Modules 1D-F

size up the scene before moving a patient to consider factors affecting the situation

- any dangerous conditions at the scene - the distance a patient must be moved - the size of the patient - your physical ability - whether others can help you - the mechanism of injury (MOI) and patient's possible condition - any aids or equipment to facilitate patient transport at the scene

indications to move a patient

- easier access to administer first aid - protect from immediate danger - reach other patient who has a more serious injury - transport to hospital

body mechanics

- good posture - lift with legs, not back - do not twist your body - firm grip - keep patient's weight as close to your body as possible - maintain firm footing - when possible, move forward, not backward

Hepatits C

- liver disease - transmission: most common is injection drug use - treatment: none to prevent infection - prevalence: 71m globally, but most common chronic blood borne infection in US

Hepatitis B

- liver infection - can be severe or fatal - transmission: often mother-to-child - treatment: 3 part vaccine - prevalence: 275m globally

HIV

- virus that causes AIDS - attacks immune system and compromises ability to fight infection - treatment: prophylactic and ART - prevalence: 38m globally

Requirements for pathogens to spread

1. present 2. sufficient quantity 3. entry site 4. susceptible person

following any exposure incident:

1. report incident to appropriate supervisor immediately 2. document what happened 3. seek immediate follow-up care as identified by exposure control plan

Hepatitis B signs and symptoms

Fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice

good hand hygiene

Hand washing is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers allow you to clean your hands when soap and water are not readily available and your hands are not visibly soiled.

Pack-strap carry (Emergency carry)

NOT appropriate for head neck or spine injury - can be used on conscious or unconscious, but requires a second responder when used on someone unconscious to help position patient on back

shoulder drag

NOT appropriate for head, neck, or spine injury - reaching under patient's armpits, grasp patient's forearms' and drag the patient exhausting and may result in back strain

Ankle Drag

NOT appropriate for suspected head, neck, or spine injury - with patient in supine, grasp the patient's ankles and move backwards

Firefighter's Carry (Emergency carry)

NOT appropriate for suspected head, neck, or spine injury Pull the patient over you shoulder, patients feet on one side of you and head on the other, patient's abdomen will be on your back/shoulders

Firefighter's Drag

NOT appropriate for suspected head, neck, or spine injury patient in supine; bind patient's hands together gently at the wrists - straddle patient on your hands/knees and slip your head through their arms - slowly crawl forward, carrying patient with you

sensory nerves

Nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal cord and brain to convey information about the body's states/senses

engineering controls

Objects used in the workplace that isolate or remove a hazard, reducing the risk of exposure ex: biohazard bags and labels, PPE, sharps disposal containers, safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered injury protections

droplet

a person inhales droplets form an infected person's cough or sneeze

anterior/posterior

any part toward the front of the body is anterior; any part toward the back is posterior

blanket drag

appropriate for suspected head, neck, or spine injury - good to use when other stabilization equipment isn't available or there isn't time or space to use it

clothes drag

appropriate for suspected head, neck, or spine injury - pull patient while cradling the patient's head by both the clothing and your hands - exhausting and can result in back strain

arteri/o-

artery, arterial

guidelines

avoid contact with blood or other potentially infectious material, use CPR breathing barrier for ventilations, wear nitrile, latex-free disposable gloves when providing care, also wear protective coverings, such as mask, eyewear, and gown if fluids may splash

standard precautions

based on the assumption that all body fluids may be infectious; can be applied through the use of PPE and guidelines

hem/o-

blood

HIV infectious material

blood saliva, vomitus, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk

Hepatitis B infectious material

blood, saliva, vomitus, semen

Hepatitis C infectious material

blood, saliva, vomitus, semen

mechanical digestion

breaking down of food from chewing, swallowing, and moving through the digestive tract

thoracic cavity

chest cavity, located in the trunk between the diaphragm and the neck, and contains the lungs and heart

-a/-ia

condition

-emia

condition of the blood

cerebellum

coordinating movement

respiratory system

delivers oxygen to the body upper airway: air comes in nose/mouth where it is moistened travels through pharynx and larynx lower airway: air then travels through the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli (lungs)

Hepatitis B mode of transmission

direct and indirect contact

hepatitis C mode of transmission

direct and indirect contact

HIV modes of transmission

direct and possibly indirect contact

vas/o-

duct, vesse, vascular

chemical digestion

enzymes break down food into components the body can absorb (such as fatty acids and amino acids)

hyper-

excessive, above, over, beyond

spinal cavity

extends from the bottom of the skull to the lower back, is protected by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

tachy-

fast, swift, rapid, accelerated

Hepatitis C signs and symptoms

fatigue, dark urine, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, jaundice

subcutaneous

fatty tissue, varying thickness

HIV symptoms

fever, headache, night sweats, malaise, generalized lymphadenopathy, myalgias, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, sore throat, and rash

cardiac muscle

found in the walls of heart and share some of the properties of the other two muscle types (smooth and striated) - special type of involuntary muscle that controls the heart

endocrine system

glands that secrete hormones (chemicals that enter the bloodstream and influence activity a different part of the body)

pituitary gland

growth

circulatory system

heart, blood, blood vessels

cardi/o

heart, cardiac

therm/o-

heat

pancreas

helps regulate blood sugar by releasing insulin

cerebrum

higher-level processing

direct contact

infected blood or other potentially infectious material from one person enters another person's body

smooth muscle

involuntary muscles, are made of long fibers and are found in the walls of tube-like organs, ducts and blood vessels, form the intestinal wall

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

issued regulations about on-the-job exposure to blood borne pathogens - they have guidelines on how to protect employees who are at risk of transmission

hypo-

less than normal, under

Portable stretcher

lightweight - auxiliary stretches in ambulances; for additional patients - can maneuver in areas where space is limited

cranial cavity

located in the head and is protected by the skull, contains the brain

pelvic cavity

located in the pelvis and is the lowest part of the trunk - contains the bladder, rectum, and internal female reproductive organs

abdominal cavity

located in the trunk below ribs, between the diaphragm and the pelvis - contains the organs of digestion and excretion: liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, stomach and intestines

reproductive system

male- outside the pelvis and potentially more vulnerable female- internal, menstrual cycle

work practice controls

methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way a task is carried out ex: dispose of sharp items, avoid splashing blood when performing procedures, remove spoiled PPE

wheeled stretcher

most commonly used for ambulance transport - collapsible undercarriage - some pneumatic/electronic

oro-

mouth

neur/o

nerve, neural

Walking assist (Non-emergency)

one or two responders with a conscious patient - use body as a crutch to support the patient as you walk

digestive system

organs that break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate wastes

urinary system

organs that eliminated waste products that are filtered and excreted from the blood

epidermis

outer layer, contains skin's pigmentation

-emic

pertaining to the blood

proximal/distal

proximal refers to any part close to the trunk (chest, abdomen and pelvis); distal refers to any part away from the trunk and nearer to the extremities (arms and legs)

thyroid gland

regulates metabolism and nervous system

adrenal

regulates sympathetic nervous system

Two-person seat carry (Non-emergency)

requires a second responder - place one arm under patient's thigh and the other across their back

Extremity Lift (Non-emergency)

requires a second responder one responder behind patient to wrap their arms under patient's armpits and across chest, another responder to hold underneath patient's bent knees

Direct Ground Lift (Non-emergency)

requires at least 3 responders signals come from responder at the head work together to support patient and roll patient across their chest then stand up

dermis

second layer, contains blood vessels, hair, glands, nerves

hypothalamus gland

secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland

what to consider when deciding which emergency move to perform

size and condition of the patient - suspected head, neck, or spine injury # of responders needed equipment needed

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails protects from injury and foreign invasion, temperature control

bones comprised of 6 sections

skull, spinal column, thorax, pelvis, upper extremities, lower extremities

Brady-

slow, dull

PPE

specialized clothing, equipment, and supplies that prevent direct contact with infected materials

skeletal muscle

striated, or voluntary, muscles are under the control of the brain and nervous system - these muscles help give the body its shape and make it possible to move when we walk, smile, talk, or move our eyes

superior/inferior

superior describes any part toward the patient's head; inferior describes any part toward the patient's feet

vector-borne

the body's skin is penetrated by an infectious source, such as an animal or insect bite or sting

prone position

the patient is lying face-down on their stomach

supine position

the patient is lying face-up on their back

fowler's position

the patient is lying on their back, with the upper body elevated at a 45 to 60 degree angle

right and left lateral recumbent position

the patient is lying on their side

medial/lateral

the terms medial and lateral refer to the midline, an imaginary line running down the middle of the body from the head to the ground and creating right and left halves - any part toward the midline is medial; any part away from the midline is lateral

Employers responsibilities

there are specific guidelines with which employers must comply to protect their employees

anatomical position

this position, where the patient stands with the body erect and arms down by the sides, palms facing forward, is the basis for all medical terms that refer to the body

indirect contact

touching an object that contains the blood or other potentially infectious material of an infected person

motor nerves

travel through the central nervous system to relay commands for muscles

Nervous system

two anatomical systems: central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

most common form of transmission

unprotected direct or indirect contact with infected blood

brainstem

vital functionals like respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor control, cranial nerve origin

Exposure control plan

written program outlining the protective measures that employers will take to eliminate or minimize employee exposure as well as how to respond should an exposure occur