NBEO- Visual Perception (Non Big 8)

What is the colorimetric purity of a color when no white light is added to it?

1

What are the main color attributes described by the Munsell Color System?

1) Hue 2) Chroma (Saturation) 3) Value (Brightness)

The 1/2 life for cone photopigment regeneration is approximately ____________ minutes.

1.5 minutes

The critical duration for the photopic system for temporal summation is approximately _____________ ms.

10 ms

The critical duration for the scotopic system for temporal summation is approximately ______________ ms.

100 ms

For the scotopic system, the peak sensitivity occurs at 507 nm which corresponds to ____________ lumens/watt at that point of the luminous efficiency function.

1700 lumens/watt

A patient has a high frequency cutoff of 20 cycles per degree on the CSF. What is the patient's Snellen acuity?

20/30 (600/20=30)

Is the Copunctal point closer to 400nm or 700nm for a Tritanope?

400 nm

What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a S cone?

426 nm

What is the spectral sensitivity peak of S cone?

440 nm

The 1/2 life for the regeneration of rod photopigment (rhodopsin) is approximately ____________ minutes.

5 minutes

What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a rod?

507 nm

What is the peak sensitivity of the scotopic luminous efficiency function?

507 nm

What is the spectral sensitivity peak of a M cone?

520 nm

What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a M cone?

530 nm

What is the peak sensitivity of the photopic luminous efficiency function?

555 nm

What is the peak photoreceptor absorption spectra of a L cone?

557 nm

A patient has a Snellen acuity of 20/100. What is their contrast sensitivity in terms of cycles per degree?

6 CPD (600/100=6)

What is the spectral sensitivity peak of a L cone?

620 nm (this is not the same as absorption spectra ~ 557 nm for L cone)

The rod-cone break is absent from a dark adaptation curve at ___________ nm because the photopic and scotopic systems are equally sensitive to this wavelength.

650 nm

Which wavelength is the point of equal sensitivity of the photopic and scotopic systems?

650 nm

For the photopic system, at 555 nm there is approximately ____________ lumens per watt according the luminous efficiency function.

680 lumens per watt

Is the Copunctal point closer to 400nm or 700nm for a Protanope?

700 nm

Which of the following is NOT true regarding X-chrom contact lenses? A) They act as neutral density filters B) They shift cone photoabsorption towards longer wavelengths C) They can provide greater color discrimination in individuals with color deficiencies D) They are red-tinted

A (Long pass filters)

Early glaucomatous defects typically cause profound loss of which temporal frequencies? (Choose 2) A) High temporal frequencies B) Moderate temporal frequencies C) Low temporal frequencies

A and B

Which of the following color deficiencies will see a perceived match between the two fields anywhere between 0-73 in the mixture field? (Choose 2) A) Protanopia B) Deuteranopia C) Protanomalous trichromat D) Deuteranomalous trichromat

A and B

Which of the following defects are usually inherited? (Choose 2) A) Protanopia B) Deuteranopia C) Tritanopia

A and B

Which type of color deficiency has poor color discrimination at wavelengths > 540 nm? (Choose 2) A) Protanopes B) Deuteranopes C) Tritanopes

A and B

What are the two main reasons that humans have a high frequency contrast cutoff? (Choose 2) A) Optical limitations B) Visual cortex is too small C) Density of photoreceptors is finite D) The majority of our photoreceptors do not function properly

A and C

What is the wavelength stimulus of the mixture field for Nagel Anomaloscope? (Choose 2) A) 546 nm B) 590 nm C) 670 nm

A and C

Which of the following tests can be useful for detecting tritan color vision defects? (Choose 2) A) HRR B) Ishihara C) Farnsworth D-15 D) Nagel Anomaloscope

A and C

Which of the following tests can be useful for detecting acquired color vision defects? (Choose 2) A) HRR B) Ishihara C) Farnsworth D-15 D) Nagel Anomaloscope

A and C (acquired=B/Y)

Which areas of the visual cortex are MOST associated with motion detection? (Choose 2) A) Middle Temporal B) Middle Nasal C) V1 D) V5 E) V2

A and D

Which of the following equations are implemented throughout light adaptation? (Choose 2) A) DeVries-Rose Law B) Dowling-Rushton Law C) Hering's Law D) Weber's Law

A and D

Which wavelength is the most desaturated for a patient with Protanopia? A) 492 nm B) 498 nm C) 570 nm

A) 492 nm

Which wavelength stimulus is NOT primarily involved in the Nagel Anomaloscope test? A) 495 nm B) 546 nm C) 590 nm D) 670 nm

A) 495 nm

Which of the following will NOT have any saturation neutral points? A) Anomalous trichromat B) Tritanope C) Deuteranope D) Protanope

A) Anomalous trichromat

Which cell in the visual pathway primarily utilizes the Trichomacy theory of color vision? A) Cones B) Bipolar Cells C) Ganglion Cells

A) Cones

Which type of Bipolar cells do NOT have color opponency? A) Diffuse bipolar cells B) Midget bipolar cells C) S bipolar cells

A) Diffuse bipolar cells

Which CFF law states that the high frequency CFF corresponds linearly with the log of retinal illumination? A) Ferry-Porter Law B) Granit-Harper Law C) Broca-Sulzer Effect D) Brucke-Bartley Effect

A) Ferry-Porter Law

A blurred lens will result in poor image contrast particularly at which frequencies? A) High spatial frequencies B) Moderate spatial frequencies C) Low spatial frequencies

A) High spatial frequencies

Which of the following deals with point sources and is recorded in candelas? A) Luminous intensity B) Luminance C) Illuminance

A) Luminous intensity

What is the main method used when determining the dark adaptation of a patient? A) Method of ascending limits B) Method of descending limits C) Stairstep method D) Adjustment method E) Method of constant stimuli

A) Method of ascending limits

Which type of filter allows for a small range of wavelengths to pass through and is specified by its location of peak wavelength as well as the half-height bandwidth? A) Narrow band filter B) Interference filters C) Broad band filter D) Long-pass filter

A) Narrow band filter

Which Purkinje image forms the brightest image? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

A) PS 1

Which Purkinje image is created by reflection only? (Not reflection and refraction) A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

A) PS 1

Which Purkinje image is created when performing Hirschberg testing? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

A) PS 1

Which Purkinje image is formed by the anterior cornea? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

A) PS 1

Which of the following will see images greener compared to a normal trichromat? A) Protanomalous trichromat B) Deuteranomalous trichromat C) Tritanomalous trichromat

A) Protanomalous trichromat

The mixture field can be adjusted from 0-73 in the Nagel Anomaloscope. What does a value of 0 represent? A) Pure 546 nm B) Pure 590 nm C) Pure 670 nm

A) Pure 546 nm

Which of the following describes the radiant power in a given direction that is used to describe a point source? A) Radiant intensity B) Radiance C) Irradiance

A) Radiant intensity

Damage to which type of cones is most prevalent in early glaucomatous damage? A) S cone B) M cone C) L cone

A) S cone

Which type of cones are absent in the fovea? A) S cone B) M cone C) L cone

A) S cone

False positive rate= 1- ______________. A) Specificity B) Sensitivity

A) Specificity

How is color vision determined? A) The relative responses of photoreceptors based on the number of photons absorbed B) The relative responses of photoreceptors based on the wavelengths of the photons absorbed C) The total number of photons absorbed by a single photoreceptor D) The wavelength of a photon absorbed by a single photoreceptor

A) The relative responses of photoreceptors based on the number of photons absorbed

What is plotted on the Y-axis of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve? A) True positives B) False positives C) True negative D) False negatives

A) True positives

How do we find the area of the pupil given the radius of the pupil? (We need to perform this calculation when determining retinal illumination)

A=πr^2

Which of the following is NOT true regarding an interference filter? A) It is highly sensitive B) It is considered to have a high half-height bandwidth C) It essentially only transmits a single wavelength D) It is considered to have a low half-height bandwidth

B

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Ishihara testing? A) It can distinguish b/t a deuteranope and a protanope B) It can distinguish b/t a deuteranope and a deuteronomalous trichromat C) It is useful for R/G deficiencies but blue/yellow deficiencies D) It is a type of Pseudoisochromatic plate testing

B (cannot)

What are the two main theories that contribute to our perception of color vision? (Choose 2) A) Monochromatic theory B) Trichromatic theory C) Color opponency theory D) Sherrington's theory of coloration

B and C

What wavelengths have the best wavelength discrimination in a normal trichromat? (Choose 2) A) 475 nm B) 495 nm C) 590 nm D) 555 nm

B and C

Which cell in the visual pathway primarily utilizes the Color Opponency theory of color vision? (Choose 2) A) Cones B) Bipolar Cells C) Ganglion Cells

B and C

Which of the following are clinical examples of Low frequency limits of TMTF? (Choose 2) A) Waterfall effect B) Purkinje tree C) Troxler phenomenon D) Afterimage effect

B and C

What are two main examples of Pseudoisochromatic Plate tests that we use clinically to test color vision? (Choose 2) A) Farnsworth D-15 Test B) Ishihara C) Nagel Anomaloscope D) HRR plates

B and D

For chromaticity coordinates of a CIE color system, x + y + z = ____________. A) 0 B) 1 C) 10 D) 100

B) 1

Light at which wavelength stimulates all 3 cone types? A) 440 nm B) 475 nm C) 555 nm D) 650 nm

B) 475 nm

What is the peak wavelength discrimination for a protanope or deuteranope? A) 460 nm B) 490 nm C) 590 nm D) 555 nm

B) 490 nm

Which wavelength is the most desaturated for a patient with Deuteranopia? A) 492 nm B) 498 nm C) 570 nm

B) 498 nm

What is the wavelength stimulus of the test field for Nagel Anomaloscope? A) 546 nm B) 590 nm C) 670 nm

B) 590 nm

Which of the following will see images redder compared to a normal trichromat? A) Protanomalous trichromat B) Deuteranomalous trichromat C) Tritanomalous trichromat

B) Deuteranomalous trichromat

What is the most common color deficiency in the US? A) Protanomaly B) Deuteranomaly C) Protanopia D) Deuteranopia

B) Deuteranomaly

Which of the following is considered a Type 1 error when applying Signal Transduction Theory? A) True positive B) False positive C) True negative D) False negative

B) False Positive

What is plotted on the X-axis of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve? A) True positives B) False positives C) True negative D) False negatives

B) False positives

Which of the following is a well known exception to Kollner's Rule because it tends to cause more Blue/Yellow defects compared to Red/Green color defects? A) Optic neuritis B) Glaucoma C) Papilledema D) AAION

B) Glaucoma

Which CFF law states that the high frequency CFF increases as the stimulus area is increased because peripheral retina is better at detecting flicker compared to the central retina? A) Ferry-Porter Law B) Granit-Harper Law C) Broca-Sulzer Effect D) Brucke-Bartley Effect

B) Granit-Harper Law

Which law describes characteristics of metamers? A) DeVries-Rose law B) Grassman's Laws C) Hering's Law D) Weber's Law

B) Grassman's Law

Which type of filter essentially only transmits a single wavelength? A) Narrow band filter B) Interference filters C) Broad band filter D) Long-pass filter

B) Interference fitlers

What is DeVries-Rose Law used for? A) Dark adaptation B) Light adaptation C) Color vision D) Contrast sensitivity

B) Light adaptation

The general relationship between luminance and illumination for a Lambert surface is _____________. A) Inversely related B) Linear C) x^2 D) x^3

B) Linear

Which of the following is the luminous intensity per projected area of a light source and can be recorded in nits or Foot-Lamberts? A) Luminous intensity B) Luminance C) Illuminance

B) Luminance

Which of the following techniques is LEAST likely to be used clinically during an optometric exam? A) Method of ascending limits B) Method of Constant stimuli C) Stairstep method D) Method of descending limits

B) Method of Constant stimuli (takes too long)

What is the main method used when determining the visual acuity of a patient? A) Method of ascending limits B) Method of descending limits C) Stairstep method D) Adjustment method E) Method of constant stimuli

B) Method of descending limits

Which type of filter transmits all wavelengths equally which minimizes color distortion? A) Narrow band filter B) Neutral density filter C) Broad band filter D) Long-pass filter

B) Neutral density filter

Which Purkinje image is formed by the posterior cornea? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

B) PS 2

Which phenomenon is MOST likely caused by mechanical rubbing of the eyes or secondary to neural noise? A) Purkinje tree B) Phosphenes C) Moore's Lightning streaks D) Blue arcs of the retina

B) Phosphenes

Which of the following describes the radiant intensity per projected area of a light source and is used to describe extended sources that have an area such as a fluorescent tube of light? A) Radiant intensity B) Radiance C) Irradiance

B) Radiance

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 major characteristics that we describe color? A) Hue B) Radiance C) Saturation D) Brightness

B) Radiance

Which of the following would MOST likely stimulate area V5 of the visual cortex? A) Random dot stereograms B) Random dot kinematograms C) Eccentric circles D) Snellen visual acuity

B) Random dot kinematograms (motion)

According to the Munsell Color Appearance System, what is Chroma most related to? A) Hue B) Saturation C) Brightness

B) Saturation

False negative rate= 1- ______________. A) Specificity B) Sensitivity

B) Sensitivity

Which form of lighting can NOT be used for color vision testing? A) Macbeth Easel lamp B) Standard illuminant A C) Standard Illuminant C D) 100 W tungsten bulb with Daylight C glasses E) Indirect sunlight

B) Standard Illuminant A

Which visual acuity method is an example of a forced choice method? A) Snellen acuity B) Teller acuity C) ETDRS D) Landolt C

B) Teller acuity

____________ flowing within retinal capillaries can be visualized by using a bright blue background and utilizing the entoptic phenomenon. A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Platelets D) H+ ions

B) White blood cells

The ______________ phenomenon states that our perception of hue associated with a given wavelength of light changes as the intensity of the light is increased.

Bezold-Brucke Phenomenon

Haidinger's brush is due to the ___________ of the radial Henle's fiber layer in the macula.

Birefringence

According to Kollner's Rule, what type of color defect would macular degeneration most likely cause?

Blue/Yellow

According to Kollner's rule, what type of color defects do outer retinal disease typically cause?

Blue/Yellow

Which of the following color deficiencies will see a perceived match at one exact mixture field setting in the Nagel Anomaloscope? (Choose 2) A) Protanopia B) Deuteranopia C) Protanomalous trichromat D) Deuteranomalous trichromat

C and D

Which of the following techniques will be negatively impacted by a patient's anticipation the MOST? (Choose 2) A) Stairstep method B) Method of constant stimuli C) Method of ascending limits D) Method of descending limits

C and D

Which wavelength is the most desaturated for a patient with Tritanopia? A) 492 nm B) 498 nm C) 569 nm

C) 569 nm

Which wavelength is the most desaturated for a monochromatic light in a normal trichomat? A) 492 nm B) 498 nm C) 570 nm

C) 570 nm

Which of the following is NOT a color opponent channel according to the color opponency theory? A) Red/Green B) Blue/yellow C) Blue/Green D) Black/White

C) Blue/Green

Which color is associated with Standard Illuminant C illumination? A) Red B) Black C) Bluish white

C) Bluish white

Which color is associated with the highest color temperature? A) Red B) Black C) Bluish white

C) Bluish white

According to the Munsell Color Appearance System, what is Value most related to? A) Hue B) Saturation C) Brightness

C) Brightness

Which CFF law states that light flashes above threshold appear the brightest when they last for 50-100ms? A) Ferry-Porter Law B) Granit-Harper Law C) Broca-Sulzer Effect D) Brucke-Bartley Effect

C) Broca-Sulzer Effect

What does the Dowling-Rushton equation describe? A) Contrast sensitivity B) Spatial frequency C) Dark adaptation D) Retinal illuminance

C) Dark adaptation

Which law is NOT related to Critical Flicker Fusion? A) Talbot-Plateau Law B) Ferry-Porter Law C) DeVries-Rose Law D) Granit-Harper Law

C) DeVries-Rose Law

The test field can be adjusted from 0-87 in the Nagel Anomaloscope. What does a value of 0 represent? A) Pure 546 nm B) Pure 670 nm C) Dimmest setting D) Brightest setting

C) Dimmest setting

Which of the following is measured in Lux or Foot-candles? A) Luminous intensity B) Luminance C) Illuminance

C) Illuminance

Which of the following describes the radiant power per unit area of surface and describes the amount of light that reaches a surface? A) Radiant intensity B) Radiance C) Irradiance

C) Irradiance

What is the main cause of a low frequency cutoff of CSF? A) Density of photoreceptors B) Optical limitations C) Lateral inhibition D) Color vision defects

C) Lateral inhibition

Which phenomenon is MOST likely caused by vitreous syneresis and traction on the peripheral retina? A) Purkinje tree B) Phosphenes C) Moore's Lightning streaks D) Blue arcs of the retina

C) Moore' Lightning streaks

Cones photoreceptors are most sensitive to rays of light that strike __________ to the surface. A) Parallel B) Perpendicular C) Orthogonal D) Tangential

C) Orthogonal

Which Purkinje image is formed by the anterior lens? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

C) PS 3

Which Purkinje image is located behind the posterior lens? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

C) PS 3

The mixture field can be adjusted from 0-73 in the Nagel Anomaloscope. What does a value of 73 represent? A) Pure 546 nm B) Pure 590 nm C) Pure 670 nm

C) Pure 670 nm

Which of the following is responsible for the crowding phenomenon that occurs in patients with amblyopia? A) Forward masking B) Backward masking C) Simultaneous masking

C) Simultaneous masking

What is the main method used when performing a Humphrey Visual field on a patient? A) Method of ascending limits B) Method of descending limits C) Stairstep method D) Adjustment method E) Method of constant stimuli

C) Stairstep method

What is the only approved lighting for Color vision testing? A) Standard Illuminant A B) Standard Illuminant B C) Standard Illuminant C D) Standard Illuminant D

C) Standard Illuminant C

What is the constant for both Bloch's Law and Ricco's Law? A) Stimulus Area B) Time duration C) Threshold visibility

C) Threshold visibility

Which type of color deficiency has poor color discrimination at wavelengths ~ 495 nm? A) Protanopes B) Deuteranopes C) Tritanopes

C) Tritanopes

Which of the following defects are usually acquired? A) Protanopia B) Deuteranopia C) Tritanopia

C) Tritanopia

What is analogous to Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in terms of temporal perception?

CFF (Critical flicker fusion frequency)

The ____________ color system utilizes color mixing of the 3 primary colors in order to match a single monochromatic light.

CIE color system

Deuteranopes are missing which photopigment?

Chlorolabe

What is the photopigment associated with a M cone?

Chlorolabe

The point where the color confusion lines converge and meet on a chromaticity diagram is known as the ____________ point.

Co-punctal point (convergence point)

_______________ lines on a CIE diagram are lines in the x-y plane along which all colors are indistinguishable. These lines all originate from one point known as the co-punctal point.

Color confusion lines

Is cone adaptation or rod adaptation the initial (upper left) portion of a standard dark adaptation curve?

Cone adaptation

Do rod photopigments or cone photopigments regenerate first during dark adaptation?

Cone photopigments

Are rod or cone photoreceptors more sensitive during the initial phase of a dark adaptation curve?

Cone photoreceptors

What is the formula for the contrast of a grating?

Contrast= (Lmax-Lavg)/Lavg Lmax= Max luminance Lavg= Average luminance

Tritanopes are missing which photopigment?

Cyanolabe

What is the photopigment associated with a S cone?

Cyanolabe

Which of the following is NOT one of Grassman's Law for metamers? A) If equal amounts of the same wavelength of light are added to two metamers, they will remain metamers B) If the intensity of two metamers is increased or decreased by the same amount, they will remain metamers C) If stimuli A + B are metamers, and B + C are metamers, A + C must also be metamers D) Metamers can only be present in a dichromatic patient

D

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Farnsworth D-15 color test? A) It can be used to assess congenital and acquired color deficiencies B) It can be used to diagnose tritan defects C) It can be used to diagnose protan and deutan defects D) It can be used to distinguish dichromats from anomalous trichromats

D (Cannot)

Which of the following is NOT true when comparing the Parvocellular pathway to the Magnocellular Pathway? A) The Parvocellular pathway is better for viewing fine details B) The Parvocellular pathway is used more for color vision C) The Parvocellular pathway is used more for higher spatial frequencies D) The Parvocellular pathway is primarily used in FDT testing for early glaucoma changes

D (Magnocellular)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding a ROC curve? A) Strict criteria will be plotted on the lower left of the curve B) Lax criteria will be plotted on the upper right of the curve C) It plots the number of false positive compared to the number of hits D) If a signal has greater detectability, there will be a flatter ROC curve due to the higher rate of hits compared to false positives

D (More curved!)

What is the photochromatic interval value at 650 nm? A) 1 B) 5 C) 10 D) 0

D) 0 (point of equal sensitivity)

According to the Munsell Color system, what was the highest value of Value? A) 0 B) 1 C) 5 D) 10

D) 10

According to the Munsell Color system, what was the highest value of Chroma (most saturated)? A) 1 B) 4 C) 10 D) 14

D) 14

How long does it take for a dark adaptation curve to reach the rod plateau for a typical patient? A) 1.5 minutes B) 5 minutes C) 12 minutes D) 35 minutes

D) 35 minutes

Which phenomenon is MOST likely caused by a patient viewing a dim light in a dark room? A) Purkinje tree B) Phosphenes C) Moore's Lightning streaks D) Blue arcs of the retina

D) Blue arcs of the retina

The test field can be adjusted from 0-87 in the Nagel Anomaloscope. What does a value of 87 represent? A) Pure 546 nm B) Pure 670 nm C) Dimmest setting D) Brightest setting

D) Brightest setting

Which CFF law states that a flickering light appears brighter than a steady light of the same average luminance? A) Ferry-Porter Law B) Granit-Harper Law C) Broca-Sulzer Effect D) Brucke-Bartley Effect

D) Brucke-Bartley Effect

Which of the following is NOT one of Grassman's Law properties? A) Scalar property B) Additive property C) Associative property D) Dissociative property

D) Dissociative property

Which of the following is considered a Type 2 error when applying Signal Transduction Theory? A) True positive B) False positive C) True negative D) False negative

D) False negative

Which of the following is an example of a Pseudoisochromatic Plate color vision test that can detect blue-yellow and red-green deficiencies? A) Farnsworth D-15 Test B) Ishihara C) Nagel Anomaloscope D) HRR plates

D) HRR plates

Which type of filter essentially only transmits long wavelengths which results in altered color perception? A) Narrow band filter B) Interference filters C) Broad band filter D) Long-pass filter

D) Long-pass filter

Which of the following tests can be used to distinguish anomalous trichromats from dichromats? A) HRR B) Ishihara C) Farnsworth D-15 D) Nagel Anomaloscope

D) Nagel Anomaloscope

Chromatopsias are characterized by distortions of color, but not a deficiency in color discrimination. For example, cataract surgery can cause which type of chromatopsia by removing that previous yellow filter (cataract)? A) Objects appear more yellow B) Objects appear more red C) Objects more green D) Objects appear more blue

D) Objects appear more blue

Which Purkinje image forms a real and inverted image? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

D) PS 4

Which Purkinje image forms the dimmest image? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

D) PS 4

Which Purkinje image is formed by the posterior lens? A) PS 1 B) PS 2 C) PS 3 D) PS 4

D) PS 4

What color spot does a patient see when performing Maxwell's spot? A) Blue B) Yellow C) Purple D) Red

D) Red

Which of the following is poor in Photopic vision? A) Color vision B) Visual acuity C) Facial recognition D) Sensitivity

D) Sensitivity

Which CFF law states that a stimulus flickering at a frequency greater than CFF (appears constant) will have the same brightness as a non-flickering light with the same luminance? A) Ferry-Porter Law B) Granit-Harper Law C) Broca-Sulzer Effect D) Talbot-Plateau Law

D) Talbot-Plateau Law

Region 2 on a light adaptation curve in which the slope is 1/2 is the area of the curve that can be quantified by which law?

DeVries-Rose Law (Square Root Law)

As threshold increases, sensitivity ____________.

Decreases (inversely related)

Will a Protanomalous trichromat or Deuteranomalous trichromat adjust the mixture setting lower than normal (closer to 0)?

Deuteranomalous trichromat

Which of the following does NOT utilize entoptic phenomenon? A) Vitreous floaters B) Moore's lightning streaks C) Blue arcs of the retina D) Haidinger's brushes E) Anterior uveitis

E) Anterior uveitis

Purkinje Tree, Maxwell's spot, Haidinger's brush, Moore's lightning streaks, and Retinal phosphenes are all examples of which phenomenon?

Entoptic phenomenon

_____________ phenomenon are visual percepts that originate from the eye itself rather than an external object. Ex: Purkinje images

Entoptic phenomenon

Protanopes are missing which photopigment?

Erythrolabe

What is the photopigment associated with a L cone?

Erythrolabe

______________ is expressed as a ratio of the distance from the reference white to the sample light (a) divided by the distance from the white to the dominant wavelength (a+b). Basically a/ (a+b) on a chromaticity diagram.

Excitation purity

A Protanope performs the Nagel Anomaloscope. If the mixture field is set to 0 (pure 546 nm), will they set the test field to a lower or higher setting?

Higher setting because there is no dimming effect for shorter wavelengths

Is the color at each Copunctal point real (in the CIE diagram) or imaginary (outside the CIE diagram)?

Imaginary

Do Isomers or Metamers have identical light wavelengths?

Isomers

The difference between the intensity of the just perceivable spot of light compared to the intensity of the background is known as the _____________.

Just noticeable difference

A surface that shows the same luminance from every viewing angle is known as a ______________ surface.

Lambert surface

Is a paper with matte finish more representative of a Lambert Surface or Specular Surface?

Lambert surface

Is a patient with a strict or lax criteria more likely to have a higher number of false positives?

Lax criteria

Will a patient with lax or strict criteria fall on the upper right of an ROC curve?

Lax criteria

According to Pulfrich's phenomenon, if a neutral density filter is placed over a patient's left eye, will the pendulum appear to move clockwise or counterclockwise?

Left eye= Clockwise

A Protanope performs the Nagel Anomaloscope. If the mixture field is set to 73 (pure 670 nm), will they set the test field to a lower or higher setting?

Lower setting due to dimming effect

What is the unit of measurement for Luminous power?

Lumens

Is motion primarily processed by the Parvocellular or Magnocellular pathway?

Magnocellular

Is the Magnocellular or Parvocellular pathway primarily responsible for saccadic suppression?

Magnocellular pathway

Do Hereditary color deficiencies typically affect males or females more frequently?

Males

Does the target or mask appear first in Paracontrast masking?

Mask appears first

Both photopic and scotopic systems are active under ____________ conditions which are characterized by dimly lit setting will small amounts of bright light such as during sunset.

Mesopic conditions

_______________ are two visual stimuli that are physically different, but appear identical because they elicit the same response in all 3 cone photoreceptors.

Metamers

_________________ is the probability that the patient does not have the disease if the test is negative.

Negative predictive value (NPV)

Did Hering describe the Trichomatic theory or Opponent Color theory of color vision?

Opponent color theory

According to the Stiles-Crawford effect, are Marginal or Paraxial rays more likely to stimulate cone photoreceptors?

Paraxial rays (Light falling straight down)

The difference between the sensitivities of the scotopic and photopic systems at a given wavelength is known as the _____________.

Photochromatic interval

Is Radiometry or Photometry more associated with how we perceive light?

Photometry

Does the scotopic or photopic system have better spatial resolution?

Photopic

Does the scotopic or photopic system have better temporal resolution?

Photopic

Is the Scotopic system or Photopic system more sensitive to contrast according to Weber's Fraction?

Photopic system is more sensitive Photopic= .015 Scotopic= .14

___________ is defined as a collection of points on a chromaticity diagram that represents blackbody radiation of various temperatures.

Planckian locus

_________________ is the probability that the patient has the disease if the test is positive.

Positive predictive value (PPV)

The ________________ states that a photopigment responds to the absorption of a photon in a manner that is completely independent of the wavelength of the photon. As a result, all information about the wavelength of the photon is lost.

Principle of Univariance

Will a Protanomalous trichromat or Deuteranomalous trichromat adjust the mixture setting higher than normal (closer to 73)?

Protanomalous trichromat

Do Protanopes or Deuteranopes observe the dimming effect of longer wavelengths while performing the Nagel Anomaloscope?

Protanopes

The ____________ describes the appearance of the retina blood vessels as viewed by the eye itself. If we shine a moving light onto the retina, it will create shadows of retinal blood vessels resulting in the perception of this phenomenon.

Purkinje Tree

As the illumination increases, longer wavelengths appear brighter which is known as the ______________ shift.

Purkinje shift

According to Kollner's Rule, what type of color defect would optic neuritis most likely cause?

Red/Green

According to Kollner's rule, what type of color defects do inner retina, optic nerve, and visual pathway disease cause?

Red/Green

What is the photopigment associated with a rod?

Rhodopsin

Which law describes the relationship between the intensity and the area of a stimulus that is below the threshold for spatial summation? It states the total number of photons for a stimulus below the critical diameter is constant.

Rico's law

According to Pulfrich's phenomenon, if a neutral density filter is placed over a patient's right eye, will the pendulum appear to move clockwise or counterclockwise?

Right eye= Counterclockwise

Do rod or cone photoreceptors have a higher threshold during the initial phase of a dark adaptation curve?

Rod photoreceptors (higher threshold= lower sensitivity)

The shift from the photopic to scotopic system appears as a blip in the dark adaptation curve and is known as the _______________.

Rod-cone break

Does the scotopic or photopic system have better spatial summation?

Scotopic

Does the scotopic or photopic system have better temporal summation?

Scotopic

Does the scotopic or photopic system have greater sensitivity?

Scotopic

Is the critical diameter of scotopic or photopic system larger during spatial summation?

Scotopic system

________________ is the probability that a test will accurately detect those patients with the disease.

Sensitivity

As illumination decreases, does shorter wavelength or longer wavelengths become brighter?

Shorter wavelengths

_______________ provides a mathematical basis for determining how a patient selects the signal from the noise during a test.

Signal Detection Theory

Is Ricco's law related to spatial or temporal summation?

Spatial summation

__________________ is the probability that the test will accurately detect those patients without the disease.

Specificity

Is a shiny piece of silver more representative of a Lambert Surface or Specular Surface?

Specular Surface

A surface that unequally scatters light in all directions is known as a ____________ surface.

Specular surface

Cone photoreceptors are most sensitive to rays of light that strike orthogonal to the surface which is known as the _______________ effect.

Stiles-Crawford Effect

Is a patient with a strict or lax criteria more likely to have a higher number of false negatives?

Strict criteria

Will a patient with lax or strict criteria fall on the bottom left of an ROC curve?

Strict criteria

What is the formula for Retinal Illumination?

T=LA T= Trolands L= Luminance A= Area of the pupil

Does the target or mask appear first in Metacontrast masking?

Target appears first

Is Temporal Modulation Transfer Function or Spatial Modulation Transfer Function primarily based on the percentage modulation?

Temporal Modulation Transfer Function (TMTF)

Is Bloch's law related to spatial or temporal summation?

Temporal summation

_______________ is the minimum amount of a variable that an individual can detect 50% of the time.

Threshold

Did Young Helmholtz describe the Trichomatic theory or Opponent Color theory of color vision?

Trichomatic theory

Is the CIE color system based on color opponency or the trichromatic theory of color vision primarily?

Trichromatic theory of color vision

In order to avoid negative values with the CIE color system, imaginary primaries are created which are also called _____________ values.

Tristimulus values

What is the unit of measurement for Retinal Illumination?

Trolands

The fading of stationary objects due to lateral inhibition is known as the _____________ effect.

Troxler effect

What is the unit of measurement for Radiant power?

Watts

Region 3 of a light adaptation curve is when the change in intensity/ the change in background intensity if constant and the slope of the curve=1. This area of the curve can be quantified by which law?

Weber's Law

Which law computes the Just Noticeable difference on a light adaptation curve?

Weber's Law

What is the most common inheritance pattern of hereditary color defects?

X-linked recessive

As the illumination increases, do longer or shorter wavelengths appear brighter?

longer wavelengths (Ex: red)

The most common type of achromatopsia is _____________ monochromacy.

rod monochromacy

A normal trichromat will set the test scale to ~ ___________ on the Nagel Anomaloscope in order to achieve a match.

~ 17

A Deuteranope will set the test scale to ~ ________ on the Nagel Anomaloscope in order to achieve a match.

~ 17 (because they do not experience dimming effect)

A normal trichromat will set the mixture scale to ~ ___________ on the Nagel Anomaloscope in order to achieve a match.

~ 45