Motivation Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6)

The human brain contains about _____ neurons.

100 billion

In the United States, about what percentage of adults are obese?

35%

When a person's stomach is full and distended, people experience little to no hunger. By the time the stomach empties _____ of its contents, however, people begin to report the first signs of hunger.

60%

The human body is mostly water: about ___ %.

67

Which of the following statements is most true? Correct Answer A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior. Cognitions are short-lived physiological-functional-expressive phenomena. You Answered External motives (incentives) predict behavior better than do internal motives (needs). Internal motives (needs) predict behavior better than do external motives (incentives).

A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior.

Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another. But, the two motivational experiences can diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during:

Addiction

Which of the following statements is not true? Androgens and estrogens are potent sexual stimuli in human beings. Images and fantasies are stronger sexual cues than are levels of the sex hormones. Sexual motives are mostly environmentally regulated. The sight, smell, touch, and emotional intimacy of the sexual partner are the strongest cues to sexual motivation.

Androgens and estrogens are potent sexual stimuli in human beings.

_______ refers to how actively involved a person is during the activity in terms ofbeing on-task and displaying effort and persistence. Agentic engagement Correct Answer Behavioral engagement You Answered Cognitive engagement Emotional engagement Social engagement

Behavioral engagement

_______ engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies. Behavioral Correct Answer Cognitive Emotional Social

Cognitive

Which of the following statements is true about sexual motivation?

Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently.

Which of the following statements best reflects the study of motivation circa 1700?

Motivation arises from the passions of the body and the reason of the mind.

What important event in the history of motivation occurred in the 1960s?

Motivation researchers began to reject "grand" theories in favor of "mini-theories."

Which statement best reflects the state of contemporary motivation study?

Motivation study possesses a critical mass of interested and prominent participants.

_________ are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being. Cognitions Emotions Motives Correct Answer Needs Presses

Needs

What are the 3 Internal motives discussed in chapter 1? Needs, cognitions and emotions Energy, direction and persistence Support, cognitions and motives Motives, social context and emotions

Needs, cognition, and emotions

Which of these is NOT a form of Motivation to exercise? Competence Correct! Negative Control Intrinsic Motivation Possible Self

Negative Control

If you overeat to the extent that your stomach becomes larger, this is an example of:

Negative feedback

_____ refers to a physiological stop system that terminates drive.

Negative feedback

________ act as chemical messengers within the brain's central nervous system;________ act as chemical messengers within the body's endocrine system.

Neurotransmitters; hormones

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require: that one's personal beliefs about motivation are confirmed by cultural norms. opportunities to reflect on one's personal experiences so as to gain personalinsights about the nature of motivation. Correct! objective, data-based, empirical evidence from well-conducted research. that one recognizes that most motivational states cannot be studied scientifically.

Objective, data-based, empirical evidence from well-conducted research.

People fail to self-regulate their bodily appetites for three primary reasons. Which one of the following is not one of those reasons?

People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals.

In understanding how interpersonal competition affects people's intrinsic motivation, each of the following statements is true, except:

People who win in a high-pressure competition show high intrinsic motivation.

_____ is the time between when a behavior first starts until it ends. Choice You Answered Effort Latency Correct Answer Persistence Probability of response

Persistence

A____________ describes a deficient biological condition; A _____________ is the conscious manifestation of an underlying biological need.

Physiological need; Psychological drive

"The term psychophysiology refers to the process by which ________ _______ (motivation, emotion) produce downstream changes in one's physiology." emotional states Correct Answer psychological states hormonal states physiological states

Psychological states

Which of the following historical figures actively promoted the will as a grand theory to explain motivation? René Descartes Clark Hull Sigmund Freud William James

René Descartes

The primary function of the __________________ is involved with arousal, alertness, and wakefulness.

Reticular formation

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of self-report measures of motivation? People often give socially desirable, rather than accurate, verbal responses. Self-report measures are inherently unreliable. Self-report measures do not work well with either infants or animals. Self-report measures frequently rely on memory for their accuracy.

Self-report measures are inherently unreliable.

Plato's portrayal of how the mind generated motivation was remarkably similar to whose later portrayal of how the mind generated motivation?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following statements best supports the conclusion that types of motivations exist? Motivation is a dynamic process. Motivation is a unitary construct. Some types of motivation yield a higher quality of experience and better outcomes than do other types. Some types of motivation produce more energy and direction than do others.

Some types of motivation yield a higher quality of experience and better outcomes than do other types.

Freud's Drive theory is summarized by 4 components, What are these 4 components?

Source, Impetus, Object, Aim

Which of the following statements about the neural interventions between the frontal cortex and the amygdala is most true?

The amygdala projects relatively many fibers upward to the frontal cortex, while the frontal cortex projects relatively few fibers down to the amygdala.

Consider two different ways of motivating others by using rewards.First way: "Good job, you improved your penmanship nicely."Second way: "If you improve your penmanship today, then I'll give you a reward."Why is the first way more effective and less harmful (in terms of side effects) than is the second way?

The first way is very informational; it informs the person's sense of a job well done.

Which of the following statements is not true about hunger and feeding behavior?

The glucostatic hypothesis explains the set-point theory of hunger and eating.

Which statement concerning negative reinforcement and punishment is most true?

They have opposite effects on behavior.

Which of the following is NOT one of the 13 reasons discussed in the chapter for motivations to exercise? To enjoy alone time Health benefits Alleviates guilt Hang out with friends

To enjoy alone time

Theories help motivation researchers: avoid having to collect data to test their hypotheses. avoid statistics to analyze the data they collect in their experiments. understand the public's priority as to what motivation researchers should study. understand the complex phenomena they study.

Understand the complex phenomena they study.

The following example illustrates what core theme in motivation study:· People are more sociable on a sunny day than on a cloudy day· People are more violent in the hot summer months than in the cold winter months· People feel hungry because they have low leptin in their bloodstream Motivation study reveals what people want To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions Types of motivation exist We are not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior When trying to motivate others, what is easy to do is rarely what works

We are not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior.

Can theories of motivation be used to recommend practical applications to improvepeople's lives? No, the real world is just too messy for practical applications of theories of motivation. No, typically theories are guidelines with little or no truly useful applied value. Correct! Yes, once validated, theories can be used to recommend practical applications. Yes, so long as practical application takes precedent over theoretical speculation.

Yes, once validated, theories can be used to recommend practical applications.

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to focus on applied, socially relevant research?

a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory.

Which of the following brain structures detects, learns about, and responds to the stimulus properties of environmental objects, including both reward-eliciting and threat-eliciting properties?

amygdala

The _____ is the brain's information-processing conflict detector.

anterior cingulate cortex

If a rat had a lesioned (surgically removed) amygdala and was then placed in the same room with a cat, what would the rat's behavior likely be? The rat would likely:

appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful.

The brain area most closely associated with the energization and inhibition of movement and motivated action is the:

basal ganglia

If a student pays very close attention to the learning materials, puts a lot of effort into the learning, and persists in the learning for an extended period of time, she would be rated as scoring high on ___________ engagement. behavioral cognitive emotional social

behavioral

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on _____ measures, but only lightly on _____ measures. Correct Answer behavioral and physiological; self-report behavioral; self-report and physiological self-report and behavioral; physiological self-report; behavioral and physiological

behavioral and physiological; self-report

Which of the following influences has not been found to produce restraint release (i.e., binge eating) in dieters?

being alone

At what point will a person begin to feel hungry after eating an average-sized meal?

by the time the stomach has emptied about two-thirds of its food

A rat deprived of food will learn a new response even if it is given only a nonnutritive, saccharine-sweetened substance after performing the new response. This finding is most problematic for which theory of motivation? drive extrinsic instinct intrinsic

drive

According to Clark Hull, __________ is a pooled energy source comprised of all current physiological (biological) disturbances.

drive

Which of the following motivational states can be experimentally manipulated and changed in a laboratory setting?

drive

The motivational concept that arose to replace instinct as the grand explanatory construct was:

drive.

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behavior its: benefits and costs. energy and direction. feedforward and feedback. success and personal authenticity.

energy and direction

The behavioral view of learning assumes that learning is essentially a change in behavior, and this view emphasizes the effects of_____ as the cause of that learning?

environmental stimuli

According to the textbook, the current gold standard for technology that allows us to look deeply inside the brain to monitor activity during a motivational or emotional state is the:

fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The hormone _____ generates a desire to eat (hunger), while the hormone _____ generates a feeling of satiety.

ghrelin, leptin

According to the _____ hypothesis of hunger, appetite rises and falls in response to changes in plasma glucose.

glucostatic

If a person took a personality inventory and scored high on the BAS (Behavior Activating Style) and low on the BIS (Behavior Inhibition System) scales, what sort of personality would you expect from this person?

happy but not neurotic

Cannon's conceptualization of _____ arose from his observations of the bloodstream's inherent tendency to maintain a constant water content, salt level, temperature, oxygen level, and so on.

homeostasis

"Chemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (Stress) or catecholamines (fight-or-flight reaction)" is an example of which psychophysiological expression of motivation or emotion? ocular activity electrodermal activity hormonal activity skeletal activity

hormonal activity

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva(e.g., epinephrine, cortisol), then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation? brain activity cardiovascular activity electrodermal activity Correct! hormonal activity

hormonal activity

The __________________ is responsive to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking and mating.

hypothalamus

The _is a small brain structure that comprises less than 1% of the total volume of the brain. Despite its small size, it is a motivational giant associated with motivations such as hunger and thirst.

hypothalamus

The purpose of drive theory was to explain how an animal went from _________ to _____________ predator; prey depressed; manic imbalance; homeostatis Correct! inactive; active

inactive; active

Charles Darwin's biological determinism and the study of animal's inherited behavior gave rise to which motivational concept?

instinct

A theory is a(n): construction of facts with successive layers of complexity. intellectual forecast to estimate the value of a psychological principle. project requiring some action or some set of actions. intellectual framework that organizes a vast amount of information about aphenomenon as to describe, understand, and explain it.

intellectual framework that organizes a vast amount of information about a phenomenon as to describe, understand, and explain it.

The endocrine system and digestive systems are examples of:

intraorganismic mechanisms

Which of these IS NOT an example of a Behavioral Expression of Motivation and Emotion identified in chapter 1? choice intrinsic effort bodily gestures

intrinsic

According to textbook, to understand the nature of a theory of motivation, the theory must do two things: a) it must identify the relations that exist among naturally occurring phenomena; and b) it needs to explain the usefulness of the theory on the job the authors' inspiration of the theory it needs to explain why those relations exist whether the phenomena are contemporary

it needs to explain why those relations exist

The will failed as a grand theory of motivation primarily because:

it proved to be as mysterious and difficult to explain as was the motivation it supposedly generated.

To adapt optimally, people need a motivational repertoire that features: just as many avoidance-based motives as approach-based motives. many more approach-based motives than avoidance-based motives. many more avoidance-based motives than approach-based motives. many more psychologically based motives than biologically based motives.

just as many avoidance-based motives as approach-based motives.

If a person uttered the following two quotes, what would be the most likely source of his or her amotivation:___ ("The task has no appeal or meaning to me.") ("I am not interested in this task.")

lack of autonomy (i.e., autonomy deficit)

The duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given the opportunity to do so (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called: choice. effort. Correct Answer latency. persistence. probability of response.

latency

According to the _____ hypothesis, when body weight (or proportion of body fat) drops below its in-born homeostatic balance, then increased hunger and increased eating behavior become more probable.

lipostatic

"I have a goal to sell 2 cars today" would be an example of emotion motive sensation mood

motive

The behavioral act of taking out the garbage in order to stop your roommate's persistent nagging to do so results in _____ for the act of taking out the garbage.

negative reinforcement

Given the following scenario, what brain structure would be expected to be highly active? The person looks at a menu, trying to decide which item to order. As she considers the options listed in front of her, her awareness of her past experiences with the various items informs her decision to choose option A over option B.

orbitofrontal cortex

The _____ stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options.

orbitofrontal cortex

Cellular dehydration causes _____ thirst, whereas dehydration of the bloodstream leads to _____ thirst.

osmometric; volumetric

People with relatively high activity in their right prefrontal lobes ("right-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to:

potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality.

The _________________ is responsible for making plans, setting goals, and formulating intentions.

prefrontal cortex

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation? automated behavioral enactive psychophysiological projective

psychophysiological

A(n) _____ is an attractive environmental object that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur.

reward

Which of the following structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "No, I don't want to do this."?

right prefrontal cerebral cortex

It is important to understand motivation because it allows us to understand why we do what we do. According to the text what are two of the most common explanations people use for their own motivational theories. self-praise and esteem; punishments selfishness/competency; persistence self-esteem and praise; incentives and rewards emotions; experiences

self-esteem and praise; incentives and rewards

When mental states regulate physiological needs, ___ occurs;when physiological needs overwhelm mental control, ___ occurs.

self-regulation; self-regulation failure

Many antidepressants work by making which of the following more readily available?

serotonin

Which of the following statements is true? Extrinsic rewards:

shift a learner's attention away from task mastery and toward potential extrinsic gains.

Which of the following is an example of motivation as an intervening variable? Motivation Outcome Motivation Multiple outcomes Old motivation Social context New motivation Social context Motivation Social context Motivation Outcome

social context Motivation Outcome

In the early philosophical study of human motivation, the tripartite mind was reduced to a dualism. Which of the following aspects of motivation was not included as part of that dualism?

socially referenced standards

The brain's reward center. It responds to signals of reward to produce pleasure, wanting, liking, and approach.

striatum

In contrast to other psychological constructs, such as intelligence and personality, the construct of "motivation" has one great advantage, which is that: measures of motivation are more reliable than are measures of these otherconstructs. motivation is more psychological in nature than these other constructs. motivation is more stable and endures over time more than these other constructs. the antecedent conditions to motivational states are frequently known.

the antecedent conditions to motivational states are frequently known.

Three historical events explain why motivation study left behind its grand theories in favor of embracing mini-theories. Which of the following is not one of those events? a growing interest in socially relevant problems and applications the assumption that human beings are naturally active rather than naturally passive the cognitive revolution Correct! the decreased importance of the clinical approach to motivation study

the decreased importance of the clinical approach to motivation study

One crucial conclusion a historical study of motivation teaches us is that:

the forces that direct behavior are as important as the forces that energize it.

A motivational psychologist would agree with each of the following statements, except: changes in environmental conditions cause changes in motivational states. motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies. Correct Answer to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives. to flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives.

Which of the following is true about hunger and eating?

Large portion sizes lead people to eat more than do small portion sizes.

A motivation researcher interested in understanding why a person eats a meal needs to answer all of the following questions, except: How is food digested? Why did the eating begin? Why did the eating end? Why did the person eat quickly at first but eat much slower after several bites? Why is the person eating a meal rather than doing something else?

How is food digested?

_________ is/are an external event(s) (or Stimulus) that energizes and directs approach or avoidance behavior

Incentive

Which of the following proved to be an important criticism to refute instinct theory? Instincts energize behavior, but they do not direct behavior toward a particular goal. Instincts exist on an enormous scale in the animal kingdom. Instinct theory confuses naming with explaining. Two animals with identical instincts will show very similar motivations when they are raised in two very different environments.

Instinct theory confuses naming with explaining.

What type of curve represents the relationship between arousal level and performance/well-being.

Inverted U-curve