Module 11

_____ proposed that children learn by internalizing their culture's language and relying on internal speech.

Vygotsky

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

accommodation

Kelly is 11 months of age and just began crawling. This is likely a result of Kelly sleeping on her

back

Maturation refers mainly to _____ development.

biological

Because of cataracts, a neighbor was deprived of visual experiences during early childhood. Last year, her vision was restored by surgery but she is having difficulty in dealing with the visual world. This is probably because:

brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation

_____ is the orderly sequence of biological growth.

Maturation

A(n) _____ period is an optimal time early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli must take place to facilitate proper development.

critical

Liz's sister and her husband want their four-year-old daughter to learn a new language and would like to start immediately. What advice would Liz give?

early childhood is the best time to learn a new language

In one study described in the textbook, infants with difficult temperaments were randomly assigned to either a condition in which their mothers received sensitivity training or a condition in which their mothers received no training. In this study, infants whose mothers received sensitivity training were in the _____ group.

experimental

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the brain's _____ lobe.

frontal

Morris is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Morris was moved from one foster family to another. He was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Morris will:

have anxiety and lower intelligence.

Ten-year-old Janelle is sad. She is crying. Her older brother looks at her and then continues watching television. He may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind

A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. The child points to the rouge on the mirror's reflected image. From this example one can conclude that the child:

lacks self-recognition

Like infants all over the world, Jonah could sit before he could stand, and stand before he could walk. This orderly sequence of motor milestones reflects:

maturation

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.

maturation; experience

A game of peekaboo with his dad excites Warren during the first six months of his life because Warren actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because Warren lacks:

object permanence

Which description is matched with the correct parenting style?

responsive, demanding-authoritative

Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Which term BEST describes Derek's attachment style?

secure

Beginning at around 8 months of age, infants may become fearful around unfamiliar people. This is called _____ anxiety.

stranger

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies, the dependent variable was the:

surrogate that the infant monkey preferred when it was startled.

Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is MOST likely due to:

the lack of necessary maturation

Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:

theory of mind.

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between development and maturation?

Maturation is one type of development

With respect to the pioneering theorists of cognitive development _____ emphasized the child's interaction with the _____ environment.

Piaget; physical environment, whereas Vygotsky emphasized the child's interaction with the social

Three-year-old Sam is talking to his grandmother on the phone. He says, "Look what I got today." Sam's mom explains that his grandmother cannot see him. Is Sam's mom wasting her time explaining?

Yes, Sam has not developed a theory of mind yet