the following
hypoplastic right heart
A 27 year old pregnant patient presents to her Obstetrician's office for another first trimester ultrasound of this pregnancy with a history of G5, P0, A5 due to the patient's clinical history of pregnancy loss. According to the patient's last menstrual period, the patient should be 8 weeks, 4 days. The patient reports no known complications with this pregnancy. The first ultrasound revealed a viable pregnancy with a gestational sac, yolk sac and fetal pole identified with a FHR of 155bpm. Upon transvaginal evaluation of the patient's uterus, the sonographer again identifies a gestational sac, yolk sac and fetal pole with a FHR of 85bpm. Based on the clinical and sonographic findings, what do you suspect?
impending fetal demise
what heart structure contains a natural opening to allow blood to shunt from the right side of the heart to the left side of the heart in the fetus?
interatrial septum
what happens to the corpus luteum if a pregnancy occurs?
it can reach a size of up to 10 cm but should resolve by 16 weeks of gestation
The lateral ventricle measurement on a 21-week fetus is 13 mm, what is the implication of this measurement?
it indicates ventriculomegaly
what is the normal situs and lie of the fetal heart
left chest with apes forming a 45- degree angle with the fetal spine
A patient presents with acute left pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, low hCG for gestational age, and low hematocrit. Sonography demonstrates a small irregular shaped cystic area in the endometrial canal, an adnexal ring sign in the left adnexa, and free fluid in the cul-de-sacs and adnexas. What is the most likely diagnosis?
left ectopic pregnancy
A fetus is demonstrated to have a horseshoe shaped monoventricle, fused thalami and absent falx. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
lobar holoprosencephaly
Which of the following is commonly associated with Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome?
macrogloassia
which of the following measurements is used to estimate gestational age in the first trimester
mean sac diameter
what is the term used to describe an abnormally small chin?
micrognathia
What is the term used to describe an umbilical cord that is around the fetal neck?
nuchal cord
what is the most common cause of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters?
placenta previa
which patient population has a predisposition for placenta previa?
previous cesarean sections
what should the monographer do for their patient if they are suffering from supine hypotensive syndrome
put patient into left lateral decub
during a fetal heart scan, a hyper echoic mass is identified in the left ventricle; multiple hyper echoic masses were also demonstrated in the renal cortex of both kidneys. What is the most likely diagnosis?
rhabdomyoma with tuberous sclerosis
what is the term used to describe an anechoic structure located in the fetal head in 8 week gestation
rhombencephalon
which of the following is a false statement with respect to spina bifida?
spaying of the vertebral laminae is the easiest to demonstrate on a sagittal image of the spine
what anatomic landmarks do monographers use for the abdominal circumference measurement?
stomach and umbilical/portal vein
what appears monographically as a crescent-shaped conolucent or complex fluid collection b/w the gestational sac and uterus
subchorionic hemorrhage
what is the leading cause of first-trimester vaginal bleeding in the presence of a closed cervix
subchorionic hemorrhage
what is the term used to describe an additional small lobe of placenta separate from the mains segment
succenturiate lobe
what criteria should be overbid when assessing both left and right ventricular outflow tracts?
the aorta and pulmonary artery should crisscross each other
which of the following statements with respect to the placenta is false?
the placenta produces progesterone to maintain the corpus luteum
what is an ovarian complication of a molar pregnancy
theca lutein cyst
what is the most appropriate plane to obtain an infraorbital distance?
transverse plane at level of orbits
what is the most appropriate plane to obtain an intraorbital distance
transverse plane at level of orbits
What is a heterotopic pregnancy?
twin gestation, where one gestation is implanted in the uterus and the other has an ectopic implantation
how does blood get from the placenta to the fetal heart?
umbilical vein - ductus venosum - ivc - right ventricle
what complications are associated with a circumvallate placenta?
vaginal bleeding and placental abruption
A sonogram demonstrates a placental cord insertion at the edge of the placenta with the vessels lying over the internal os. What is this disorder?
vasa previa
what is the most common cardiac defect?
ventricular septal defect
