Modules 22-25

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

sleep apnea

failure to breathe when asleep

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness -- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

narcolepsy

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

hypnotic ability

the ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Marlene had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear? (A) She will have trouble locating the source of sounds. (B) She will not be able to hear high pitches. (C) She will show less activity in her left temporal lobe. (D) She will not be able to detect harmony in music. (E) Her hearing overall will improve.

(A) She will have trouble locating the source of sounds.

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

suprachismatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

dissociation

a split between different levels of consciousness

hypnotherapy

a type of therapy that aims to help people uncover problem-causing thoughts and feelings, and to change unwanted behavior

addiction

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Denise has damaged her auditory nerve and now has difficulty understanding what people are saying. Which of the following descriptions explains how that damage impairs her hearing? (A) Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain. (B) The hair cells fail to vibrate sufficiently to transmit the message. (C) The ear components fail to amplify the sound to render it sufficiently detectable. (D) The brain receives the sound message, but it is unable to process the sound. (E) Sound vibrations are not strong enough to stimulate middle-ear activity.

(A) Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain.

Which of the following is the best definition for absolute threshold? (A) The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time (B) The highest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time (C) The smallest change between two stimuli that a person can detect (D) The largest change between two stimuli that a person can detect (E) The difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

(A) The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

A researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. The researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. Which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome? (A) The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. (B) The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive. (C) The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds at the same time. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. (D) The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive. (E) The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds increases, each taste bud becomes less sensitive.

(A) The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.

Helena did not recognize her English teacher when she unexpectedly saw him while traveling in Paris, even though she knew him well back in the classroom. The fact that Helena can recognize her teacher back home more easily than in Paris best demonstrates what concept? (A) perceptual set (B) change blindness (C) synesthesia (D) functional fixedness (E) extrasensory perception

(A) perceptual set

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense? (A) semicircular canals (B) olfactory bulb (C) nociceptors (D) taste buds (E) retinas

(A) semicircular canals

Dr. Ramen recruited 100 adults to participate in her study. The taste buds of each participant were measured, and the participants tasted a number of foods. She found there was a relationship between the size of a participant's taste buds and the number of foods that a participant could taste. What research method did Dr. Ramen use, and what was she most likely studying? (A) Correlational; sensitivity to the taste of umami (B) Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters (C) Correlational; sensitivity to the taste of salt (D) Experimental; sensitivity to the taste of umami (E) Experimental; the sensitivity of supertasters

(B) Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision? (A) Retina, thalamus, optic nerve, occipital lobe (B) Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe (C) Optic nerve, retina, thalamus, occipital lobe (D) Occipital lobe, retina, optic nerve, thalamus (E) Optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe, retina

(B) Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system? (A) perception (B) sensation (C) top down processing (D) difference threshold (E) false alarm

(B) sensation

Tracey was in pain from an ear infection, which her doctor said was in her inner ear. Which of the following is the most likely location of the infection? (A) the pinna (B) the cochlea (C) the eardrum (D) the anvil (E) the hammer

(B) the cochlea

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition? (A) Because the tree was higher than the bush in Jane's field of vision, she perceived the tree as being farther away than the bush. (B) Because Miranda stared at the burger restaurant sign as she drove by it, the restaurant behind the sign looked like it was moving backward. (C) Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa. (D) Because the train tracks had a large angle of convergence, Miko perceived them to go quite far into the distance. (E) Because all of the zucchini she had seen in the past were green, Candice continued to perceive a zucchini held under a black light as green.

(C) Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa.

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

latent content

the underlying meaning of a dream (unconscious drives and wishes)

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception? (A) Roberto sees trees that are higher up in a painting as being farther away than lower trees. (B) Lindsey recognizes that her shirt's color has not changed in the dim light, even though the color is less brilliant. (C) Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay. (D) Doris sees a shape as a five-pointed star, even though one of the points is blocked from her vision. (E) Erick has more difficulty understanding a speech made by someone with a British accent than by someone with an American accent.

(C) Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision? (A) Manuel sees the color yellow when the E note is played. (B) Conrad can identify specific features in his environment, such as color. (C) Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time. (D) Randy is able to process many aspects of a visual scene simultaneously. (E) Russell is able to differentiate between dark green and light green.

(C) Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time.

Bryan perceived a duck instead of other animals when viewing an ambiguous image because he watched a documentary about ducks the previous night. Which of the following best explains why Bryan perceived a duck? (A) Bottom-up processing, because he constructed the image of the duck piece by piece, starting with his sensory receptors. (B) Bottom-up processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience. (C) Top-down processing, because he constructed the image of the duck piece by piece, starting with his sensory receptors. (D) Top-down processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience. (E) Color constancy, because his perception of the duck was not affected by different illuminations.

(C) Top-down processing, because he constructed the image of the duck piece by piece, starting with his sensory receptors.

According to the gate control theory of pain, which of the following contains a neurological gate that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain? (A) nerve cells (B) skin tissues (C) the spinal cord (D) nociceptors (E) muscles and organs

(C) the spinal cord

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of synesthesia? (A) Susie sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time because light that stimulates one half of an organized pair of cones inhibits the other half. (B) Kara sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time because the optic nerve sends impulses to the occipital lobe. (C) Manuel sees swirls of color when he hears music because his retina contains three types of color receptors. (D) Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation. (E) Rufus sees swirls of color when he hears music because only his cones are stimulated.

(D) Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation.

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations? (A) Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of pork and the smell of a lemon. (B) Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of a rose and the smell of a honeysuckle. (C) Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the taste of pork broth and the taste of beef broth. (D) Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions. (E) Place disks soaked in lemon juice on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

(D) Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

Kimmie stood on the sidewalk rather than crossing the street because she saw that the approaching car was quite close to her. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? (A) gestalt (B) figure ground relationship (C) closure (D) depth perception (E) color constancy

(D) depth perception

Orville is talking with his friends at a cafeteria table when suddenly he is distracted by hearing his name at a neighboring table. Orville's shift of attention most clearly illustrates which psychological concept? (A) inattentional blindness (B) gestalt psychology (C) the phi phenomenon (D) the cocktail party phenomenon (E) stimulus desensitization

(D) the cocktail party phenomenon

Human tactile sense is actually a mix of which of the following distinct skin senses? (A) Pressure, warmth, tickle, pain (B) Warmth, cold, wet, dry (C) Pressure, pain, wet, dry (D) Pressure, pain, tickle, wet (E) Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

(E) Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

Which of the following concepts refers to the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus that occurs due to constant exposure to that stimulus? (A) perceptual set (B) difference threshold (C) absolute threshold (D) transduction (E) sensory adaptation

(E) sensory adaptation

stimulants

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

insomnia

persistent problems in falling or staying asleep