NCE

In group work,

"Counseling group" - less structured than a guidance group Leader of a counseling group needs more training than an individual running a guidance group

Robert Rosenthal

"Experimenter Effect" - A researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment

Alfred Adler

"Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction"

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded Person-centered Therapy (Client-centered Therapy), theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Freedman and Fraser

1966, Foot in the door phenomenon

An effective children counseling group ideally has

3 or 4 members

Ideal adolescent group might be slightly smaller

5 or 6 members

Epictetus

A Greek philosopher most closely related to REBT; suggested we feel the way we think "People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them"

Andrew Salter

A behaviorist who did groundbreaking work which led to assertiveness training - created Conditioned Reflex Therapy Hater of psychoanalytic model

Superbill

A bill, submitted to the insurance company, that verifies the nature of the counselor-client interaction Includes: client's name, data, ICD diagnosis, CPT code, provider's name and license

ABABA Design

A design in which a baseline condition (A) is measured first, followed by measurements during a treatment condition (B), followed by a return to the baseline measurement condition (A), followed by a return to the treatment condition (B) and a final baseline measurement condition (A) to verify that the change in behavior is linked to the experimental condition Popularized in 1970s by the behavior modification rage, tracks the client with an extended baseline, through treatment, to the outcome.

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

A form of cognitive behavior modification that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation

In-Basket Technique

A job simulation where a job candidate is given a basket including memos, emails, phone messages, requests for presentations, data reports, and complaints, that a manager would typically encounter. The hiring person then monitors how the candidate makes decisions, prioritizes, pays attention to detail, delegates, and responds to the correspondence. Then applicant is expected to communicate why they choose the various responses

Avocation

A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money

Baseline (In Behaviorism)

A measure of the behavior prior to the treatment or when treatment is not being implemented

Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children One-way communication

Always Script

A person will always remain a give away

Accreditation

A process whereby an agency or school meets certain standards and qualifications set forth by an association or accrediting organization Accreditation applies to programs, not individual counselor Eg. CACREP

Dyadic Relationship

A relationship between two persons (Counselor + Counselee)

Catharsis / Abreaction

A release of emotional tension

Role Conflict

A situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves

Skeleton Keys

A standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems

Paradoxical Intention

A technique described by Frankl in which helping the client invoke exaggerated negative thoughts to help the client become aware of his behavior and the consequences of that behavior

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A widely used personality test based on Jungian types (associated with the work of Carl Jung's analytic psychology) The test provides a four-letter type score such as ISFJ (introversion, sensing, feeling, judging)

Displaced Homemaker

A woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family - due to divorce or widowed Can also include women who are seeking employment because her children are grown (she used to always stayed home and raised children)

Compensatory Effect

A worker compensates or makes up for things he or she cannot get at work Eg. A librarian who needs to be quiet at her job may go out after work and get wild, crazy and loud Work can also help people compensate for things missing in one's family life

Test

An instrument which measures a given sample of behavior A systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior

Open Groups

An ongoing group that runs indefinitely; members join or leave the group as they need to

Communication modes used by assertiveness trainers to determine or discriminate client response patterns

Assertive, Nonassertive, and Aggressive

Reciprocity (Marriage)

Asserts that in most cases two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time. When this doesn't happen, marital discord may result

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group

Daniel Goleman

Believed that EQ rather than IQ determines success (EQ is more important than IQ)

Computer-Based Career Information Systems (CBCISs) / Computer-Assisted Career Guidance System (CACG)

CHOICES and System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI)

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time, Tom will score between 103 and 109

Calculation: 106-3=103 and 106+3=109 103 to 109 is the 68% confidence interval

Oscar K. Buros

Came up with the Mental Measurements Yearbook that review available psychological tests

Mark Savickas

Career Construction Postmodern Theory

Roe's Approach to Career Choice

Career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education and intelligence Genetics help to determine intelligence and education, hence influences one's career choice

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Child psychologist who studied the child

Phenomenology (Existentialism)

Client's internal personal experience of events

Factors that impact the counselor's social influence / Areas that cause problems for the counselor's self-image

Competence, Power, Intimacy

T.X. Barber

Created a cognitive theory of hypnotism

Likert Scale

Created by Rensis Likert in early 1930s This scale helps improve the overall degree of measurement Response categories (example): Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree

Henry Murray

Created the "Needs-Press" Theory and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Christina Morgan

Member-specific Measures

Designed to assess change (or lack of it) in an individual group member; EX: self-rating or a rating by an outside observer; not standardized

IVs and DVs can be ___

Discrete分离 or Continuous Discrete - eg. a brand of counseling or occupation Continuous - eg. height or weight

Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence (Charles Spearman)

Every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)

Robin Skynner

Feels that kids who had poor role model as children possess protective systems - means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectation of people in current relationships carried over from childhood

Edwin Bordin

Felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts - psychoanalytic approach Felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms

Classical Conditioning, where CS comes before UCS can also be referred to as

Forward conditioning

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Founded Analytic Psychology

Leniency / Strictness Bias

Giving a worker a very high/lenient or a very low/strict rating while avoiding the middle average ratings

Dyad

Group of two

Standard Error of Measurement

How accurate or inaccurate a test score is Low standard error means high reliability, thus the lower Standard Error of Measurement the better

HS-BCP

Human Services-Board Certified Practitioner

Construct

Idea that cannot be seen or measured directly

What will the standard error of measurement tell you about a test?

If two sets of results are due to chance Standard error of measurement estimates where an individual's scores would fall if given the same assessment over a period of time

Experimental Group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment This group receives the IV

Eclecticism

In psychotherapy, drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system.

IV

Independent Variable The variable that the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with

Subgroup/Faction帮派

Is a clique or a group within a group

Desirable Script or

Less Desirable Script

Group IQ Test

Less accurate and have lower reliability

Informal Assessment

Occurs in a more casual manner Eg. self-reports, case notes, journal, observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, participation, peer and self evaluation

Linear Causality

One cause equals one effect; the line of reasoning is direct Often use in individual counseling

Stimulus Discrimination (also called stimulus differentiation)

One is taught to respond only to a specific stimulus

Plaintiff原告

One who begins a lawsuit

Perpetrators of sexual abuse are primarily males;

Perpetrators of physical abuse are generally females

Piaget

Piaget saw moral judgment broken into two age brackets: below and above age ten Those under age ten tended to judge wrong-doings by the amount of damage caused rather than the intention behind the act

Dichotomy

Present with two opposing choices

License

Primarily state specific Licenses are conferred by the individual state and not the federal government

Classification of Groups

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary by Charles Cooley

Systematic Desensitization (Steps)

Relaxation training, Construction of anxiety hierarchy, Desensitization in imagination, and In vivo desensitization

David Wechsler (1896-1981)

Served in the military, testing army recruits during World War I. He came to believe that the ways in which psychologists viewed and measured "intelligence" was inadequate. In 1934 he began construction of the most widely used adult intelligence test battery, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which set the standard for practical measurement of intelligence

Some exams will refer to the CS as the NS (neutral stimulus);

Some exams will refer the UCS as the "reinforcing" or "charged stimulus"

White-Collar Worker

Someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling

Strategic

Jay Haley

Strategic Family Therapy Believed in designing a strategy for each specific problem Coined the term "strategic therapy"

Horizontal Interventions (Interpersonal Method)

Strategies that approach the group as a whole

Counterbalancing

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study

Joseph Wolpe

Systematic desensitization

Handicapped

Term "disabled" is now preferred

Game Analysis

The act of looking at the consequences of games

Reactive Effect / Reactivity / Observer Effect

The changes in individual or group behavior that are due to being observed or otherwise studied The subject is reacting to the presence of the investigation Eg. Hawthorne Effect

Expertness

The client perceives the counselor rather than the way the counselor perceives themselves

X Axis

The horizontal line on a graph Used to plot the IV scores Also called the Abscissa

Differential Sensitivity

The idea that some people are more vulnerable than others to certain experiences, even prescription medication, and usually because of genetic differences

Spillover

The individual's work spills over into his or her time off the job (the person engages in activities similar to work during periods of leisure)

Group Content

The material discussed within the group Refers to what the group is discussing

Ontology本体论 (Existentialism)

The philosophy of being and existing

Script Analysis

The process of ferreting out the client's script

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)

The statistical procedure used to study the impact of independent variables on two or more dependent variables Is used when there is MORE THAN ONE DV

Group Dynamics

The study of the interrelationships and interactions between group members The study of group operations

I'm Not Ok--You're Ok

These people blame themselves for everything that goes wrong; drowning in guilt

Basic Research

To advance our understanding of theory

Mediation

To settle disputes between couples getting a divorce without going to court

Providers

Very high in caring

RIASEC (John Holland)

Visually depicted with a hexagon that includes 6 personality types / work environments Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized Person is categorized using 3 digit codes such as SEC

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Vygotsky

Vygotsky believed the potential for cognitive development depended upon the ZPD, which was a level of development attained when children engage in social interactions. When the social interaction is guided by an adult or collaborated with peers, the ZPD exceeds what one could achieve individually

Achievement Test vs. Aptitude Test

What you've learned vs. What you can do in the future (potential)

First Born Child (Adler)

When a child is born, it impacts personality Oldest child -- prone to perfectionism and need for affirmation -- tends to become intellectual, conscientious and dominant in social settings. Adler attributes this to the child losing the parents' undivided attention and compensating throughout life by working to get it back. In addition, this child may be expected to set an example and be given responsibility for younger siblings

Never Script

When a person never feels they will succeed

Pre-experimental Designs

When a single group is used in research or two groups that are not equivalent

Deviation Phenomenon

When an individual purposely, or when in doubt, gives unusual responses

Unfinished Business (Gestalt)

When an unexpressed feeling interferes with present situations and causes difficulties People's unfinished business causes neuroses and needs to be resolved

Experimental Neurosis

When the differentiation process becomes too tough because stimuli are almost identical, the dog will show signs of emotional disturbance

First psychology laboratory was set up by ___

Wilhelm Wundt

Mores

accepted standards and customs of a social group

Fritz Pearls

developed Gestalt therapy

Medical model of medicine or psychotherapy begins with a ___

formal label or diagnosis of the problems

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US...

is 0.5 or half a second

The Big Five (Personality Test) - OCEAN

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Vocational Development parallels ___

psychosocial, cognitive and personality development

The most important trait for group members is the ability ...

to trust

A malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if ___

you are sexually involved with a client

In group work,

"Therapy" - when the problem is more severe and more individual work is needed for a longer duration Psychotherapy groups are commonly used in inpatient psychiatric hospitals and residential facilities for patients with in-depth psychological problems Psychotherapy groups is tertiary and may emphasize on unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than counseling group Leader must have the most training because they may need to treat people who are not functioning in the range of "normality"

Adlerian counselor often asks the client:

"What would life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner?" Counselor also asks the client to act "as if" he or she did not have the problem

Conditioned stimulus (bell) comes before Unconditioned stimulus (meat)

"c" letter is before "u" letter

In individual treatment,

"counseling" and "therapy" can be used interchangeably

Limitations of Confidentiality

(1) Danger to self or others (2) Suspected child maltreatment (eg. abuse, neglect) (3) Court orders a release of information (4) Clerical assistants who process client information and papers (5) To gain consultation/supervision (6) Client requests a release of information (7) Client raises the issue of the counselor's competence in a malpractice lawsuit (8) Client is less than 18 years of age. If client is a minor, a parent or guardian can demand that information be disclosed that was revealed during a session) (9) An elderly person is abused (10) Insurance company or managed care company requests a diagnosis and/or relevant clinical information

3 Steps to Implement the Trait-and-Factor Approach (Parsons)

(1) Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests (2) Knowledge of jobs (advantages and disadvantages) (3) Matching the individual with the work

4 Basic Patterns Prevented Good Communication Under Stress (Virginia Satir)

(1) Placating (people pleaser) - You try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection. Cause individual to sacrifice his or her own needs as a way of dealing with stress (2) Blaming - Sacrifice others to feel good about themselves, often say "if it weren't for you...", point finger at others to avoid dealing with their own issues (3) Being overly reasonable (aka Responsible analyzer, Computing) - Functioning like a computer to keep their emotions in check, emotionally detached, is likely to engage in intellectualization智能化 (4) Being irrelevant (Distracting) - Will distract the family form the problem via constantly taking about irrelevant topics

John Holland's 4 Assumptions

(1) There are six basic personality types in our culture: RIASEC (2) Most work environments correspond to the six personality types (3) People search out an agreeable environment which let's them express their personality type (4) Individual's behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the environment

ABA Model

(A) a baseline is secured (pretest measurement) (B) intervention is implemented (A) the outcome is examined via a new baseline

Retroflection

(Gestalt) Act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

Making the Rounds

(Gestalt) In group work, members listen to the person in the hot seat say something about each member. Members might give feedback in return When a leader allows each group member to weigh in on a given topic Client is instructed to say the same message to everyone in the group

Therapeutic Surrender

(In multiracial counseling) The client psychologically surrenders him/herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open w/ feelings and thoughts

Most Specific to Most General

(JOC) Job/Position - Occupation - Career

Binet IQ Score

(MA/CA) x 100 (Mental age divided by chronological age) x 100 (Memory: MA - master is the higher education degree, so put it on top of the equation as the numerator) The score indicated how you compared to those in your age group

Hot seat technique

(Perl's Gestalt therapy groups) A person who is the target of the therapist's interventions in the here and now

Tom Harris Life Positions

(TA) Life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition I'm Ok, You're Ok I'm Ok--You're Not Ok I'm Not Ok--You're Ok I'm Not Ok--You're Not Ok

Crossed Transaction

(TA) Occur when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel (e.g. I send a message from my adult to your adult and you respond from your adult to my child) Results in deadlock of communication or hurtful feelings

Complementary Transaction

(TA) Vectors of communication run parallel; a healthy communication transaction (e.g. I send a message from my adult to your child and get a response from your child to my adult) When get an appropriate, predicted response

Causal Comparative Research

(quant) Attempts to determine the cause or reason for pre-existing differences in the behavior or status of groups of individuals Not randomly assigned IV not manipulated

Threats to Internal Validity

- Maturation of subjects (psychological and physical changes including fatigue due to time involved) - Mortality (subjects withdrawing) - Instruments used to measure the behavior or trait - Statistical regression (notion that extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if utilized again)

The significant of the 1958 National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was that it ___

-- provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling -- expanded school guidance services -- improved guidance for gifted children

Adlerian Theory

-People have a specific concern and need for social interest -Emphasizes the future, holism, collaboration, and choice -Focuses on the importance of childhood, birth order, and behavioral goals -Stresses definable stages and techniques/practice in school and institutional settings

Two most popular levels of significance are ___

.05 and .01

Probability (p-value) in social science research is set at ___

.05 or lower

Size of Correlation/Association of Effect Size

.20 or less - small association .50 or less - medium association .80 or higher - strong or large association

DOT Nine Occupational Categories

0/1 - professional, technical, and managerial careers 2 - clerical and sales careers 3 - service careers 4 - agricultural, fishery, forestry, and related careers 5 - processing careers 6 - machine trade careers 7 - bench work careers 8 - structural work careers 9 - miscellaneous 杂

Power of a Statistical Test

1 minus(-) Beta The power implies a statistical test's ability to reject correctly a false null hypothesis

John Gottman's 6 Predictors of Divorce

1) Marriage got off to hard "Start up" 2) Relationship is characterized via negativity (criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling) 3) There is flooding - negativity comes on suddenly and is overwhelming 4) Body language changes (eg. plus rate between 110 and 165) 5) Attempts to repair the marriage fail 6) Lack of fond memories from the early days of the relationship

ACA Code of Ethics's Values

1) To enhance human development for the entire life span 2) Embrace diversity and multicultural factors since clients are unique 3) Promote social justice 4) Safeguard the integrity of the counselor-client relationship 5) Practice counseling in an ethical/safe manner

Glasser outlined eight steps for the counselor in the reality therapy process:

1. Build a good relationship. 2. Examine the current behavior. 3. Evaluate whether the behavior is helpful or not. 4. Brainstorm alternatives. 5. Make a commitment to try selected alternatives. 6. At a later time examine the effectiveness of the commitment - no punishment and no excuses. 7. Accept the logical and natural consequences of the behavior (refuse using punishment) 8. Do not become discouraged (never give up)

Types of Validity

1. Content Validity 2. Construct Validity 3. Concurrent Validity 4. Predictive Validity 5. Consequential Validity

4 Processes of Motivational Interviewing (In Order)

1. Engaging - to create a relationship with the client (MI counselor is not an expert, is a partner) 2. Focusing - the conversation should be limited to the patterns of behavior the client wishes to change 3. Evoking - client should use his or her own motivation to make changes 4. Planning - create a SMART and measurable plan that works

3 Levels of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

1. Pre-conventional 2. Conventional 3. Post-conventional

Stages of Change

1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance

Transtheoretical Model of Change

1. Precontemplation - not ready to change or not acknowledge the issue 2. Contemplation - ambivalent of getting ready to change 3. Preparation - comes up with ideas how to change 4. Action - takes steps to improve 5. Maintenance - relies on behaviors to prevent relapse and to perpetuate the new behaviors

Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad of Depression

1. negative views of the self 2. negative views of the world 3. negative views of the future

Sufficient time for an adult group session is

1.5 to 2 hours

In a lifetime the average person has ___

10 - 15 jobs

Group conducted over a long period of time (eg. 6 months) can safely have as many as ...

10 members

Raymond B. Cattell

16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) Suitable for age 16 and above Measures key personality such as assertiveness, emotional maturity, and shrewdness (quality of having or showing good powers of judgement) Is a factor-analytic test rather than theory-based test

Which test measures key personality factors?

16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a self-report personality test developed using several decades worth of empirical research. Cattell and his associates set to measure the following personality factors: warmth, intellect, emotional stability, aggressiveness, liveliness, dutifulness, social assertiveness, sensitivity, paranoia, abstractedness, introversion, anxiety, open mindedness, independence, perfectionism, tension. The Myers Briggs Type Inventory is a self-report personality inventory which indicates how people perceive the world and make decisions

Little Albert Experiment

1920 - John Watson - classical conditioning (behavioral theory) on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat

3 Phases of Stress Inoculation Technique

1st - Educational phase - client is taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior 2nd: Rehearsal phase - client is taught to rehearse new self-talk 3rd: Application phase - new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations

First Order Change vs. Second Order Change (Strategic Family Therapy)

1st order: Changes that are superficial. Occurs when a client makes a superficial change to deal with a problem, but the change does not alter the underlying structure of the family. Deals with the existing structure, doing more or less of something, and involving a restoration of balance. Changes are temporary 2nd order: Actual change in the family structure, alters the undesirable behavioral pattern and thus makes a difference that is longer lasting. Creating a new way of seeing things completely. Second order change requires new learning and often begins through the informal system) 2nd order change is more desirable than first order change

ACA Code of Ethics

2014 (newest)

David Olson's Family Circumplex Model

3 aspects: Cohesion, flexibility, and communication

Old Theory of Personality by Sheldon

3 basic temperaments based on one's physical build -- Mesomorph / Muscular Type - assertive, courageous, willing to take risks -- Ectomorph / Slender or Frail build - sensitive and inhibited -- Endomorph / Soft Rotund - love food, comfort, relaxation

Conyne's "Group Work Grid" Model

4 intervention levels: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, Community Population

Ideal adult counseling group has

5 or 6 to 8

In a normal distribution,

68% (68.26%) of the scores fall within +/-1 standard deviation (SD) of the mean 95% (95.44%) fall within +/-2 SDs of the mean 99.7% (99.74%) fall within +/-3 SDs of the mean Mean = 50% point of the curve (the middle)

Meta-Analysis

A "study of studies" that analyzes the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion

ABC Theory

A - activating event B - belief system C - emotional consequence

ABCDE Theory

A - activating event B - belief system C - emotional consequence D - disputing the irrational behavior at B E - new emotional consequence

La Belle Indifference (Conversion Disorder)

A French term - the lack of concern for their (imagined) medical problem sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders A condition in which the person is unconcerned with symptoms caused by a conversion disorder. A naive, inappropriate lack of emotion or concern for the perceptions by others of one's disability, usually seen in persons with conversion disorder.

Gazda's Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses

A Level One Response giving no help to the client at all A Level Two Response being strictly superficial A Level Three Response facilitating growth but only minimally since the counselor's responses are at least not distorted though only surface A Level Four (Gazda's highest level) Response which entails the counselor's going beyond reflection to underlying feelings and meanings

Horizontal Bar Chart

A bar chart that displays the bars in a horizontal direction

Variable

A behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or conditions A factor that can varies or is capable of change

Lifestyle

A broad term that describes the overall balance of work, leisure (aka avocational), family, and social activities

Appraisal (aka assessment or evaluation)

A broad term that describes the process of assessing or estimating attributes (characteristics) Eg. Survey, observations, clinical interviews

Hawthorne Effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied By Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger

Status Attainment Theory

A child will eventually secure job commensurate/match with his or her family status

Until Script

A client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives

Role Reversal (Behavioral Role-Playing Technique)

A client who is having difficulty communicating with another person in their life role-plays the person with whom they are having difficulty. Another group member or the leader plays the group member with the problem This give the group member a new perspective on the situation and allow the person to learn via modeling alternative ways of behaving

Thought Stopping

A cognitive-behavioral method in which the client learns to stop having anxiety-provoking thoughts, by yelling in their mind STOP! as loudly as possible every time they experience an unpleasant thought

Accidental Reinforcement (aka Adventitious Reinforcement)

A coincidence between a performance and a reinforcer Reinforcement can occur regardless of the behavior (think independent) Eg. "superstitious" behavior

Cultural Pluralism

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.

Phi-coefficient Correlation

A correlation between two dichotomous variables Eg. Correlate NCC status with CCMHC status (has it/does not have it) / Correlate gender (male/female) with certification status (has certification/does not have certification)

Cronbach's Alpha (α)

A correlation-based statistic that measures a scale's internal reliability When items are nondichotomous (there are more than two answer options)

Identification

A defense mechanism where a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile

Binge-Eating Disorder

A disorder characterized by compulsive overeating Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa Most common type of eating disorder

Unimodal Distribution

A distribution with one peak

Tarasoff v. Regents

A duty to warn a person of serious and foreseeable harm to him or herself or to others Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, was a case in which the Supreme Court of California held that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient In October 1969, Prosenjit Poddar (Poddar) murdered Tatiana Tarasoff (Tarasoff). Plaintiffs, Tatiana's parents, contended that only a short time prior, Poddar had expressed his intention to do so. This, they alleged, he had confided to his therapist, Dr. Lawrence Moore, a psychologist employed by University of California. They further alleged that Dr. Moore had warned campus police of Poddar's intentions, and that the police had briefly detained him, but then released him. Plaintiffs asserted two grounds for their action: -- The failure to confine Poddar, in spite of his expressed intentions to kill Tarasoff, and failure to warn Tarasoff or her parents. Defendants maintained that they owed no duty of care to the victim, and were immune from suit

Homeostasis动态平衡

A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium Can be good or bad Bad: Family will attempt to hold onto a given pattern of functioning that could indeed be dysfunctional

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

A federal agency designed to regulate and enforce the provisions of Title VII

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) 1974

A federal law that governs student confidentiality in schools. It requires that schools not divulge, reveal or share any personally identifiable information about a student or his/her family, unless it is with another school employee who needs the information to work with the student Information cannot be released without adult consent A parent can see his or her children's school record (if children is a minor) An 18-year-old or above student can view their own educational record Also called the Buckley Amendment

Sensate Focus

A form of behavioral sex therapy that involves graduated touching exercises Relies on counterconditioning Couple is told to engage in touching and caressing (to lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible Developed by William H. Masters & Virginia Johnson

Gestalt means ...

A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole It can also imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Growth takes place when the client has integrated disowned parts of the personality and reconnected with them

Teleological目的论 Approach

A future event is responsible for the client's current behavior Eg. counselor focuses on the client's goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree

Reactive (counseling term)

A given condition is the result of environmental stress

Job or Position

A given position within an organization (i.e. counselor at Artemis)

Bimodal Distribution

A graph of a distribution of data that has two modes Looks like a camel's back with two humps

Scattergram

A graph of two variables being correlated To show correlation coefficient

Sociogram

A graphic representation of the interaction patterns in a group Sociogram can help identify group factions

Self-Help Group

A group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called a mutual help group. Doesn't have either or both of the support group's features

Interdisciplinary Team

A group of health care professionals with varied medical educations, backgrounds, and experiences who work together to deliver the best possible care for each client

Structured Group

A group which focuses on a given theme (eg. group for veterans)

Paraprofessional辅助人员

A helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials

Impaired Professional

A helper who has personal issue (e.g., substance abuse or brain damage) that would hinder the quality of services rendered A deterioration恶化 in the ability to function as a counselor

Hypothesis

A hunch or an educated guess which can be tested utilizing the experimental model Is a statement which can be tested regarding the relationship of the IV and DV

Registry注册处

A list of providers Someone whose name is included in a state counseling registry can sometimes use the title "registered professional counselor" or RPC

Concept in Deductive Reasoning (Aristotle)

A major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion The major premise contains a term from the predicate of the conclusion The minor premise contains a term from the subject of the conclusion The conclusion combines major and minor premise with a "therefore" symbol(∴)

Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables Is used when there is no direct manipulation of the IV (Eg. how IQ correlates with panic disorder? IV (the IQ) is not manipulated, just being measured)

Duty to Warn and Duty to Protect in Texas

A mental health professional may disclose information ONLY to medical or law enforcement personnel if the professional determines that there is a probability of imminent physical injury by the patient to the patient or others or there is a probability of immediate mental or emotional injury to the patient. The bottom line, however, even in Texas, is that in circumstances of a clearly identified victim, involving threat of actual bodily harm, the professional arguably has a legal duty to protect the patient through -- Informing the clearly identified victim of the threat -- Having the patient admitted voluntarily to a hospital -- Seeking involuntary hospitalization -- Pursuing a course of action consistent with current professional standards that will discharge the duty

Implosive Therapy

A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus

Nocebo Effect

A negative placebo effect due to the expectation of adverse consequences from receiving treatment

Virtual Relationship

A non-face-to-face relationship (e.g., through social media) Virtual relationship with clients are unethical

Kruskal-Wallis test

A non-parametric test to test whether more than two independent groups differ It is the non-parametric version of one-way ANOVA

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

A non-parametric tests whether two correlated means differ significantly (Memory: the 'co' reminds you of 'correlated') It is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-test

Chi-Square

A nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution Must have mutually exclusive categories to use Chi-Square (eg. Will seek therapy vs. Won't seek therapy) Eg. Answer question like: Whether being a counseling major or a social work major determines if you will seek therapy for an elevator phobia?

Measure

A number or score has been assigned to the person's attribute or performance

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making In most situation, will produce a happy child with desirable social skills

RIASEC (John Holland)

A person can be described best using a "profile" over three areas known as a three digit code Based on the hexagon, consistent types are next to each other on the hexagon - RIA would be "consistent" while RAE would be "inconsistent"

Life-Career Rainbow (Donald Super)

A person can play several potential roles as they advances through the five life stages Roles are played out at home, community, school, and work Career can include student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civic duties, avocations, and family roles Helps members to answer "Where have you been in life and where are you going?" - Opens the door to discuss a career crisis such as layoff

Reactive Schizophrenia

A person experienced a psychotic episode following a traumatic experience Schizophrenia develops suddenly in response to a particular event, higher rate of recovery In contrast to an individual who was seemingly always schizophrenic, and the pathology could not be traced to any given set of circumstances

Open-ended Script

A person has no direction or plan

Dislocated Worker

A person is unemployed because of job elimination, downsizing, company relocation, or company closing Can also refer to a person who has an obsolete 过时的 set of job skills

Public Law 93-380 (also known as Buckley Amendment)

A person over age 18 can view their own record, which included test data; could view their kid's test (kids below 18); could demand a correction they discovered while reading a file

Pervasive Indecisiveness

A person who has a lifelong pattern of severe anxiety related to decision making This makes the act of deciding on a career much more difficult

Reality Therapy

A person's childhood may have contributed to the problem. However, the past is never really the problem. Client's childhood is usually not explore Focuses on here-and-now

Life Scripts

A person's ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live his or her life 3 basic unhealthy scripts: no love, no mind, no joy

Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)

A personality measure for persons who do not have severe psychiatric disabilities Used with normally functioning individuals aged 16+ Measuring 10 traits Initially developed to assess Carl Jung's constructs of introversion and extroversion Can be used in a variety of settings, but it has been used most frequently with the college-aged population

California Personality Inventory (CPI)

A personality test developed especially for typical individuals aged 13 and older (no severe psychiatric disabilities) Shares questions with MMPI

Latency Stage (6-puberty)

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Narrative Therapy

A postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston Believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story Externalize the problem - separate the problem from the person

Aspirational Ethics

A practitioner adheres to the highest possible ethical standards Ideal or optimal practice

Realistic Job Preview (RJP)

A preview of a job that provides both positive and negative information about the job and the company Interested candidate (college student) contact a worker in the field and then interview the worker

Secondary Group

A problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe Reduce the severity or length of a problem and generally includes prevention aspects Eg. Group deals with grief or shyness

Job Analysis

A procedure where tasks, duties, skills, required education, safety issues, and other data are examined Leads to a job descriptions or job specifications

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots and are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure Uses 10 inkblot cards

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes / pictures Uses 20 cards when administered to any given individual

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

A projective test in which the subject completes 40 incomplete sentence with a real feeling A completion projective test Method of evaluating personality It is assumed the individual reflects his or her own wishes, desires, and fears

Conversion Disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found Conversion disorder is characterized by voluntary motor or sensory function deficits that suggest neurologic or medical conditions but are rather associated with clinical findings that are not compatible with such conditions.

EKG (Electrocardiogram) Feedback

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Empty Chair Technique

A role-playing intervention often used in Gestalt psychotherapy in which clients play conflicting parts. This typically consists of clients engaging in an imaginary dialogue between different sides of themselves

Cluster Sampling

A sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster Utilized when it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population Cluster sample uses an existing sample or cluster of people or selects a portion of the overall sample Will not be as accurate as a random sample yet it is often used due to time and practical consideration Eg. When trying to make a list of everybody in the U.S who is securing treatment for heroin addiction, you can pick a random sample utilizing a random number generator; instead, you might rely on the population in your home town chemical dependency unit

Quota Sampling

A sampling technique in which researchers divide the population into groups and then arbitrarily choose participants from each group Study where a specific number of cases are necessary from each stratum It is a type of Stratified Sampling Procedure

Adverse Impact

A selection procedure is said to have an adverse impact if the selection rates for any minority or gender groups are less than four-fifths (80%) of the selection rate for the highest group Eg. 60 African American and 80 Whites are hired - 60/80 = 75%. Since 75% is < 80%, this selection process has an adverse impact *minority subgroup rate is placed as the numerator of the equation (Memory: minorities want to be moved "up" in jobs, thus their rate is placed "up" or at the top of the equation)

Multivariate

A set of data involving more than two variables

Bivariate

A set of data that has two variables

ACA Code of Ethics

A set of guidelines established by the ACA to guide the professional practice of counselors in order to ensure the welfare and safety of clients

Object (Ackerman - psychoanalytic family therapy)

A significant other with whom a child wishes to bond This is the notion that an individual or the individual's ego attempts to establish a relationship with an object (often a person or a part of the body) to satisfy needs When this does not happen, anxiety occurs

Correlation Coefficient (r)

A statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables A descriptive statistic which indicates the degree of linear relationship between two variables From -1 to +1 0 = no relationship -/+ 1 = perfect relationship A positive correlation is not a stronger relationship than a negative one of the same numerical value (Eg. -0.5 is as strong as +0.5; -.08 has a stronger relationship than +.06) -/+ tells you the direction of the relationship (eg. positive correlation (same direction) - one increases, the other increases or one decreases, the other decreases; negative correlation (opposite direction/inverse) - one increases, the other decreases) -/+ doesn't tell you how strong the relationship, the number itself does

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedures that use the important or underlying factors to summarize a lot of variables Emphasizes on data reduction Eg. Use the three most important variables that make an effective helper to measure counselor's ability, instead of using a hundred factors

T Test

A statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means

Double-Blind Study

A study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group The person assigned to rate the subjects are often unaware of the hypothesis To eliminate confounding caused by experimenter effects

Factorial Design

A study in which there are two or more independent variables (IVs) Several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted

Participant Observer Model

A study where the researcher actually participates in the study, while making observations about what transpired

Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC)

A system used by Federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data

Social Desirability Phenomenon

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

A test can be reliable yet not valid

A test can have high reliability coefficient but still have a low validity coefficient

In order for a test to be valid, it has to also be reliable

A test cannot be valid unless is reliable

Speed Test

A test containing relatively easy items with a short time limit in which individuals must complete as many items as they can A good timed speed test is purposely set up so that nobody finishes it

Parallel Forms / Equivalent Forms

A test has two versions or forms that are interchangeable Each form must have the same mean, standard error, and other statistical components To test reliability by combining two sets of scores Counterbalancing is needed when giving parallel forms - where half of the individuals get form A initially and the other half get form B initially

Split-Half Method

A test is split in two and the scores for each half of the test is compared with one another Measure internal reliability Eg. Split by odd & even number or using random number

Differential Validity

A test is valid for one group, but less or totally invalid for another This is different from Discriminant Validity

Raw Score

A test score that has not been transformed or converted in any way Expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained

Culture-Free Test

A test that if it were possible to design, would have no culturally linked content

Construct Validity

A test's ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, self-esteem, artistic talent, mechanical ability, or managerial potential A test measures any trait that cannot be "directly" measure or observe

fetal origins hypothesis

A theory that links nutritional and other environmental insults that occur during gestation孕期 to the future health of the offspring Genetic endowment and environmental influences after birth, along with what happens to the fetus during gestation, determine our behavior and risks for developing physical diseases and emotional disorders

Cognitive Reconstructing (REBT)

A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Counseling Paradigm

A treatment model (paradigm = model)

Causal Comparative Design

A true experiment that is WITHOUT random assignment Data from the causal comparative ex post facto or after the fact design can be analyzed with a test of significance (eg. t test or ANOVA) just like any true experiment

Aversive Conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) Aversive Conditioning is the use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior. If a dog is learning to walk on a leash alongside his owner, an undesired behavior would be when the dog pulls on the leash. The owner may use a collar that delivers a shock when a dog pulls - eventually the dog associates pulling on the leash with getting a painful shock and stops pulling. As with all forms of punishment, it may work but is generally less effective than the use of reinforcement.

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli Pairs feared mental imagery with relaxation to eliminate the fear Commonly used to treat phobias A form of behavior therapy, based on Pavlov's classical conditioning

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

Marathon Group

A type of group that is one long group Plays on the theme that after an extended period of time defenses and facades will drop and the person can become honest, genuine, and real Generally lasts a minimum of 24 hours and may be conducted over a weekend or a period of several days Created by Frederick Stoller and George Bach in the 1960s

Generalized Reinforcer

A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers Eg. Money or Token

Multiple-Baseline Design

A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors In one version of the design, a baseline is established for each of several participants, and the treatment is then introduced for each one. In essence, each participant is tested in an AB design. The key to this design is that the treatment is introduced at a different time for each participant. The idea is that if the dependent variable changes when the treatment is introduced for one participant, it might be a coincidence. But if the dependent variable changes when the treatment is introduced for multiple participants—especially when the treatment is introduced at different times for the different participants—then it is extremely unlikely to be a coincidence

Parameter

A value that describes a population

Statistic

A value that describes a sample

Consultation

A voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to the clients, the client system, or work-related issues Encourage growth and self-direction for the consultee Consultant should not become a decision maker for the clients or create a dependent relationship Consultation usually do not go on as long as supervision

Progress Note (aka Clinical Notes)

A written description of the care given and the person's response and progress (eg. informed consent, assessment, DSM diagnosis, symptoms, types of counseling interventions, goals, progress, dates) Mandated by law

Reversal Design / Withdrawal Design

ABA or ABAB, ABABA (single subject design) A: baseline data B: treatment data Administering and taking away treatment Limitations: (1) may be unethical to remove treatment, some behaviors may not reverse (2) the dependent variable may not return to baseline when the treatment is removed To solve the limitations, we can use multiple-baseline design

Romantic Relationship with Client

ACA - 5 years must pass since the last therapy service NBCC - At least two years after terminating the counseling relationship (if you engage in such a relationship after two years period, you must be able to document that the relationship was not exploitative in nature)

CPT

AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g., CPT 90844) Describe the type of mental health service provided to the client Used in addition to the DSM and ICD codes on your billing statement to secure insurance payments/3rd-party payments. The CPT Code includes exact natures of treatment being provided and length of service unit ("psychotherapy for 30 minutes")

A counseling journal article should use documentation (eg. references) that is based on _____ style

APA Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings Tells how consistent a test measures an attribute

Divergent Thinking (J. P. Guilford)

Ability to generate many different and new ideas

Predictive Validity (aka Empirical Validity)

Ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria

Ideal Sample Size for Experimental Study

About 15 per group

Oepidus Complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother (opposite sex) and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (same sex) To resolve the Oepidus complex, child strives for identification with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction

Latent Content of Dreams

According to Freud, the "disguised/hidden" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects

IS PATH WARM? (Assessing Suicide)

Acronym for suicide lethality; Used for assessing the risk of suicide Created by the American Association of Suicidology (AAS) - Ideation - Substance abuse - Purposelessness - Anxiety - Trapped - Hopelessness - Withdrawal - Anger - Recklessness - Mood changes

Post Hoc / A Posteriori Tests

Additional hypothesis tests that are done after an ANOVA to determine whether a significant difference exists between specific groups Post hoc tests are an integral part of ANOVA. When you use ANOVA to test the equality of at least three group means, statistically significant results indicate that not all of the group means are equal. However, ANOVA results do not identify which particular differences between pairs of means are significant To test significant differences between group means; To further discriminate between the ANOVA groups Eg. Duncan's multiple range test, Tukey's, Scheffe's test

Birth Order Theory

Adler

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.

Adler

Social Connectedness

Adler's term for a belief that people wish to 'belong'. (suggests we need one another)

Drive for Superiority

Adler's term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority. It was the "striving for superiority" or a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior. Also called the will-to-power.

Test-Retest Method

Administering the same scale or measure to the same respondents at two separate time To measure if the test score remain stable or fluctuate over time when the client takes the same test again. Client takes the same test after waiting for at least seven days A method to measure reliability This procedure is only valid to test traits such as IQ, which remain stable over time and are not altered by mood, memory, or practice

Anne Roe, A. A. Brill, Holland

Adopted personality theories of career choice

Using Internet to Conduct an Experiment

Advantages: rapid data collection, lower research costs, ability to secure very large sample sizes

Anita Mitchell, G. Brian Jones, and John Krumboltz utilized the work of ___ (social learning approach) to explain career choice

Albert Bandura

Rational-emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

Albert Ellis; Encourages client's to confront and gather evidence to dispute irrational beliefs and faulty assumptions that are believed to result in negative emotional and behavioral consequences

Pioneer in the early history of family therapy

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudians

Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm, Carl Jung Unlike Freud, neo-freudians stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations

Justice

All clients are treated equally, fairness, there is equality Usually applied to group situation, where counselor treats all members fairly

Personalism

All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands (Counselors will make the best progress if they see the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient)

Type I Error

Alpha Error False Positive Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true (Memory: RA - R: rejecting the null when is true (type I error); A: accepting the null when is false (type II error))

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA)

Also called 12-step group

Bar Graph

Also called Histogram A distribution with class intervals

Donald Super, Tiedeman and O'Hara

Also derived from Developmental Psychology

Level of Significance (aka cutoff point)

Also referred to as the "Alpha Level"

AACD

American Association for Counseling and Development

AAS

American Association of Suicidology.

The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the ___

American Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)

AGPA

American Group Psychotherapy Association By Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943

ASGPP

American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama By Jacob Moreno in 1942

Contracting (Behavior)

An agreement is reached with a client, usually in the form of a written, signed contract. This would make clear the consequences that would follow certain identified behaviors

Variable (Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules)

An average number of responses or times may be used

Sampling Error

An error that occurs when a sample somehow does not represent the target population Small samples that are intended to mimic the population, sometimes do not happen

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

Contrast Effect (Career Counseling)

An interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewees An applicant would look more impressive if they are interviewed after a string of applicants who are not qualified for the job

Chaining Behavior

An operant conditioning method in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur A chain is a series of operants joined together by reinforcers

t test

Analysis of Variance A statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means Used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different Researcher sets the level of significance and then runs the experiment. The t test is computed and yields a t value. Researcher then goes to a t table to check the value If the t value obtained statistically is LOWER than the t value (or called "critical t") in the table, then you ACCEPT the null hypothesis Your computation must EXCEED (be higher than) the number cited in the table in order to REJECT null

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance Compares mean values of a contributes variable for multiple categories/groups (more than two groups) Results of an ANOVA yield an F-statistic. Researcher then consults an F table for the critical value of F. If F obtained (computed) EXCEEDS the critical F value in the table, then REJECT the null

ANCOVA

Analysis of covariance Tests two or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables that are called "covariates" ANCOVA tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups after the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences Can be referred to as adjusted average statistical procedure

Analytic Psychology / Jungian psychology

Analytic Psychology is a branch of psychology based on the teachings of Carl Jung that views a person's beliefs and behavior as being the result of a balance between competing, and subconscious, internal forces. It relies on the theory that "wholeness" of human mind and behavior can be achieved through the integration of unconscious forces and motivations. As adults we sometimes experience reactions to things and situations that are based on childhood experiences. Once we explore those reactions and can remember why and how that reaction started, we can work towards changing our responses to that previously subconscious stimulus

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Answer the question "Was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program?" Deals with the issue of whether or not it is worth the price to assist people Approach to determining the financial impact of an organization's activities and programs on profitability, through a process of data or calculation comparing value created against the cost of creating that value

Operant

Any behavior that is voluntary Any behavior that is not elicited (draw out) by an obvious stimulus

Ahistoric Therapy

Any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past Not concerned with or related to history

Secondary Reinforcer

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Nonsummativity

Any system, including family, is greater than the sum of its parts (the individuals in it) and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than merely each other's behaviors

Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS)

Applicable to K-12, postsecondary, and adults

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Applicable to age 2 to adulthood The original IQ formula has been replaced by the Standard Age Score (SAS) (Deviation IQ)

ABA

Applied Behavior Analysis Is a new terminology for behavior modification

Connotative Error (aka Semantic Differential)

Applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true dictionary definition.

Archetypes (Jung)

Archetypes is the material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation. Emotional symbols that are common to all people (means the same thing to all men and women) and have been formed since the beginning of time

KR-20 or KR-21 and Cronbach's Alpha (α)

Are alternatives to the split-half method

Occam's Razor (the principle of economy) or Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon (means law)

Are used to refer to Parsimony

Arthur Jensen

Argued that intelligence is primarily inherited (80%) and that environment (20%) plays only a minimal role in intelligence Suggested that the closer people are genetically, the more alike their IQ scores Eg. Adopted children will have IQs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adopted parents White score 11 to 15 IQ points higher than African Americans Jensen stated that due to slavery, it was possible that AA were bred for strength rather than intelligence

Associationism

Aristotle, John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley It is the attempt to reduce ideas or other mental elements to basic simple/ elementary ideas that are associated together in the mind, usually through experience

Doctor-Patient Consultation Model

Associate with Edgar Schein's work 4 distinct stages: -- 1. Entry -- 2. Diagnosis -- 3. Implementation -- 4. Evaluation For the model to work, the consultee must accurately describe symptomology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out directives Consultants can focus on process (what is happening from a communications standpoint) or content (knowledge passed on from the consultant to the consultee)

Types of Projective Tests

Association -- "What comes to mind when you look at this inkblot?" Completion -- "Complete these sentences with real feelings" Construction -- Drawing a person

ACA Divisions

Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA) Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling (ACAC) Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC) American College Counseling Association (ACCA) Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC) Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues in Counseling (ALGBTIC) Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) Military and Government Counseling Association (MGCA) formerly ACEG National Career Development Association (NCDA) National Employment Counseling Association (NECA)

AARC

Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling

ACES

Association for Counselor Education and Supervision

ASGW

Association for Specialists in Group Work

Radical Behaviorism (Skinner)

Assumes that the environment maintains and supports behavior and that only overt behaviors are the subject of treatment - Using Skinnerian operant conditioning as treatment

Postmodernism

Assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only people's individual perception of what constitutes reality or the truth

Dispositional Attribution

Assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones Cause or outcome is generated by the person (internal)

John Bowlby

Attachment and bonding Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver Bowlby's work was the beginning of Attachment Theory which describes how the parent-sibling bond/attachment later influences how a person develops

Verbal Tracking

Attending behavior (attentive) that is verbal (aka Task-facilitative Behavior)

Nominal

Attributes are only named; Is the Weakest data Nominal scales are used for labeling variables Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division would be meaningless Do not provide quantitative information Only classify, name, label, or identify by group No true zero and does not indicate order Eg. Gender, Favorite Color (red, blue, yellow)

Ordinal

Attributes can be rank-ordered The order of the values is what's important and significant, but the differences between each one is not really known Distances between attributes do not have any meaning Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division would be meaningless Eg. On a survey you might code Educational Attainment as 0=less than high school; 1=some high school.; 2=high school degree; 3=some college; 4=college degree; 5=post college. In this measure, higher numbers mean more education. But is distance from 0 to 1 same as 3 to 4? Of course not The interval between values is not interpretable in an ordinal measure Eg. Likert scale that contains five values - strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree - is ordinal

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Edward Alsworth Ross

Authored Social Psychology

3 Basic Leadership Styles

Autocratic (authoritarian) - Leaders give orders. The style that members liked least. Hostility is greater in this group. Children show aggressive behaviors. Beneficial when needed to make an immediate decision. Democratic (participative / facilitator) - Children displayed best behavior in this style. However, this style is not always the best. Although member satisfaction is highest in this style, but it doesn't necessarily lead to high productivity Laisse faire自由放任 (indifferent) - Group members can do as they please without leader interference or direction. Counselors are nonthreatening. Children show aggressive behaviors. When a decision has been made and members are commited to it, this style is usually the most merit.

6 Foundational Principles for Ethical Behavior

Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Justice Fidelity Veracity

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes Cognition about cognition

Arnold Lazarus's concept of BASIC ID (multimodal approach)

B represents behavior, which can be manifested through the use of inappropriate acts, habits, gestures, or the lack of appropriate behaviors. A stands for affect, which can be seen as the level of negative feelings or emotions one experiences. S is sensation (the five senses), or the negative bodily sensations or physiological symptoms such as pain, tension, sweat, nausea, quick heartbeat, etc. I stands for imagery, which is the existence of negative cognitive images or mental pictures. C represents cognition or the degree of negative thoughts, attitudes, or beliefs. The second I stands for interpersonal relationships, and refers to one's ability to form successful relationships with others. It is based on social skills and support systems. D is for drugs and biological functions, and examines the individual's physical health, drug use, and other lifestyle choices.

Balance Theory

Balance theory, as used in psychology, is basically a concept on attitude change. It was proposed by Fritz Heider and it suggests that a "cognitive consistency motive" is a drive towards psychological balance. Cognitive consistency holds that humans have a deep need to maintain their beliefs and values over time. This can be exhibited by young adults who give up their teenage "rebellion" and return to the value system that they were raised with. Marketing people in the business have co-opted this theory by realizing that using popular celebrities to endorse products will likely make people view such brands more positively. Likewise, if some consumers already dislike the product being advertised, they will tend to dislike the endorser.

NLP

Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming This model, supposedly based somewhat on what Milton H. Erickson, Fritz Perls, and Virginia Satir really did in their session, makes some incredible claims, such as the ability to cure a longstanding phobia in less time than it takes to conduct a typical counseling session. 2 most popular techniques used by NLP practitioners are "reframing" and "anchoring." When using reframing, the counselor helps the client to perceive a given situation in a new light so as to produce a new emotional reaction to it. In anchoring, a desirable emotional state is evoked via an outside stimulus such as a touch or a sound or a specific bodily motion

Self-efficacy 自我效能 theory is based on the work of Albert Bandura

Bandura proposed that one's belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate towards that particular occupation

Ratio (Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules)

Based on the number of responses

Interval (Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules)

Based on the time elapsed

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

Based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, self administered, self scored, and self-interpreted Invented in 1970 The measure provides a 3-letter code (Eg. EIR or ISC) to describe the individual's career personality type Suitable for ages 15 and older; Not suitable for grossly disturbed, uneducated, illiterate person, or individual who have a great deal of difficulty making decisions Available online or in print

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

Basic Empathy, Subtractive Empathy, Additive Empathy

Basic Research vs. Applied Research

Basic Research: aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Applied Research: scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Defamation诽谤

Behavior that can damage one's reputation Libel - in written form Slander - in verbal form

Behavioral modification strategies are based heavily on Skinnerian principles (instrumental / operant conditioning);

Behavior therapy emphasizes Pavlovian principles (classical / respondent conditioning)

Traditionally, ___ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns.

Behavioral The concern has been that behavior therapists can control, manipulate, and shape behavior (Eg. Aversive conditioning - using electrical shocks or drugs to eliminate substance use behaviors)

David Premack's Principle

Behavioristic Marriage and Family Therapist Suggests that a family member must complete an unpleasant task (aka low-probability behavior - LPB) before he or she would be allowed to engage in a pleasant task (aka high-probability behavior - HPB)

James Framo

Believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel love hate feelings in kids. The more pathological early life experiences the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fir the internal love hate scenario from childhood

Decision Making Theories

Believes that individual has the power to choose from the various career options

Type II Error

Beta Error False Negative Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false (Memory: RA - R: rejecting the null (type I error); A: accepting the null (type II error))

Wechsler Intelligence Tests - Mean 100 - SD 15

Binet Intelligence Test - Mean 100 - SD 16

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating and then compensating for the binge eating by purging (eg. vomiting, enemas, diuretics, laxative abuse), fasting, or excessive exercise Not usually low body weight

Temperature Trainer

Biofeedback training (use to help client raises the temperature in their hand to ward off migraines)

Sleep Patterns of Adolescents

Biorhythm changes, Increased need for sleep, Increased academic and social demands Teens require more sleep than the average adult due to their rapid growth. A teen's decreased sleep patterns do not generally stem from defiant behavior. Teens have biorhythm changes, making them more likely to stay up late and sleep later. They are inundated with academic and social demands which may impair the amount or quality of their sleep

John B. Watson

Book "Behaviorism" Suggested that the only subject mater for psychology was observable behavior

Authoritative vs. Authoritarian Parenting

Both authoritative and authoritarian parents are strict and have high expectation of their kids Authoritative parents - strict and warmth (Memory: Authoritative and Warmth have "t") Authoritarian parents - strict and cold

BT

Brief Therapy

Steve de Shazer

Brief solution-focused therapy (BSFT)

Promote Therapeutic Surrender

Building rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure are helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender

Concept of Attribution Theory

By Gestalt psychologist Fritz Heider Dispositional attribution and Situational attribution

Family Sculping

By Virginia Satir An experiential/expressive technique in which a family member places other family members in positions that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. Then finally, the member places himself or herself This helps the therapist understand family dynamics that might be missing from merely discussion of family issues

Delay Conditioning

CS is present until US begins CS is present, overlapped by presentation of US

Certifications

Can be used on a national basis A certification is given to an individual via an organization which is not part of the state or federal government

Double-Barred Histogram

Can be used to compare two distributions of scores such as pre and posttest scores

Experimenter Effects

Can flaw an experiment because the experimenter might unconsciously communicate his/her intent or expectations to the subjects

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by___

Caplan

John Holland

Career - Personality Approach (The Holland Codes - RIASEC) -- Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SII) Believes in stereotypes

John Holland

Career - personality Approach (RIASEC)

Eight Career Anchors Theory (Edgar H. Schein)

Career anchors manifest approximately 5 or 10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Help individuals who have been in the workforce for a few years Career anchors are based on self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at The goal is to find an anchor that encompasses your career values, motives, and competence Initially has 5 anchors, now has 8 anchors (1) autonomy/independence (2) security/stability (3) technical/functional competence (4) general managerial competence (5) entrepreneurial creativity (6) service/dedication to a cause (7) pure challenge (8) life style

Career Maturity

Career maturity was first mentioned by Donald Super and is the degree to which people are prepared to make good educational and vocational choices Crites created the Career Maturity Inventory based on Donald Super's theory of career development

____ and ___ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy

Carkhuff; Truax (Charles Truax worked closely with Robert Carkhuff)

Collective Unconscious (Jung)

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. Implies that all humans have "collected" universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns

Atheoretical Therapist

Carl Whitaker

Situational Attribution

Cause is attributed to factors outside the individual (external)

CRC

Certified Rehabilitation Counselor Focused on helping people who have disabilities achieve their personal, career, and independent living goals through a counseling process

Accident Theory of Career Development

Chance factors influence one's career choice Unplanned exposure to a powerful stimuli that affect one's career choice

Ways to Reduce Dissonance

Change attitude Change perception of behavior Add consonant cognitions Minimize importance of conflict Reduce perceived choice

Changes in Motivational Interviewing

Change comes from within the client, not an outside sources. Client must overcome their ambivalence toward change (eg. I guess I could give up smoking, but then I might gain weight) Mi does not use aggressive confrontation, giving advice, and persuasion Helper is never punitive惩罚性 and would not insist the client that he has a problem and therefore must change MI is different from traditional brief therapy

Glasser's Book

Choice Theory, Reality Therapy, Reality Therapy in Action, Positive Addiction, Schools Without Failure

Countertransference

Circumstances in which a counselor develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life Is an indication of unresolved problems on the helper part Eg. Counselor has a romantic or sexual feelings toward a client

Wave Categories of Behaviorist Treatment

Cited by Steven C. Hayes 1st wave - treatments were based on operant and classical conditioning. Eg. B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov 2nd wave - intervention based on cognitions. Eg. Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck 3rd wave - DBT, MI, and ACT (acceptance and commitment therapy)

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Claimed that Arthur Jensen relied on twin studies with poor internal validity

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957)

Classical vegototherapy & Orgone box therapy Believed that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies

Nosology疾病分类学

Classification of diseases

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)

Classify business in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in (eg. the type of service or product) Replaced by the National Industry Classification System (NAICS)

Alloplastic Viewpoint

Client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment (i.e. system)

Autoplastic Viewpoint

Client change comes from within the client (i.e. thoughts and behaviors) (memory: Auto - Self)

Autonomy

Client has a right to control his or her own life

Reactive Effect of the Self-Monitoring

Client is monitoring her own behavior and does not wish to disappoint her therapist

Assimilation-contrast Theory

Client perceives counselor's somewhat similar attitude/statement as even more similar (assimilation error) and dissimilar attitudes as even more dissimilar (contrast error).

Ambivalent Transference

Client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past

Ambivalent Transference

Client will experience contradictory emotions (Eg. love and hate) alternating from one to the other

Projective Tests (might be called Self-Expressive)

Client will project their personality if given an unstructured task Client is shown vague, ambiguous stimuli such as a picture or an inkblot Is more difficult for client to fake their responses and they will be able to expand on answers Examiner bias is common Need more training than those administer self-report test

REBT

Client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas The cure is a high dose of rational thinking

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Client-centered then later called person-centered (Rogerian therapy) Do not emphasize diagnosis nor giving advice

Naturalistic Observation

Clients are observed in a "natural" setting

Psychodrama (Moreno)

Clients express spontaneous feelings via role-playing

Barnum Effect/ Forer Effect

Clients will often accept a general psychological test report, horoscope, or palm reading and believe it applies specifically to them

Aaron T. Beck

Cognitive therapy or cognitive behavior therapy resembles REBT and focuses on automatic thoughts leading to depression

Rational-emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

Effect Size

Cohen's d, can exceed 1.00 Measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables

Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama

Coined the term "group therapy" in 1931

James McKeen Cattell

Coined the term mental test and spent time researching mental assessment and its relation to reaction time at the University of Pennsylvania Worked with Wilhelm Wundt and Francis Galton

CEEB Scores

College Entrance Examination Board, aka ETS score (Educational Testing Service) Scale ranges from 200 to 800 A mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100 A score of 200 corresponds to 3 SD below the mean; score of 800 corresponds to 3 SD above the mean Used for SAT and GRE

Ipsative Measures

Compare traits within the same individual, they do not compare a person to other persons who took the instrument, the person is measured in response to their own standard of behavior Yields a within-person analysis Does not reveal absolute strengths Respondent must choose between two or more equally socially acceptable options Respondents are forced to choose one option that is "most true" of them and choose another one that is "least true" of them Eg. Kuder Career Planning Ipsative measures are sometimes referred to as 'forced choice' scale. When given two choices, the respondent needs to pick the one that's most preferred

Deviation IQ

Compares the individual to a norm (a person is compared to others in his or her age group) - the score indicates "deviation" from the norm This is differs from the original way of measuring IQ which was using a ratio score which compared a person's "mental" age with their actual age Uses the Standard Age Score (SAS) formula

Complementarity互补

Complementarity is a theory in social psychology that proposes we seek traits and qualities in social relationships that fill gaps in ourselves. This concept suggests that individuals seek in others traits that they do not have and that 'complete' them. Focus is placed on spectrums of dominance/submission and friendliness/aggression. For example, in the workplace a successful relationship between the boss and their employees is based on complementarity. The boss is dominant and their employees are submissive. Research suggests that similarity between people is actually a better predictor of successful relationships rather than complementarity.

Robert Hoppock

Composite Theory - Feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of those needs. As your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation Noted that job satisfaction is determined by the extent to which a person's perceived needs are meet Considered a personality approach

CAC

Computer Assisted Counseling Is like having a counseling "assistance" do the counseling for you Eg. A computer software program that attempts to counsel clients CAC is controversial and most experts agree computers can never provide the compassion of a human doing counseling Is the worst nightmare of a humanistic counselor

CMC

Computer Managed Counseling It helps you manage your practice Includes tasks such as: bookkeeping, client scheduling, printing billing statements, compiling referral sources

Focus II and CHOICES (Career Guidance Systems)

Computer assisted career guidance systems but with limited assessment components

System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI 3)

Computer assisted career guidance systems that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors

Subjective Units of Distress / Disturbance Scale (SUDS)

Concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (aka, technique for curbing phobic reactions and anxiety)

Criterion-Related Validity

Concurrent Validity and Predictive Validity The degree to which a measure of interest relates to a measure of established validity (Does this test reflect a certain set of abilities?) How well one measure predicts an outcome for another measure Eg. Does the SAT (test) successfully predict college performance/GPA (criterion) (Concurrent Validity) One way to assess criterion-related validity is to compare it to a known standard. Eg. A new intelligence test could be statistically analyze against a standard IQ test

Concurrent Validity vs. Convergent Validity

Concurrent validity differs from convergent validity in that it focuses on the power of the focal test to predict outcomes on another test or some outcome variable Convergent validity refers to the observation of strong correlations between two tests that are assumed to measure the same construct

Concurrent Validity vs. Predictive Validity

Concurrent validity refers to the degree in which the scores on a measurement are related to other scores on other measurements that have already been established as valid. To examine the relationship between the measure and criterion At The Same Time (unlike predictive validity that focused on the Future) It is different from Predictive Validity, which requires you to compare test scores to performance on some other measure in the future

Trace Conditioning

Conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli do not occur together CS starts and ends before the introduction of US CS terminates before the occurrence of the US ("t" for terminates and trace conditioning)

Support Group

Conducted by an organization and might charge fees Eg. AA or Weight Watchers

Most ethical dilemmas are related to ______

Confidentiality

Kurt Lewin

Conflict Theory

Electra Complex

Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose an alternative that has both attractive and unappealing aspects Situation that presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time Toughest type of conflict to tackle, generates highest level of frustration

Approach-approach Conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives Easiest type of conflict to cope, generates lowest level of anxiety

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

Work Interface

Connection between family and work

James Framo and Robin Skynner

Consider Psychoanalytic Family Therapist

Inhibition抑制 (Conditioned Reflex Therapy)

Constipation of emotions that is seen as the opposite of excitation

Behavioral Consultation / Social Learning Theory Model (associated with Albert Bandura)

Consultant designs behavioral change programs for the consultee to implement

Psychodynamic Mental Health Consultation (Gerald Caplan)

Consultant does not see the client directly only advises the consultee

A Greek Chorus

Consultant or supervisory team that observes a session from behind a one-way mirror and send messages to the therapist or the family By Peggy Papp

Triadic Consultation

Consultant works with a mediator to provide services to a client

Counselors generally focus on a person or a group

Consultants focus more on issues

Counseling occurs in a clinical setting

Consultation occurs in a work / organizational setting

Types of Validity

Content Validity Criterion-Related Validity -- Concurrent Validity -- Predictive Validity Construct-Related Validity -- Convergent会聚 Validity -- Discriminant Validity Face Validity

Construct-Related Validity

Convergent Validity and Discriminant Validity Whether a test is measuring the construct (theoretical idea) it claims to be measuring

CACREP

Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs

Definition of Counseling

Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals

Immediacy

Counselor explores the client-counselor relationship as it is transpiring right at that moment Counselor's ability to convey what is happening between the counselor and the client

Ego State Analysis (TA)

Counselor helps the client identify which ego state (Eg. Parent, Child, or Adult) he or she is primarily operating in a given situation

Veracity准确性

Counselor is truthful with clients Eg. provides accurate diagnosis

Vertical Relationships

Counselor is viewed as an expert

Fidelity 保真度

Counselor keeps promises

Client-Centered Approach to Career Counseling

Counselor lets the client find their own leads and job contacts

Selective Placement Philosophy

Counselor may give the client job leads and take an active stance in terms of working with the client

Nonmaleficence

Counselor never uses strategies/interventions or other behavior that could cause harm Do no harm Eg. proper treatment and execution of the treatment Violation: unnecessary or aggressive care, incompetent treatment, not referring when indicated

Monolithic Perspective

Counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical.

Beneficence

Counselor practices for the good of society and the client Doing good and the right thing for the patient Actively do what's best for the client An action made for the benefit of others Eg. proper diagnosis and treatment

Basic Empathy

Counselor's response is on the same level as the client's

Competence

Counselor's self-perception of being qualified and capable of performing a task

Child Centered Play Therapy (CCPT)

Counselors are friendly, warm, and accept the child as they are Counselors do no direct the child's topics of conversation or behavior, the process shouldn't be rushed, child leads and the counselor follows Nondirective child play therapy

Child Abuse

Counselors are mandated to report for child abuse Mandated: Counselor doesn't have a choice It is legal and ethical to break confidentiality in this case Report child abuse cases to child abuse hotline, protective services, children's services, or Child Protective Services (CPS)

NBCC's Code of Ethics Describes Ethical Issues Related to Private Practice

Counselors in executive leadership roles should not allow their names to be used in professional notices (eg. website or referral list) at times when they are not performing counseling (eg. out of country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years)

Scope of Practice Concept

Counselors should only practice using techniques for which they have been trained Counselor should not attempt to treat clients for which they have no training

Counterconditioning

Counterconditioning is a type of therapy based on the principles of classical conditioning that attempts to replace bad or unpleasant emotional responses to a stimulus with more pleasant, adaptive responses. Eg. the case of Little Albert - the boy that John Watson conditioned to fear little white rats? Well, if Watson attempted to "uncondition" the fear response to the rats, he would be engaging in counterconditioning - attempting to replace the unpleasant response (fear) to the rats with a more pleasant response (happiness) Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

Virginia Axline

Created Child Centered Play Therapy Took Rogerian (person-centered) principles and applied them to play therapy

Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.

Created Rational Self-Counseling that is similar to Ellis's REBT The father of Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT) which works well in multicultural group settings RBT is designed to be a Short term psychotherapy which is based on the belief of discovering an unsuspected problem which creates unwanted mental, emotional and physical behaviors

Robert Carkhuff

Created a 5-point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect

John Gottman

Created a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce

Archway Model of Career Determinants Theory

Created by Donald Super One pillars represents individual characteristics (eg. personality traits and interests); the other represents family, labor market, and other external factors (eg. community and economy)

Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB)

Created by E. K. Strong, Jr. in 1927, for men The test indicated how an examinee's likes and dislikes were similar to the likes and dislikes of workers in various occupations In 1933, women's occupations were added to the test 1974, David P. Campbell expanded on the test, become Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII/SII), which is based on John Holland's theory

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Created by Marsha Linehan A treatment often used for borderline personality disorder that incorporates both cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness elements Famous use with suicidal individual, self-abusive individuals, and those who have addiction issues

Solomon Four-Group Design

Created by Richard L. Solomon Researchers uses two control groups Control for pretest effects Only one experimental group and one control group are pretested. The other control group and experimental group are posttested only. This lets the researcher know if results are influenced by prestesting. All four groups can then be compared

DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles)

Created by the US Department of Labor in 1938. This dictionary consists of more than 13,000 job descriptions Approximately 20,000 job titles O*NET became a virtual replacement for DOT in 1991

Robert Williams

Created the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) to demonstrate that blacks are smart when given tests with info they are familiar with Charged that Binet and Wechsler test were part of "scientific racism"

Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)

Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger The ability to use knowledge that was previously acquired through education and experience Increase over the life span Crystallized intelligence is rigid and does not change or adapt Measured by tests that focus on content

Demand Characteristics

Cues or features of a study which suggest a desired outcome Can confound an experiement

Acculturation

Culture - The modification of the culture of a group or individual as a result of contact with a different culture Mixed together but still remain own unique cultural identity Learn new culture while keeping original values Salad bowl Preferred over assimilation

Skewed Distributions

Curves that are not symmetrical (i.e., those which are asymmetrical).

Longitudinal Study (aka Diachronic Method)

Data are collected at different points in time

Cross-Sectional Study (aka Synchronic Method)

Data are observed, measured, and collected at one point in time

Tertiary Group

Deal with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding (generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy, always focused on the client's childhood)

Rolfing

Deep muscle massage that assumed to have an impact on the person's emotional state

Compensation

Defense mechanism - making up for weaknesses in one area by excelling in another area

Reaction Formation

Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.

Projection

Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening/unacceptable impulses by attributing them to others Eg. a husband who has a hostile nature might attribute this hostility to his wife and say she has an anger management problem

Denial

Defense mechanism by which people refuse to accept reality.

Displacement

Defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet A person who becomes angry at her professor, for example, may come home and take her anger out on her spouse

Malingering

Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain (i.e. avoid work, military duty, or prison)

Operational Definition

Demonstrate the concrete steps necessary to illuminate the concept Outlines a procedure The idea is that another person can duplicate your actions (i.e. the exact steps) for therapeutic, research, or testing purposes

Neal Miller

Demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes. (heart rate, blood pressure) By utilizing rewards, rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions

Mary Cover Jones

Demonstrated that learning could seen as a treatment for a phobic reaction

DV

Dependent Variable The variable expresses the outcome or the data related to factors you wish to measure

A test relies on a summated累加 or linear rating scale

Describe answer scales where various values are given to different responses Eg. Likert Scale - 5 = strongly agree; 4 = slight agree The client's score is the sum of all the items

Organ Inferiority (Adler)

Describe how people who found themselves born with certain psychical defects develop feelings of inferiority and start taking actions to compensate for their weaknesses.

Masters and Johnson

Describe sexual response as consisting of four phases - erotic desire, arousal, physical excitement, and orgasm

Structuring of the Group

Determined by the presence or lack of structured tasks or exercises given to members by the group leader

Mann-Whitney U Test

Determines whether 2 uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric (Memory: the 'u' reminds you of 'uncorrelated') Unmatched/Uncorrelated groups could be termed Independent groups Used when there are two groups

Mann-Whitney U test

Determines whether 2 uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparmetric (Memory: the 'u' reminds you of 'uncorrelated')

Lewis M. Terman

Developed American version of Binet IQ test in 1916 Called Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (because he was from Stanford University) Binet IQ test was translated into English and adapted to American children Is a standardized test

David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara

Developed a Decision-Making Theory of 2 parts: Anticipation and Implementation/Adjustment Anticipation phase - person imagines self in given career Implementation/Adjustment phase (aka accommodation or induction) - person engages in reality testing regarding his or her expectations of the occupation Decision-Making Theory is based on Erikson's psychosocial stages. Every decision is characterized by anticipation and implementation

Interpersonal Neurobiology (IPNB)

Developed by Dan Siegel and Allan Schore IPNB uses the clinical evidence that supports continuous brain growth as its foundation. This technique examines the opportunity for healing trauma by stimulating the brain with powerful and positive persuasion. Studies have shown that conditions that were once considered to be irreversible may actually be able to be transformed in a healthy way. Because the brain grows continuously throughout our lives, the implications for healing are unending Explores the effect that therapy has on the brain and how the brain mechanism is directly impacted by life experiences

Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA)

Developed by Dawis and Lofquist (1984) Apply to adults facing career decisions and work adjustment problems. It describes the relationship between individuals and their work environment. Individuals and work environments are considered to be complimentary Person must fit the job, work must meet the person's needs Key concepts: correspondence, work adjustment, satisfaction (on the part of the employee) satisfactoriness (on the part of the employer), tenure (length of time in company) PEC - Person environment correspondence

Asch Conformity Experiment

Developed by Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif Subjects had to judge which line was longest, the only subject conforms and actually believes that others were right when the answer was clearly wrong, there is a need of social respect and conformity is the outcome

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s A brief form of therapy, often used in areas of substance abuse and addiction, that allows clients to explore their desires, reasons, ability, and need for change A directive, client-centered style (Rogerian) for eliciting behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence Brief - often implemented in five sessions or less

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Developed the first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education (to differentiate feeble-minded children from those who were normal) By 1905, they created a 30-question test with school-related items of increased difficulty. Binet used his own daughters as test subjects in order to investigate mental process Called Binet-Simon Scale Binet is also cited as one of the pioneers in projective testing based on his work with inkblots

Frank Parsons

Developed the idea of matching careers to talents, skills and personality The founder of the vocational guidance movement He developed the talent-matching approach, which was later developed into the Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma (aka Ginzberg Group or Ginzberg and Associates)

Developmental Approach (view career choice as an ongoing or longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time)

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Produced by a medical organization, the APA

Melting Pot Concept

Different cultures assimilate or melt into the dominant culture - has been deemed a myth A society where many different types of people blend together as one

Classical Extinction

Disappearance of a conditioned response through disassociation of the conditioned and unconditioned response Occurs when the CS is Not reinforced via the US Many believe that the CR is not eliminated but is suppressed, or called "inhibited"抑制

Interval

Distance is meaningful Interval data are measured and have constant, equal distances between values, the distance between attributes does have meaning The zero isn't meaningful, it doesn't mean a true absence of something Can add and subtract, cannot multiply or divide Eg. Intelligence (IQ test) - We know that the scoring difference between a 100 and a 110 is equal to the scoring distance between 120 and 130, but there is no true zero on this test and an IQ of 140 is not twice as high as an IQ of 70 Eg. When we measure temperature (in Fahrenheit), the distance from 30-40 is same as distance from 70-80. The interval between values is interpretable. Because of this, it makes sense to compute an average of an interval variable, where it doesn't make sense to do so for ordinal scales In interval measurement, ratios don't make any sense - 80 degrees is not twice as hot as 40 degrees (although the attribute value is twice as large) Eg. IQ tests provide interval measurement

Impersonal Leaders

Distant but aggressive

Stanine

Divide distribution of scores into 9 equal intervals (1=low, 9=high) 5 is the mean

Anne Roe

Divided career fields into 8 categories/fields and 6 levels Categories/Fields: arts/entertainment, general, technology, outdoor, science, business, organizations, and services industry Levels- requiring most to least experience and knowledge: professional and managerial - levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business - level 3; skilled - level 4; semiskilled - level 5; and unskilled - level 6

Closed Groups

Do not allow new members to join after the group begins

Person-centered Therapist

Doesn't always use the formal process of diagnosis and psychological assessment (DSM) and doesn't ask a large number of questions (traditionally)

Stephen Karpman

Drama triangle - persecutor, rescuer, victim Often used with transactional analysis (TA)

A. A. Brill

Drew upon psychoanalytic doctrine Emphasized Sublimation as an ego defense mechanism

Dual-Earner Families vs. Dual-Career Families

Dual-Career Family has a job where advancement (moving up in position) is possible vs. Dual-Earner Family has job positions where moving up the line is not possible or is minimal Dual-Career Family earn more than Dual-Earner Family

Failure Identity

Dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self-concept

Entropy (Family System Theory)

Dysfunctional families are either too open or too closed (letting too much information in or not enough information in)

Trait and Factor Matching Theory (aka Actuarial or Matching Approach)

E. G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons (The father of guidance) Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude and interests with a given occupation Assumed that there is one best or single career for the person

Counselor's Social Power / Social Influence

EAT formula E - Expertise A - Attractiveness T - Trustworthiness

Standard (eg. Simple) Random Sampling

Each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected Selection is by chance The selection of one subject does not affect the selection of another subject Eliminates the researcher's tendency to pick a biased sample of subjects

Normative Measures

Each item is independent of all other items Individual's score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took the same test Normative analysis yields comparison between individuals Eg. Likert scale (such a rating scale allows quantification of individuals' feelings and perceptions on certain topics); Percentile rank

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

Early 1951, Ginzberg and associates began to emphasize developmental factors related to occupational choice. They concluded at occupational choice takes place over a 6-10 year period; the choice is irreversible; and always has the quality of compromise The theory postulated 3 stages: - Fantasy - until age 11, based strongly on impulses - Tentative - age 11 - 17, where interests and abilities are examined - Realistic - age 17 to early twenties, where a choice is made by weighing abilities and needs and making a compromise By 1972, Ginzberg modified his theory and stated that the process of choice is open-ended and lifelong; dropped the hypothesis of irreversibly; and replaced compromise with the concept of optimization (where individuals try to make the best of what they have to offer and what is available in the job market)

Anne Roe

Early Childhood Needs-Theory Approach

Phrenology

Early pseudoscientific psychological doctrine which asserted that one's personality could be determined by the shape and configuration of the skull

Guided Imagery

Effective for adults and adolescents; Client imagines a day in the future working in the job or even receiving an award for outstanding performance in the position

Age-related Tasks (Binet)

Eg. A 9-year-old task was defined as one in which one half (50%) of the 9-year-olds tested could answer correctly

Nonexperimental Designs

Eg. Causal comparative, correlational research, surveys

(Example) DSM-5 vs. ICD-10 Coding

Eg. On page 190 of DSM-5, the diagnostic codes for Separation Anxiety Disorder "309.21 (F93.0)" are listed in the upper right hand corner of the criteria set In this case, 309.21 is the ICD-9-CM / DSM code for Separation Anxiety Disorder, and F93.0 is the ICD-10-CM code Starting October 1st 2015, you will use F93.0 instead of 309.21 for ICD-10-CM when submitting payment for a case of Separation Anxiety Disorder

Standard Scores

Eg. Percentiles, t-scores, z-scores, stanines, standard deviations Benefit over raw scores: standard score allows you to analyze the data in relation to the properties of the normal bell-shaped curve

Superego

Ego ideal The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Edgar H. Schein

Eight Career Anchors Theory

Affective means

Emotional

Human Relations Core for effective counseling are

Empathy, Positive Regard (respect), Genuineness

Program-Centered Administrative Consultation

Emphasis on creating, designing, or evaluating the program in question

Existentialist

Emphasize the client's free choice, decision, and will Counselor assists the client to find meaning in life so the client can write his or her own life story by making meaningful choices Death is not seen as an evil concept but rather an entity which gives meaning to the process of life

Carl Rogers' Book "Counseling and Psychotherapy"

Emphasized a theory of intervention where the counselor was not an authoritarian figure such as in psychoanalysis, trait-factor analysis, or directive schools of helping Carl Rogers is also one of the first theorists to use audio recordings to improve practicum supervision

Donald Super

Emphasized career development rather than career choice

Donald Super

Emphasizes on Self-Concept. Individual chooses a career which allows the self-concept to be expressed (Memory: Super and Self-Concept - both begin with "S")

Actuarial

Empirical statistical data is used rather than simply relying on subjective clinical judgment

Victor Vroom's Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory

Employee's performance is influenced by: - Valence: Will the work provide rewards such as money, promotion, or satisfaction? - Expectancy: What does the person feel he or she is capable of doing? - Instrumentality: Will the manger actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?

Group Members Roles

Energizer - stimulates enthusiasm in the group Scapegoat - the person everybody blames. He or she is always the target of severe anger and hostility Gatekeeper - tries to make certain that everyone is doing their task and is participating. This person may "secretly" or "unconsciously" want to lead the group and could even attempt to establish norms. The danger is that a gatekeeper often does not work on their own personal issues Interrogator (aka Peeping Tom) - asks never ending string of questions Follower - goes along with the rest of the group Harmonizer (aka conciliator 调解人) - person who tries to make certain that everything is going smoothly Storyteller - monopolized a wealth of group time telling endless (often irrelevant) tales Isolates (aka the silent one) - isolate is ignored by others. Isolates generally feel afraid to reach out or do reach out and are genuinely rejected. Not the same as the scapegoat

Transactional Analysis

Eric Berne 3 ego states: The Child, Adult, and Parent (correspond to Freud's structural theory of id, ego, and superego)

Transactional Analysis

Eric Berne believes that people operate in three ego states and that awareness is an important first step in changing our ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Three basic needs are stimulus, recognition, and structure

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development

Freud's Eros and Thanatos

Eros - God of the love of life, Self-preservation Thanatos - Death, Death wish, Death instinct

...

Error factors are likely to be present if the original sample size is small

Power Test

Evaluates the level of mastery without a time limit Ideally be designed so that nobody receives a perfect score

Concept of Plasticity (Human Growth and Development)

Every trait within a given individual can be altered throughout the course of the life span Refers to the capacity for change

Wilcoxon Singed-Rank Test

Examine whether two correlated means differ significantly from each other when data are nonparametric Used when there are two groups Is an alternative to t test (t test is for parametric)

Multipoint Item

Examinee is given three or more forced choices Eg. NCE

Cohort Study

Examines people who were born at the same time (or shared an event, like fought in Vietnam) in regard to a given characteristic

Chi-Square Nonparametric Test

Examines whether obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies

Occupational Aptitude Tests

Examples: Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), O*NET Ability Profiler

Privileged Communication is "Qualified" means

Exceptions may exist

Negative Entropy (Family Systems Theory)

Exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation A balanced state of a healthy family

Rollo May

Existential psychologist Shared with humanists the belief in free will and freedom of choice but also emphasized loneliness, anxiety, and alienation In his humanistic approach to therapy, he stressed that anxiety could be harnessed and used as a positive force and that people could use their inner resources in making the choices that guide the direction of their lives

Irvin Yalom

Existentialist, well known for studies in group work

Norms

Expected behavior

Gestalt Model Emphasizes on...

Experience rather than interpretation Here and now (stay with the feeling) Awareness in the here and now Dream work Increase psychological and bodily awareness

Virginia Satir

Experiential Conjoint Family Therapy Was often emphatic with the family, felt that family could be healed via love She identified five styles of relating with a family -- Blaming -- Placating -- Computing -- Distracting -- Leveling (have emotional balance and can relate to all kinds of people. They are assertive. The goal of leveling is mutual problem solving) To explore relationships within the family, she used experiential/expressive techniques such as family sculpting and taking a family life chronology 1950s Goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication

Carl Whitaker

Experiential Symbolic Family Therapy Believed that experience changes families, not education Experience goes beyond consciousness and the best way to access the unconscious is symbolically Stated the belief that in order to effect the change a family needs, the therapist must engage the family on a deep and personal level He will join the family and experience it as if he were a family member Minimized the importance of theory, noting that therapeutic interaction is more of an art Emphasize systems A co-therapist is helpful because he/she can provide meaningful feedback and allows the therapist to be an active participant in the therapy rather than merely a teacher Can be absurd at times

Pygmalion Effect / Rosenthal Effect / Experimenter Effect

Experimenter falls in love with his or her own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

Social Influence Core

Expertise, Attractiveness, Trustworthiness

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Extraversion or Introversion (E or I) Sensing or Intuitive (S or N) Thinking or Feeling (T or F) Judging or Perceiving (J or P)

EMDR

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing EM - eye movement; REM - rapid eye movement Developed by Francine Shapiro

EMDR (Francine Sharpiro)

Eye-movement Desensitization & Reprocessing Francine Sharpiro Includes rapid back-and-forth eye movements Effective of treating trauma and PTSD

Murray Bowen

Family Systems Therapy He is a psychiatrist known for having developed the Family systems theory from the 1950's onwards. It generally argues that people can only be understood from the viewpoint of their relationships with others, as part of a social system. They cannot be understood in isolation, cut-off from their relations with family members and others with whom they interact. In this theory, the concept of self-differentiation, which is to be opposed to the psychoanalytic concept of fusion, is core. Self-differentiation refers to the ability to simultaneously maintain one's individuality and identity while relating to others

Family Therapy's Duration

Family therapy seems to be briefer than individual counseling

Morphogenesis (Change)

Family's ability to change (Memory: there is "g" in both words)

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Father of Individual Psychology

Viktor Frankl

Father of Logotherapy (existential form of treatment which stresses 'healing through meaning')

Victor Frankl

Father of Logotherapy, existential form of treatment which focuses on healing through meaning

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Father of Psychoanalysis

William Glasser

Father of Reality Therapy

Interpersonal Leaders

Favor here and now interventions

Take away message of Little Albert Experiment

Fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind (as psychoanalytic or Freudians believe), but is due to learning Fear could be a learned behavior

Group Unity

Feeling of belonging, oneness, or togetherness

Newman, Freeman, Holzinger, Fehr

Felt that genetic influences contributed less than 50% to IQ

Anima

Feminine side of the men

Charles Spearman

Field: intelligence Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Two-dimensional System of Occupational Classification (Anne Roe)

Fields and Levels 8 Occupational Fields: Service, Business Contact, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts/Entertainment 6 Levels of Occupational Skills: Professional and Managerial 1, Professional and Managerial 2, Semiprofessional/Small Business, Skilled, Semiskilled, and Unskilled

Multiaxial System (DSM)

First appeared in DSM-III (1980) Eliminated in DSM-5

Behavioral Family Therapy

First appeared in the late 1960s, initially focusing on kids in the family who had problems Pioneers: Gerald Patterson (popularized behavioral parent training in the family's home), Robert Liberman, and Richard Stuart (created operant interpersonal therapy)

Jacob Moreno

First coined the term 'group therapy' in 1931 and invented psychodrama

Watzlawick, Weakland, Fisch

First order change and Second order change

Jesse B. Davis

First person to set up a systematized guidance program in the public schools Work has been classified as a preface to the group movement

Raymond B. Cattell

Fluid intelligence and Crystallized intelligence

Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems Ability to use logic and solve problems in new or novel situations without reference to pre-existing knowledge This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education Decline as people age Fluid intelligence is flexible (Memory: both begin with "F"), culture-free, adjusts to the situation Tested by "content-free reasoning" such as a block design or a pictorial analogy problem

Consultee-Centered Consultation

Focus on helping the consultee develop improved techniques or skills When your supervisor explains a better way for you to implement a hypnotic induction with one of your clients, then you are the recipient of consultee-centered case consultation

Existentialist

Focus primarily on the client's perception in the here and now (Present and even the future are emphasized) Focus on what the person can ultimately become Key to change is seen as self-determination

Nancy Schlossberg

Focused on Adult Career Development Suggested 5 noteworthy factors: (1) Behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors. (2) Behavior can either be a function of one's life stages or one's age at other times. (3) Sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences. (4) Adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment. (5) Identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood

Solution-Oriented Therapy

Focused primarily on the future

Training Group

Focuses not on mental health issues but on human relations processes between personnel in a business setting

Social Cognitive Counseling Theory (SCCT)

Focuses on how one's belief system impacts career choice

Neuroscience

Focuses on the science of brain function and nervous system rather than just overt behavior

Identified Patient (IP)

For Family Therapy, the entire family is the identified patient and in need of treatment Family counselors believe that the entire family system is dysfunctional Traditionally, the IP was seen as the person who was having a problem

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Forbids discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in all areas of the employment relationship

Group Cohesiveness

Forces which tend to bind group members together A sense of caring for the group and other members

Joseph H. Pratt

Formed the first counseling/therapy groups from approximately 1905 to 1923; Groups dealt with tuberculosis

Tucker & Jensen's 5 Stages of Group Development

Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning休会 In the forming stage, the group is coming together and rules are being established. Group members are typically polite to each other. During the storming stage, challenges often arise. Groups members may butt heads and test boundaries. In the norming stage, group members have developed a sense of unity and worked out their conflicts. They are also supportive of leadership. During the performing stage, the group is making progress toward their goals. Leaders are helping group members advance their skills and competencies. The adjourning stage is sometimes referred to as 'mourning' when a group is high functioning and has developed a strong sense of unity. The inevitable end can seem bittersweet.

National Vocational Guidance Association

Founded in 1913, first career guidance organization Fused with other organizations in 1952 to become APGA

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

Founded in 1935, by Bill Wilson (Bill W) and Dr. Bob Smith (Dr. Bob) in Akron, Ohio

Diagnostic Codes Have ___ Digits

Four or five Decimal point occurs after the third digit Eg. 300.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder; 305.50 Opioid use disorder, mild On occasion, the first digit can be a letter (Eg. V62.3 Academic or educational problem)

Eclectic is associated with ...

Frederick C. Thorne

Baseline

Frequency that a behavior is manifested prior to or in the absence of treatment.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud - oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages In these stages, gratification of the id instincts depends on the stimulation of corresponding areas of the body.

Adult State (aka neopsyche)

Freud's ego Is rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings

Child State (aka archaeopsyche)

Freud's id

Parent State (aka exteropsyche)

Freud's superego Contains "shoulds" and "oughts"

Psychoanalytic Movement

Freud, Jung, Adler

Noogenic Neurosis (Existentialism)

Frustration of the will to meaning Existential frustration (from existential crisis)

Examples of Aptitude Tests

GATB, LSAT, MCAT, O*NET Ability Profiler

3 Key Factors that are needed for an effective helping climate (Rogers) / 3 Conditions that are necessary for client change to occur / Human relations core for effective couseling

Genuineness / Congruence - when counselor is aware of their own feelings and accurately express this to the client (most important factor), Unconditional Positive Regard, Emphatic Understanding

Playing the Projection Technique

Gestalt technique where the counselor asks the client to role play as the person they dislike in order to work with their ego defense

Recount a Dream

Gestalt therapy, client is asked to recount the dream as if it is happening in the present

Converting Questions to Statements

Gestalt therapy, taking responsibility for a feeling or situation through "I" statements A client might say, "Don't all people in a group feel scared during the initial session of group counseling?" The client is asked to turn the question into an "I statement," in this case, "I feel scared during this initial session of group counseling." In Gestalt this is known as "taking responsibility for a feeling or situation." Often, the Gestalt counselor literally asks the client to say this. For example, "I feel scared during this initial session of group counseling, and I take responsibility for being scared."

Forced Choice / Recognition Items

Gives examinee two or more alternatives On some tests, this format is used to control for the Social Desirability Phenomenon (individual puts the answer they feel is socially acceptable) Eg. MMPI-2 - lie scale

Lavender Ceiling

Glass ceiling but in relation to homosexuals, transgender, and bisexual individuals

Strict behaviorists believe the environment controls behaviors

Glasser believes the individual controls the environment

Client-Centered Consultation

Goal is to help client When supervisor suggests plan of action for one of your clients, then you as a consultee are the recipient of client-centered consultation

Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation

Goal is to help sharpen administrative skills Eg. making you a better presenter at your board meeting)

Deductive Logic / Reasoning

Goes from general to specific (Memory: sounds like reductive - reduce; D for "decrease" from general(big size) to specific (small size))

Inductive Logic/Reasoning

Goes from specific to a generalization Eg. Goes from observing a single counseling session to proposing a counseling theory (Memory: I for "increase" from specific (small size) to general(big size))

Propinquity接近

Goes under the name of the "mere exposure effect", indicating that the more you are around a person the grater the likelihood is you will become attached to them

Group Norms

Govern acceptable behavior and group rules

Homogeneous Group

Group in which members have a great deal of similarity

Heterogeneous Group

Group in which various demographics, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and interests are represented

Examples of Group Dynamics

Group stages, cohesiveness, leadership style, decision making

Open-Ended Group

Group that does not have a given number of sessions or an ending date

Donald Super's 5 Stages of Career Development

Growth (birth to age 14) Exploration (15-24) Establishment (24-44) Maintenance (44-64) Decline (65+) (Memory: GEE MD)

George Gazda's 3 types of groups

Guidance / Psychoeducational group (aka affective education group or psychological education group) - Preventive, provide instruction about a potential problem Counseling Psychotherapy (tertiary and may emphasize unconscious)

Distinguish Between Career Counseling and Vocational Guidance

Guidance is a developmental and educational process within a school system; Career Counseling is a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting

Mandatory Ethics (aka Standards of Practice)

Guidelines that are strictly enforced Violating one has consequences for your actions They are often very clear-cut and have no gray areas

Resentful Demoralization of the Comparison Group (aka Compensatory Equalization)

Happens when a researcher has an expectation of which treatment method would be better Researcher treats participants in the "better" group more favorably than the others The comparison group lowers their performance or behaves in an inept无能 manner because they have been denied the experimental treatment. When this occurs, the experimental group looks better than they should. If the comparison group deteriorates恶化 throughout the experiment while the experimental group does not, then demoralization could be noted

In strategic family counseling, the person with the power in the family ___

Has the authority to make rules and enforce them Jay Haley believes you enhance the power of a family member within the context of therapy by speaking to him or her first during the initial session of therapy

Principal Researcher

Has the ultimate responsibility for conducting ethical research Others involved in the research is responsible for their own behavior

Vertical Test

Has versions for various age brackets or levels of education (eg. a math test for preschoolers and a version for middle school children)

Cyclical Test

Have several sections which are spiral in nature In each section, the questions go from easy ones to more difficult

Stanley Milgram

He conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience How far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person? Had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information

The tendency to affiliate (one's need to associate with others) with others ...

Highest in the firstborns and only children (decreases for later-born children - Stanley Schachter)

Like Anne Roe,

Holland felt that early childhood development influences adult personality characteristics

Covariation

How two traits vary together in a population How two variables move with respect to each other Indicate the extent to which 2 random variables are dependent on each other. Higher number means higher dependency Range: negative infinity to positive infinity

Concurrent Validity

How well the test compares to other instruments (test) that are intended for the same purpose The degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessment techniques Criterion measures are obtained approximately the same time as the test score Eg. To access one's depression level, combined BDI results and client's self-reported experience Eg. We want to measure if levels of extrovert/introvert (test) affect sale performance (criterion). In this scenario, we cannot collect data at two different time points. Thus, we measure both levels of extrovert/introvert and sale performance AT THE SAME TIME. Does the test score on the levels of extrovert/introvert test agree with the measurement of the sale performance criterion?

Neuroplasticity

Human brain can change and new neural connections can be made even in later life regardless of our genetics or life experience

Third Force Psychology

Humanistic Psychology (Humanistic Approaches)

Existentialism

Humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed (eg. an accomplishment), experiencing a value (eg. love), or suffering (eg. Frankl discovered that even being held hostage in a concentration camp could not take away his dignity) Existential stresses growth and self-actualization. Frankl stressed that individuals have choices in their lives and one cannot blame others or childhood circumstances for a lack of fulfillment Existential counseling rejects analysis and behaviorism for being deterministic and simplistic

Etic Viewpoint

Humans are humans regardless of background and culture (the same theories apply to all). -Etic counselor emphasizes sameness that transcends all cultural boundaries. (memory: etic like phonETIC - sounds remain same in any language)

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) / Affirmative Hypothesis

Hypothesis in which there are differences between treatments Asserts that IV has indeed caused a change

Horizontal Relationships

I-Thou relationship Assumes equality between persons

DSM-5 sets diagnostic criteria;

ICD-10 provides billing codes

(MA/CA) x 100

IQ test is created by Binet, but the formula was created by William Louis Stern The formula produced a "ratio IQ", called the "deviation IQ" today

Structural Theory of the Mind

Id (Instinct) - unconscious thinking - instinctual, sexual/aggressive urges, primary processes thinking Ego (Reality) - mediator between id and external environment~ utilizes defense mechanism to control instinctual urges and distinguish fantasy/reality using reality testing Superego (Morality) - moral conscience and the ideal self (starts at age 6) (represents society/societal norms)

Associationism

Ideas are held together by associations

Ethics

If a client has a contagious fatal disease, the counselor is justified in telling a third party who would be at serious and foreseeable risk

Minimal Disclosure

If a counselor must break confidentiality, they must reveal only what is necessary, and when possible, inform the client that they are going to disclose confidential information

Multiple Treatment Interference

If a subject receives more than one treatment, it is often tough to discern辨别 which modality caused the improvements

Parametric Test

If the information about the population is completely known by means of its parameters then statistical test is called parametric test Used only with interval and ratio data The scores are normally distributed (eg. mean, median, mode are the same) Use random sampling Eg. T-test, Z-test, ANOVA

Nonparametric Tests / Distribution-Free Tests

If there is no knowledge about the population or parameters, but still it is required to test the hypothesis of the population, then is called nonparametric test Only uses nominal or ordinal data The curve is not a normal distribution Eg. Mann-Whitney U Test, Wilcoxon Singed-Rank Sum Test for Matched Pairs, Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test

Congruity Theory

If you like your counselor, you're more likely to accept a suggestion (like balance theory), created by Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum

Imaginal Disputation (REBT)

Imagery to help the process of cognitive disputation Allowing the individual to re-experience an Activating Event and now challenged his or her irrational thinking

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others Improvement in individual performance when working with other people rather than alone. Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others, they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.

AACD was the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) until 1983

In 1983, APGA changed its name to AACD (American Association for Counseling and Development) in 1992, AACD was changed to ACA (American Counseling Association)

Youngest and Only Children

In Adler's theory, the youngest child may be dependent and selfish due to always being taken care of by family members. However, this child may also possess positive traits of confidence, ability to have fun and comfort at entertaining others. Only children do not have to share their parents' attention. They may have a hard time when they are told no, and school may be a difficult transition as they are not the sole focus of the teacher. On a positive note, Adler believed that, compared to others their age, only children tend to be more mature, feel more comfortable around adults and even do better in intellectual and creative pursuits

Manifest Content of Dreams

In Freudian dream analysis, the "surface," or remembered, story line, which contains symbols that mask the dream's latent content (the true meaning).

Collecting Trading Stamps

In TA, the saving up of enduring, non-genuine feelings, then "trading" them for a script milestone such as a drinking binge or an anger outburst.

Thapar v. Zezulka (1999) (Duty to Protect in Texas)

In Texas, the Texas Supreme Court ruled in 1999 that health professionals in that state have NO DUTY TO WARN AND PROTECT (Thapar v. Zezulka, 1999). In Texas, a psychotherapist who acts on a duty to warn and/or protect when a client expresses the intent to harm another individual would be violating Texas law and placing her or himself at great legal risk In Texas, the court held that the psychological associate had NO DUTY TO WARN a third party who was not part of the special relationship between provider and patient Though Texas has no duty to warn third parties in the circumstance of a threat by a patient to others, there is a duty to exercise reasonable efforts to protect the person, your patient/client, through an assessment of the threat, initiation of civil commitment proceedings, if appropriate, as well as reliance upon waivers of confidentiality as part of an informed consent agreement, executed prior to the initiation of treatment

Control Group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; Contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment This group does not receive the IV

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response Eg. Meat for the dog

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response Eg. The bell when paired with meat to trigger salivation

Conditioned Response (CR)

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Unconditioned Response (UR)

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) Eg. salivation when food is in the mouth

Synthetic Validity

In industrial and organizational (I/O) settings, a technique for inferring (analyze) the validity of a selection test or other predictor of job performance from a job analysis. It involves systematically analyzing a job into its elements, estimating the validity of the test or predictor in predicting performance on each of these elements, and then combining the validities for each element to form an estimate of the validity of the test or predictor for the job as a whole. Synthetic validity can be useful in estimating the validity of selection procedures in small organizations where the larger samples required in concurrent validity and predictive validity are not available.

Shrinkage (Cross-Validation)

In most cases, a cross-validation coefficient is smaller than the initial validity coefficient

Successive Approximations (aka shaping)

In operant conditioning, a series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a desired behavior

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the therapist of their emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

In utero

In the womb

Flooding

In this technique, exposure can be in vivo or imaginal. A person is intensely exposed to anxiety-evoking events for a prolonged period of time. Flooding is usually done until the anxiety is significantly diminished Using the exposure fear hierarchy to begin exposure with the most difficult tasks

Psychodrama

Incorporates role-playing into the treatment process Invented by Jacob L. Moreno, also first coined the term "group therapy" in 1931

Incremental Validity

Incremental Validity is used to determine if a new psychological measure will provide more information than measures that are already in use If a new test doesn't provide any new information than the current, simpler measures are already providing then the new test is unnecessary and doesn't need to be used An example would be a school psychologist who was trying to identify learning delays in students so they could receive a specialized curriculum. She first uses grades and teacher interviews to identify any students who may be having trouble learning material. She then uses a test which is supposed to identify students with learning delays. The test would be incrementally valid if it identified students who had learning delays that had gone unnoticed while using the previous grade and interview method. If no new students were identified using the measure then it would not be incrementally valid because it failed to do anything more than the previous method

Habituation / Adaptation

Indicates a decrease in response to a constant stimulus or a stimulus that is repeated too frequently

Changing View of Work

Indicates that in the past, work was seen as drudgery, while today it is viewed as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status.

Biserial Correlation

Indicates that one variable is continuous (i.e., an interval scale) while the other is dichotomous Eg. Correlating state licensing exam scores to NCC status (dichotomy is licensed/unlicensed)

Item Difficulty Index / Difficulty Value

Indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly The higher the number of people who answer a question correctly, the easier the item is and vice versa It can range between 0.0 and 1.0, with a higher value means more people answered correctly, and it was thus an easier item Eg. 0.5 difficulty index suggest that 50% of individuals answered correctly, while 50% did not Eg. 0.25 difficulty index suggests that 25% of individuals answered correctly, while 75% did not

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

Indicates what the individual would score / what would most likely occur if he takes the same test again To predict an individual's score if he takes the same test again

Task Action Leadership

Indicative of one way communication Eg. Leader tells the members about a task to accomplish

Individual Psychology

Individual psychology is a term used to refer to a view of psychology pioneered by Alfred Adler that involves taking a holistic view of a client's character. This view diverged drastically from the Viennese school of psychoanalysis that Adler had originally been affiliated with and has been a great influence on the schools of psychology that came into existence in the late 20th century. The term, individual psychology, is not used to mean a focus on the individual person, but to refer to the client's whole environment. The individual referred to means looking at the patient as an indivisible whole, rather than as a group of disparate parts or symptoms.

Human Capital Theory

Individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income

Primary Resources

Information consist of actual records, first-hand accounts of events and experiences An artifact, a document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, a recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

Group Therapy Stages

Initial stage / orientation and exploration / preaffiliation / forming - superficial communication. Deal with members' approach-avoidance behavior (Eg. people want to be accepted but are scared to participate) Transition stage / power and control / storming - members are often judgmental, resistant, or involved in a struggle for power to establish a hierarchy Working stage / norming stage / cohesion stage / negotiation, intimacy, and frame of reference - real work is done by group Termination stage / separation stage / closure stage / adjourning / consolidation - provides opportunity to learn to deal with letting go

Learning Theory of Career Counseling (John Krumboltz)

Initially called Social Learning Theory 4 factors that can used to simplify career development process: (1) genetic endowment and unique abilities (2) environmental conditions and life events (3) learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian) - association learning (4) task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, ans emotional patterns) - instrumental learning

B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning is also referred to as....

Instrumental conditioning In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future

IQ mean

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Quotient = the result when you perform division

Kurt Lewin's Action Research

Intended to improve the situation (not just advance knowledge) with local people/clients whole will be better off at the end of the research Self-surveys are often used to conduct Action Research Bridges the gap between research and application/practice

Group-specific Measures

Intended to measure the degree of change (or lack of it) in all persons participating in the group

Didactic

Intended to teach

Nonlinear (Career Counseling)

Interactive activities Eg. field visit, interviewing a professionals, shadowing Reduce the control client has over the process (Eg. cannot control the hours of employment of the agency she is visiting)

SII (Strong Interest Inventory)

Interest inventory based on the theory of John Holland

John Krumboltz

Interests are the result of learning, changes in interests can be learned Actual exposure to wide range of work setting (eg. site visits) is highly desirable Occupational indecisiveness is an indication of information deficit rather than a lack of career maturity (Memory: K for Krumboltz before L in Learn)

ICD

International Classification of Diseases Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death Created by World Health Organization (WHO)

Desensitization in Imagination may be refer to as ...

Interposition介入

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means ___

Interpreting the results in the simplest way Easiest and least complex explanation is the best Eg. Factor analysis is consider parsimonious

Hermaphrodite

Intersex

John Ertl

Invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency to take the place of pencil and paper tests Relies on a computer, EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet. The theory is that the faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence the person has

Occupation

Is a broader term refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (eg. psychotherapists)

Double Bind

Is a no-win situation characterized by contradictory messages Eg. never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want

Standard Age Score (SAS)

Is a normalized standard score, with a mean (average) of 100. Standard Age Scores of 89-111 are all within the average range Replaced the original IQ formula

A directive

Is a suggestion

Normal Curve / Bell-Shaped Curve / Gaussian Curve

Is a symmetrical bell The mean, median, and mode all fall in the middle of the curve Frequency are normally distributed

John Henry Effect (aka 'Compensatory Rivalry of a Comparison Group')

Is a threat to the internal validity of a experiment Occurs when subjects strive to prove an experimental treatment that could threaten their livelihood really isn't all that effective

TA Game

Is a transaction with a concealed motive

Assertiveness Training Group

Is a type of behavioral group and is highly structured

Multiple Submission

Is a violation of ethics Occurs when a journal article is submitted to more than one journal at a time Once your article is published you may not have it republished elsewhere without the express permission of the first publisher

Group Counseling

Is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group Shorter duration

Group Therapy

Is also called personality reconstruction group Focus more on individual concerns, deal with more serious pathology, longer duration

Tryptophan

Is an amino acid needed for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults Related to serotonin in the brain Losing Tryptophan will cause depression, affect memory, anxiety, sleep, and mood, but increases aggression

Law School Admission Test (LSAT)

Is an aptitude test

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (aka Bender Gestalt II)

Is an expressive projective measure To test whether there is a brain damage Useful when a client may have an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty Client is instructed to copy 16 geometric figures which the client can look at while constructing the drawing Suitable for ages 4 and beyond Created by Lauretta Bender

Test Battery

Is considered a Horizontal Test Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those from using a single source Measures various factors (eg. math and science) during the same testing procedure

Albert Ellis

Is considered the founding father of the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) movement

Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET)

Is included in the evidence-based neurocounseling modalities Clients (often those with schizophrenia) use neurocognitive video-type games and coaching to improve functioning

Career

Is the broadest category that describe a person's lifetime position plus leisure

Mean

Is the only measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution

Suicide

Is the second or third leading cause of death among those aged 15-24 Is the 10th leading cause of death in the U.S The rate for older adults is two to three times higher than the general population More likely to occur in rural areas that are not highly populated Firearms account for more suicides than all other methods combined Most suicides occur in the spring at the end of April or May

Concreteness (aka 'specificity')

Is used to alleviate vague language.

Three-way ANOVA

Is used when there is THREE IVs

Two-way ANOVA

Is used when there is TWO IVs, regardless of the numbers of levels

J. P. Guilford

Isolated 120 factors (elements/abilities) of intelligence with Factor Analysis Determined that there were 120 elements/abilities which added up to intelligence Two dimensions: convergent and divergent thinking

Naloxone (Brand Name: Narcan)

It blocks the effects of opioid such as heroin and painkillers such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodone By impacting the same portions of the brain as opioids, it can stop or reverse overdoses to save lives Has no serious side effects and will not make the person high

Naltrexone for Alcoholism

It can help prevent relapses into alcohol or drug abuse

Buprenorphine / Naloxone (Brand Name: Suboxone) for Opioid Dependence

It can treat narcotic dependence To help people reduce or quit their use of heroin or other opiates, such as pain relievers like morphine

Antipsychotic (for Schizophrenia)

It controls symptoms by affecting the brain neurotransmitter dopamine Eg. First-generation antipsychotics & Second-generation antipsychotics

Unethical

It is unethical to ask for testimonials推荐 from clients

In a Culture-Fair Test (aka culture-free)

Items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture Attempts to exclude items that would be known only to an individual due to his or her background

Internal Reliability / Consistency

Items on a test are correlated in order to determine how well they measure the same construct or concept Whether a measure is consistent within itself Participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question A measure of how well your test is actually measuring what you want it to measure Eg. Split-half method

Group Therapy

Jacob Moreno Irvin Yalom

Assimilation

Jean Piaget - cognitive development Add new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding This means that when you are faced with new information, you make sense of this information by referring to information you already have and try to fit the new information into the information you already have (Memory: SS = same schema = put new info into the same schema you already have) Culture - Minority culture blend in with majority culture, become similar and lose its own distinctiveness. Melting pot. Not preferred

Accommodation

Jean Piaget - cognitive development Form new schema or change existing schema to make room for new information Accommodation is the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. In order to make sense of some new information, you have to adjust information you already have (schemas you already have, etc.) to make room for this new information (Memory: CC = change and create new schema)

Nathan Azrin's Job Club

Job club operates like a behaviorist group in which members share job leads and discuss or role-play specific behaviors (eg. interviewing skills) necessary for job acquisition. The club helps members learn from each other Individual in the club had a good idea of the type of job they intended to secure Arzin was also one of the leading pioneers who created the specific guidelines for running a behavior modification token economy (eg. giving plastic tokens which could be turned in for actual reinforces such as food)

Hidden Job Market

Job opportunities not advertised or publicized

Pink-Collar Worker

Jobs dominated by women (Eg. waiter, secretary, child-care, teacher, beautician); Often pay less

Career Counseling

John Holland Anne Roe

One of the first formal therapeutic groups was held by

Joseph Pratt In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with ...

Jung

Jung's Mandala

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams

Moral Development Theory

Kohlberg's theory that human moral development proceeds through clearly defined stages of moral reasoning

Nonstandardized Measure

Lack procedural guidelines for scoring or administration and do not include quantitative information related to "standards" of performance

Door-in-the-Face

Large to small People are more likely to agree to a SMALL request AFTER they have refused a LARGE request

Ego Defense Mechanism

Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety.

Ecosystems (Brief / Strategic Family Therapy)

Larger systems often impact client and family functioning Eg. schools, church, health care system

Speculative Leaders

Leaders that focus primarily on the here-and-now

Energizers

Leaders who emotionally stimulate group members and are charismatic

Managers

Leaders who exert executive control

OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook)

Leading guide for national occupational and career information from the US department of labor; published in 1949 to aid WWII veterans Revised every two years; highlights salient factors of the job, necessary training, earnings, advancement opportunities, and job prospects for the future

John Krumboltz

Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) Considered a Cognitive Approach / Behavioristic Model Insists that learning, not interests guides people into a certain occupation

Vicarious Learning

Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior

Stimulus Generalization (also called second-order conditioning)

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

Skewed Distribution

Left and right side of the curve are not mirror images Mean, median, and mode fall at different points

Left Brain vs. Right Brain

Left brain: Logical/Rational Right brain: Creative

Privileged Communication

Legal term that implies that a therapeutic interaction (verbal or written) will not be available for public inspection The client (not the counselor or the court) can choose NOT to have confidential information revealed during a legal proceeding (generally on the witness stand) If client decides to waive his or her right to privileged communication, then the counselor must reveal the information The client is the holder of the privilege It is the client's privilege to reveal Protects clients, not the counselor Legislation varies from state to state Not applicable in cases of child abuse, neglect, or exploitation; suicide or homicide threats; criminal intentions; clients in dire need of hospitalization; or in cases where a counselor is the victim of a malpractice lawsuit; minor (legal guardians hold the privilege); and mentally incompetent individuals

Most experts would agree that overall structured exercises are ______ than unstructured techniques

Less effective

Higher internal validity,

Less generalizable (lower external validity), and vice versa

CPT Codes

Let insurance companies or managed care firms know which service you provide Eg. individual therapy or family therapy For billing purposes

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Level 1: Physiological Needs Level 2: Safety and Security Level 3: Relationships, Love and Affection Level 4: Self Esteem Level 5: Self Actualization

Donald Super

Life Span / Life Space Model or Self-concept and Developmental Stage Theory

Lithium for Bipolar Disorder

Lithium helps reduce the severity and frequency of mania. It may also help relieve or prevent bipolar depression Studies show that lithium can significantly reduce suicide risk. Lithium also helps prevent future manic and depressive episodes

Psychoanalytic Cases

Little Hans, Anna O., Daniel Paul Schreber

C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.

Logos; Eros Logos - logic Eros - intuition

Platykurtic Distribution

Looks like an upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa

Premack Principle (aka Relativity theory of reinforcement)

Low-probability Behavior (LPB) & High-probability Behavior (HPB) Any HPB can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB Sometimes called "Grandma's Rule" or "Grandma's Law"

Positively Skewed Curve

Majority of scores at lower end The tail of the curve points to the right

Negatively Skewed Curve

Majority of scores at upper end The tail of the curve points to the left

Sensitization

Make one more sensitive to a stimulus

Test Format

Manner in which test items are presented

Animus

Masculine side of women

MAC

Master Addictions Counselor (NBCC credential)

Fritz Perls borrowed the term Gestalt from the system of psychology proposed by

Max Wertheimer of Germany in 1920

Rational Behavioral Therapy (RBT)

Maxie C. Maultsby This approach relies on REBT; however, the client performs a written self-analysis

Very Heavy Work

Maximum lifting exceeds 100 pounds

Sedentary Work 久坐不动

Maximum lifting is 10 pounds

Heavy Work

Maximum lifting is 100 pounds

Light Work

Maximum lifting is 20 pounds Could walk or stand up to 6 hours daily

Medium Work

Maximum lifting is 50 pounds

Most Useful Measure of Center Tendency

Mean Mean is misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores

Central Tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

Bubbles

Means flaws in research

Conjoint

Means two or more family members are in the therapy session at the same time

Range

Measure of Variability The distance between the largest and the smallest scores Eg. Exclusive Range: 54 and 1: Range = 54-1 = 53 OR Inclusive Range: Some test defines the range as the highest score minus the lowest score PLUS 1 Eg. 93 and 33: Range 93 - 33 = 60, 60 + 1 = 61 The larger the range, the greater the dispersion分散 or spread of scores from the mean Generally increases with sample size

Holland's Self-Directed Search (SDS)

Measure the six personality types (RIASEC)

Achievement Test

Measures how much a person has learned in a given subject or area (measure current ability) A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject Eg. ACT

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

Measures interests, not abilities Must be computer scored

Achievement Test / Attainment Test

Measures maximum performance or present level of skill

Convergent Validity

Measures of constructs that theoretically should be related to each other Correlations between two different methods of the same trait should be high Eg. Two tests that can measure depression - BDI & MMPI-2

Discriminant Validity

Measures of constructs that theoretically should not be related to each other Relationship between a single method of measuring two different traits should be low Eg. One test of depression and one test of life satisfaction do not correlate The test will NOT REFLECT (correlation close to 0) unrelated variables (Eg. Lack of relationship between IQ and phobia); When there is a discriminant validity (correlation closer to 1), then there is a relationship between the two factors (Eg. Study time and NCE score)

Personality Test / Interest Inventory

Measures typical performance (Memory: typical personality)

Repeated-Measures Comparison Design (aka Within-Subjects Designs)

Measuring the same group of subjects without the IV and then with the IV

Best Center Tendency for Skewed Distributions

Median When there are extreme scores in the distribution

Scapegoating (Group)

Members gang up on a single group member

Injunctions (an authoritative warning or order)

Messages we receive from parents to form the ego states

Topographic Map

Mind has depth like iceberg Unconscious, preconscious, and conscious

E. G. Williamson utilized test data from instruments such as the ___

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales (Memory: Minnesota means matching or Minnesota and matching both begin with an "M")

Coefficient of Nondetermination

Minus coefficient of determination from 100

Intrapersonal Leaders

More likely to work on the past, sometimes employing psychodynamic notions

Additive Empathy

Most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness

Donald Super

Most popular developmental career theorist

Group Movement

Movement began in the late 1960s Remain popular in the 1970s

Emic Viewpoint

Multicultural perspective; culture matters, counselor will attempt to look at the world from the client's point of view (memory: emic with M - me like individualism)

Fourth Force in Counseling

Multiculturalism

Positive Addiction

Must be a noncompetitive activity which can be performed alone for about one hour each day, lead to personal improvement, perform the activity without self-critical

Instruments used for Personality Theory of Career Selection

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Guilford-Zimmerman Temperment Survey (GZTS), the Adjective Checklist, BDI, MMPI-2

Oldest to Most Recent

NVGA - APGA - AACD - ACA

NASW

National Association of Social Workers Established in 1955

NCC

National Certified Counselor A generic certification for counselors

Biofeedback that targets the brain is called ...

Neurofeedback

Mirror Neuron Concept

Neuron fires when we perform certain actions and the same neuron fire when we observe others performing those actions

In DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles), each job was given a ___ digit code

Nine 1st three digits - occupational category and divisions Middle three digits - described tasks in relation to data, people, and things, respectively Last three digits - Alphabetize the job titles

Somatic Symptom Disorders

No physiological basis or medical condition can be found to explain client's reaction Must have a physical exam before Emotional factors can cause somatic (bodily) complaints and health concerns Often begins early in life (often in one's teen life) and can last an entire lifetime

Linear (Career Counseling)

Non-interactive activities Eg. reading a book about career, watch related-video, hearing a speech Client has some control over the process (Eg. stop reading a job pamphlet)

Parametric Test (to examine a null hypothesis for:) -- 2 means - use t test -- 3 or more groups - use ANOVA and F test

Nonparametric Test (to examine a null hypothesis for:) -- 2 groups - use Mann-Whitney U Test or Wilcoxon Singed-Rank Test -- 3 or more groups - use Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA H test

Process Notes (aka Psychotherapy Notes)

Not generally shared with clients Process notes are kept separate and intended for the counselor themselves Not required by law

Feminist Therapy

Noted that a psychological difficulty can be located in the environment or political system, rather than in person Gender free - differences between men and women are seen to be the result of socialization, not because they are male or female Have egalitarian平均主义relationship with client

Item Difficulty Index Calculation

Number of persons tested who answered the item correctly DIVIDED BY total number of person tested

6 Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

Obedience and Punishment Individualism Interpersonal Relationship The social order Social Contract Universal Principles

Ethological Observation

Observation of animals

Single-Subject Research Designs

Observing one subject over a variety of behaviors N = 1 Eg. AB or ABA Design

Classical Test Theory

Obtained score = True score + Error X = T + E

Bartering

Occurs when a client exchanges a good or service for treatment or testing Currently, ethics allow bartering if client requests it, a written contract is drafted, it doesn't result in any harm, and relationship is not exploitative

Mental Health Consultation

Occurs when a consultant works with consultee regarding clients or administrative program issues By Gerald Caplan 4 types: -- Client-Centered Consultation -- Consultee-Centered Consultation -- Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation -- Program-Centered Administrative Consultation

Time-Out

Occurs when a family member (usually a child) is isolated or removed form an environment for a specified period of time so as to ensure that he or she does not receive reinforcement for dysfunctional behavior A procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction

Conflict of Interest

Occurs when a group member maximizes their needs and interests at the expense of someone else

Recency Effect

Occurs when a rater gives greater weight to recent events when appraising an individual's performance

Horizontal Sampling

Occurs when a researcher selects subjects from a single socioeconomic group

Halo Effect

Occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated (eg. attractiveness or how well he or she is liked) influences a researcher's rating on another trait (eg. counseling skill)

Splitting (Ackerman - psychoanalytic family therapy)

Occurs when client sees an object (another person) as either all good or all bad It allows a person to keep anxiety in check by making objects predictable Begins in childhood, usually categorized one's mother as all good or all bad Eg. A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities & A client who sees her therapist as all bad

Musturbation (aka 'absolutist thinking')

Occurs when client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his thinking

Convergent Thinking (J. P. Guilford)

Occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept

Reciprocity礼尚往来 / Endorsement背书

Occurs when one state or organization accepts the license or credentials of another state or organization (you will be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credentials without taking another exam)

Vertical Sampling

Occurs when persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are used

Reframing

Occurs when you redefine a situation in a positive context Make the situation or behavior seem acceptable to the client The situation is described in a positive light to evoke a different emotional response

Primary Group

Often labeled as prevention groups (memory: "P" for primary and prevention) Attempts to stop a problem before it occurs Stresses a healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty Eg. Group that teaches birth control to prevent teen pregnancy

Brief Solution-Oriented Therapy

Often relies on paradoxical intervention

Paradoxical Techniques

Often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify/exaggerate or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior Used by Adler & Frankl Became popular with family therapists (Jay Haley & Miton Erikson) Is contraindicated禁忌 in cases with homicidal or suicidal clients

Organismic Variable

One that the researcher cannot control but yet exists E.g. height, weight, gender To determine whether an organismic IV exists, you ask yourself if there is an experimental variable being examined which you cannot manipulate

Semantic Differential Scale

One way for researcher to collect information about individuals' opinions and beliefs Scales ask respondents to report their perception of certain issues and experiences Researchers choose adjectives that allow them to analyze respondents' unconscious desires and anxieties Eg. "On the following scale, how would you describe yourself as a child?" -- Outgoing ----------------- Shy -- Relaxed ------------------- Anxious

One-way ANOVA / Simple ANOVA

One-way analysis of variance is used when there is more than one level of a SINGLE IV

formative evaluation

Ongoing evaluation while the program is underway Ongoing evaluation and provide feedback on how a program is working so that changes can be made if needed

OARS

Open questions - how is your gambling addiction impacting your life? Affirmations - any positive factors the counselor sees in the client's life, such as awards, achievements, or successes Reflective listening (Reflection) - you know this one by now Summaries - you've got this one down

Classical Conditioning (Respondent Conditioning);

Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning)

Prejudicial Parent

Opinionated with biases not based on fact (e.g., women should always wear dresses to work)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Orginal version was created in 1940 Current version MMPI-2 was used since 1989 Is a self-report standardized personality test Client can respond with "true", "false" or "cannot say" to 567 questions Was the most researched test and most useful for assessing emotional disturbance MMPI-2 is intended to help clinicians diagnose and treat patients Suitable for individuals over age 18, 60 - 90 minutes testing time MMPI-A is a 478 questions version suitable for 14-18 year old adolescents

Group IQ Tests (Example)

Otis-Lennon, Lorge-Thorndike, California Test of Mental Abilities (Popular in school settings)

Anne Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles:

Overprotective, Avoidant (aka Rejecting), or Acceptant Result in child developing a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people Avoidant - Emotionally cold or hostile style Acceptant - Democratic

Sweet Lemon Rationalization

Overrates a reward

Parametric vs. Non-parametric

Parametric: -- parametric statistical test is one that makes assumptions about the parameters (defining properties) of the population distribution(s) from which one's data are drawn -- information about population is completely known -- specific assumptions are made regarding the population -- null hypothesis is made on parameters of the population distribution -- parametric test is powerful if exists -- test statistics are based on distribution -- Parametric tests are used only with interval and ratio data Non-parametric: -- no information about the population is available -- no assumptions are made regarding the population -- null hypothesis is free from parameters -- not powerful like parametric test -- test statistics are arbitrary 随意 -- can be used with ordinal or nominal data -- data are not normally distributed

4 Lobes of Human Brain

Parietal Lobe - processes information temperature, taste, touch, and movement - processing tactile触 sensory information Occipital Lobe - responsible for vision Frontal Lobe - cognitive functions and voluntary movement Temporal Lobe - processes memory and connects them with our senses

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation

Pioneers in the Behaviorist movement

Pavlov, Mary Cover Jones, John B. Watson

Kurtic / Kurtosis

Peakedness of a frequency distribution

Salad Bowl Model of Diversity

People are mixed together, but like lettuce and tomatoes in a salad, they retain their unique cultural identity

What does the abbreviation BCP stand for in relation to Reality Therapy?

Perception controls our behavior

Yerkers-Dodson Law

Performance is related to arousal -moderate levers of arousal= better performance -easy tasks= high levels of arousal -hard tasks= low levels of arousal

Perry's 4 Stages of Mental and Moral Development

Perry believed college students go through 4 stages of mental and moral development: Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment The first stage that is typically discussed for people who are very young is dualism. Dualism is the belief that every problem is solvable, that students are to learn the right answers, and that one must obey authorities. The second stage is known as multiplicity. Multiplicity is that there are two types of problems: solvable, and also problems that the answer is not know yet. In addition, in this stage, students put trust in their own inner voice. Relativism is the third stage. During this stage, all solutions to problems must have reasons, and be viewed within a specific context. The basis for this stage is that every issue must be evaluated because everything is contextual. Commitment is the last stage where there is an acceptance of uncertainty as part of life. During this stage, students use the combination of personal experience and evidence learned from outside sources to arrive at conclusions

Negative Transference

Phenomenon that occurs during psychoanalytic therapy in which the patient redirects toward the therapist unconscious feelings of Anger and Hostility retained from experiences with authority figures in childhood

Positive Transference

Phenomenon that occurs during therapy, in which the patient redirects toward the therapist unconscious feelings of Love and Affection retained from experiences with authority figures (usually the parents) in early childhood.

Eidetic Imagery

Photographic memory

Andrew Salter

Pioneer in behavior therapy, creating a paradigm dubbed 'conditioning reflex therapy', behavioral theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis.

Albert Bandura

Pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

R. A. Fisher

Pioneered hypothesis testing.

Juxtaposition

Placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast

Id

Pleasure principle A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Family Sculpting (Family Therapy Technique)

Popularized by Satir, an experimental/expressive technique in which the family members place other family members in position that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. Helps clarify family dynamics Family members are instructed to arrange themselves spatially to create a live representation of family members' bonds, feelings of closeness, and sense of alliances

Attrition摩擦 (aka Experimental Mortality)

Possible threat to validity where participant does not show up, fails to complete a study, or drop out of a study

Anne Roe

Postulated jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs.

Daniel Levinson

Postulated that the human life span has several stressful transition periods and the term "midlife crisis"

Practicing Excitation (Conditioned Reflex Therapy)

Practice of spontaneously experiencing and expressing true emotions (even negative ones) is seen as necessary in order to attain a state of positive mental health

Freud's Idea of the Mind

Pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds Unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories Conscious mind contains what is happening in the present

Statistical Regression

Predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is administered again It is a threat to internal validity

Aptitude Test

Predicts whether or not you could capture certain skills with proper training and experience Measure potential / Measure future ability Predictive validity is important when choosing aptitude test

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

Prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination is a negative behavior A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them Prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and cognitive), whereas discrimination just involves behavior

Paradox

Prescribing the symptom is a paradoxical strategy Direct antithesis对立 of common sense A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth The helper prescribes what the client or family would probably do anyway and can even tell them to exaggerate it

Jane Loevinger - Stages of Ego Development

Presocial, Impulsive, Self-protective, Conformist, Self-Aware, Conscientious, Individualistic, Autonomous, Integrated

Stratified Sampling

Process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling or stratification, the strata are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics such as income or educational attainment. Then, a probability sample (often a simple random sample ) is drawn from each group Stratified sampling is used to highlight differences between groups in a population, as opposed to simple random sampling, which treats all members of a population as equal, with an equal likelihood of being sampled

Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Processing speed vs Acquired 后天 knowledge

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

Prohibited employers with 15 or more employees from discriminating against the disabled

PHI

Protected Health Information

Psychoanalysis vs. Psychodynamic

Psychoanalysis in particular has two meanings. First, it is a theory for understanding clinical presentations, and perhaps even people in general. It is also used to describe a form of intensive psychotherapy in the most classic sense, which involves long-term treatment, often for years. The treatment takes place several times a week, with the patient on a couch and conducted by a therapist who is a certified psychoanalyst. Psychoanalytic theory, in part developed based on the intensive form of therapy described above, guides the practice of psychodynamic therapy to a large extent, but not completely. Psychodynamic therapy is psychoanalytic for the most part and makes assumptions about how the mind works that are based on psychoanalytic theory. But the technique is radically different from a traditional psychoanalysis treatment. It is brief—15 sessions would not be unusual—and often similar in number of sessions to CBT. It is mostly delivered once per week and takes place face-to-face. The therapist may not be a certified psychoanalyst, but is someone who trained in psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy and considers that his or her therapeutic orientation. In APA's Div. 39 (Psychoanalysis) the term "psychoanalysis" covers the whole range of psychoanalytically oriented therapy, research and treatment.—Amy Novotney

Intrapsychic Process

Psychological processes occurring within the mind

Which group was the most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure?

Psychologists

Race vs. Ethnicity

Race is visible genetic differences; ethnicity deals more with cultural identity

Central Tendency Bias

Rater always uses middle range ratings

Objective Test

Rater's judgement plays little or no part in the scoring process; Scoring procedure is specific Eg. Multiple choice, NCE

Job Evaluation

Rates the value of the job within the organization to decide what it should pay Does not rate the person performing the job

Two Basic Classes of Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules

Ratio & Interval

Variable schedules are more effective than fixed schedules

Ratio schedules are more effective than interval schedules

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) was formerly known as

Rational-emotive Therapy (RET)

RIASEC (John Holland)

Realistic - "Motoric" person who likes machines, physical labor, and enjoys working with tools Investigative - Likes to think his or her way through a problem Artistic - Value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability, avoid conformity and structure, emphasize on self-expression Social - Solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings Enterprising - Likes to sell to others or perform leadership tasks, value power and status Conventional (secretary or file clerk) - values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role

Two Popular Behavioral Techniques in Regards to Career Counseling (not necessarily just related to the work of Krumboltz)

Realistic Job Preview (RJP) and Guided Imagery

Ego

Reality principle The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

View on Current Behaviors

Reality therapy views current behaviors as central to the therapeutic process. Reality, more than other orientations, challenges clients to look at and evaluate what they are now doing and assess whether or not is useful in obtaining their desired goals Client-centered therapy places central importance on the counselor/client relationship and on self-exploration Adlerian focus on encouragement and the development of socially useful goals Gestalt focus on awareness and on internal support

Sublimation (defense mechanism)

Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are acceptable (eg. aggressive individual pursues a career in boxing)

Francis Galton

Recognized as one of the major pioneers in the study of Individual Differences Interested in link between heredity and intelligence Concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and it was primarily genetic Believed that intelligence was a single/unitary factor

Which type of memory retrieval requires a person to reconstruct重建 a memory?

Recollection Memories are stored in the brain's hippocampus and recollection occurs when a person needs to reconstruct a memory. Each time a person reminisces回忆 about an experience, that memory is strengthened Recall - designates that specific details be retrieved through memory Recognition - the ability to recognize previously encountered people, events, or objects.

Secondary Resources

Records that explain or interpret primary resources Often secondary sources, like textbooks and articles, provide summaries of information found in primary sources

Snowball Sampling / Chain-Referral Sample

Recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants Uses subjects to drum up other subjects for your study Eg. LGBTQ+ population

V Code

Refers to factors that influence health status Sounds more like day-to-day problems rather than a psychiatric or psychological difficulty

The Gelatt Decision Model

Refers to info as the "fuel of the decision" Decision Making Approach; Occupational choice is an ongoing process but there are times when a key decision must be made Information can be organized into three systems: Predictive; Value, Decision - Predictive System: Probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities - Value System: One's relative preferences regarding the outcomes (personal likes, dislikes, and preferences) - Decision System: Provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome (personal rules)

Reactive effect

Refers to the effect that a researcher has on that person which he or she is trying to study Subjects behave less naturally due to the fact that they are being studied

Glass Escalator

Refers to the way men, namely heterosexual white men, are put on a fast track to higher up positions when entering women dominated sex-segregated professions

Internal Validity

Refers to whether the DVs were truly influenced by the IVs or whether other factors had an impact (Can we conclude that it is a casual relationship?)

External Validity / Population Validity

Refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations

Paradoxical Interventions

Reframing (aka relabeling or redefining), restraining, positioning, prescribing the symptom techniques These paradoxical interventions defy common sense

Anorexia

Refuses to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight Low body weight (lower than a normal healthy weight)

Fixed (Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules)

Reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement (Thinning / Partial Reinforcement)

Reinforcement is delivered after some behaviors or responses but never after each one Advantage - it is more resistant to extinction Disadvantage - learned behaviors take longer to be acquired

Extinction (operant conditioning)

Reinforcement is withheld and eventually the behavior will be eliminated Methods of extinction such as ignoring or time-out

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement

Reinforcing every desired behavior. A reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs Not necessarily the most practical or effective Continuous schedule is used during the first stages of learning in order to create a strong association between the behavior and the response. Overtime, if the association is strong, the reinforcement schedule is switched to a partial reinforcement schedule

Concerned

Related to; be about

DSM-5

Released May 18, 2013

Second most important factor in the construction of a test is ___

Reliability

Subjective Test

Relies mainly on the scorer's opinion, thoughts, and feelings; If the rater knows the test taker's attributes, the rater's personal bias can significantly impact upon the rating Eg. an essay test, free choice test

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Relies on 4 modes: - skills training - phone counseling - therapist consultation team - individual treatment

RS

Religious, Spiritual

Types of Ego Defense Mechanisms

Repression Denial Displacement Projection Reaction Formation Rationalization Compensation Regression Fantasy

Suppression (denial) vs. Repression

Repression: Involuntarily/Unconscious withholding Suppression: Intentionally/conscious withholding

Correlational Research

Research that examines the relationships between variables IV is not necessarily introduced experimentally (eg. random assignment)

Ethnographic Research

Research that is collected via interviews, observations, and inspection of documents

Idiographic (aka Single-Subject Research)

Research that studies a single individual/subject

John Crites

Researched the phenomenon of "career maturity" or "vocational maturity" Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) - measure attitudes and competencies related to the career choice process

Quasi-Experiment

Researcher uses preexisting groups, so IV cannot be altered (eg. gender or ethnicity) Cannot randomly assign the subjects You cannot state with any degree of statistical confidence that the IV caused DV Unlike experimental research, Quasi-experiment doesn't have experimental control (participants may experience differences other than the effect of IV), doesn't gave randomization (participants usually all assigned to the same conditions. Eg. cannot randomly assign gender to particiapnts)participants, and doesn't contain control group (eg. pretest-posttest model doesn't required control group) A type of Quasi-Experiment is: Ex Post Facto Study (aka "after the fact"), implying a correlational study in which intact preexisting groups are utilized. The IV was administered before the research begins

Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect

Responses followed by a pleasant outcome will increase in occurrence, whereas those followed by an unpleasant outcome will decrease in occurrence.

Parroting

Restates the client's message back word by word

After Script

Result in a way a person believes they will behave after a certain event occurs

Incomplete Parent State

Result of the death or absence of a parent

Relationship Behavior (Maintenance Action Leadership)

Result of two way communication Eg. Leader provides emotional support for members

Experts Who Don't Like Formal Diagnosis

Rogerians, Jay Haley, Carl Rogers

Career Construction Postmodern Theory (Mark Savickas)

Rooted in narrative therapy, in which the client's life is viewed as a story they has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story

Variance = S^2

SD(squared)

Family Therapy Movement

Satir and Minuchin

Taxonomy分类

Science of classification

Second and Middle Children (Adler)

Second-born child - someone who has a "pacemaker." Since there is always someone who was there first, this child may grow to be more competitive, rebellious and consistent in attempting to be best. Middle children may struggle with figuring out their place in the family and, later, in the world. They are eager for parental praise and thus tend to develop gifts in the arts or academia in order to accomplish this goal. Due to their "middle" status, they also may be the most flexible and diplomatic members of the family

Systematic Sampling

Select some starting point and then select every nth element in the population Eg. You have a list of 10,000 folks, you want 1,000 in your study. You pick the first person between 1 and 10 at random, then use every 10th person This results could (maybe) be virtually the same as the results from standard random sampling

Masochistic自虐 Personality

Self-abusive person

Self-concept and Developmental Stage Theory (Donald Super)

Self-concept and career/vocational maturity influences one's career throughout life span Life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner Created a five-stage life-span theory emphasizing that career choice is a developmental process based on the individual's self-concept

Frank Parsons

Set up community centers to help individuals on search of work Father of guidance Some historians insist that the profession of counseling officially began when Parsons founded the Vocational Guidance Bureau of Boston and published the book "Choosing a Vocation" in 1909

Inter-Rater / Inter-Observer Reliability (aka Scorer Reliability)

Several raters assess the same performance Used when assessing subjective test performance (eg. essay) Will two different persons who grade the same response produce roughly the same score?

Superordinate Goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Free Choice / Free Response Items

Short answer format, allows the responder to answer in manner they wish; Can yield more information; Take more time to score; Increase subjectivity Eg. Short answer, projective measures

Increasing a test's length raises reliability;

Shortening a test lowers reliability.

The Interpretation of Dreams

Sigmund Freud Manifest and Latent Content

If Confidence Level = 95%

Significance Level (alpha) = 1 minus(-) confidence level = 1 - 95% = 1 - 0.95 = 0.05 = p = 0.05

Process Consultation Model (Edgar Schein)

Similar to the "doctor-patient" model Consultant is paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution. The focus is on the agency or organization, not the individual client Focus is not on the content of the problem, but rather the process used to solve the problems

Survey

Simplest form of descriptive research Ideal sample size is at least 100 Requires 50-75% completion rate to be accurate Problems: poor construction of the instrument, low return rate, often subjects are not picked at random and thus are not representative of the population

Contingent Reinforcement

Situation in which a certain response must be made before a reinforcer is obtained; that is, no response, no reinforcer (think dependent) Eg. give a treat to your dog when she comes to the door after you call her

Foot-in-the-Door

Small to large Tendency for people to comply with some LARGE request AFTER first agreeing to a SMALL request. The technique is used to get compliance from others in which a small request is made first in order to get compliance for a larger request. For example, someone might want you to give 5 hours of your time a week for the three months as a volunteer to a charity (a big request). But to get you to agree to this big request, they first ask you to volunteer for 1 hour one time and one time only. After hearing this small request, which you are willing to agree to, they then work their way up asking you to volunteer time until you are willing to agree to the big request. You are more likely to agree to this when you have already said yes to the small request.

SCCT

Social Cognitive Career Theory States that self-efficacy beliefs impacts one's career decisions Self-efficacy: "Can I really do this and what will happen if I try to do this?"

DSM-5 Code

Someitmes a single code can truly represent multiple conditions, therefore you need to list the name of the condition in the client's record Eg. 300.3 - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Blue-Collar Worker

Someone who performs manual labor, often in a manufacturing job, and who earns an hourly wage

Quid Pro Quo

Something given in exchange or return for something else Uses a behavioral contingency contract -- one person in the family will do something as long as the other member agrees to do something comparable

T-Group (Training Group)

Sometimes called the laboratory training groups or sensitivity groups

Trait-and-Factor Model

Sometimes classified as a "Structural" theory because it emphasizes individual differences / structural differences Also grounded in "Differential Psychology" because it is the study of individual differences

Career

Sometimes defined as the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure

Stratum / Strata

Special characteristic required to be presented in a research Eg. gender, age, race, educational degree The stratification variable in the sample should mimic the population at large -- If 20% of all Rogerian counselors are AA, then your study on Rogerian counselors should have 20% AA counselors in your sample Cannot be achieve via simple random sampling

Decrement

Speed, skills, and retention would decrease as one entered old age

All humans have a five-stage sleep cycle and all cycle through the stages in the same order

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, Stage 3, Stage 2, Stage 5 Sleep does not progress through all of these stages in sequence, however. Sleep begins in Stage One and progresses into stages Two, Three, and Four. Then, after Stage Four sleep, Stages Three, then Two are repeated before going into REM sleep (Stage 5). Once REM is over, we usually return to Stage Two sleep. Sleep cycles through these stages approximately 4 or 5 times throughout the night.

Standard deviation = √variance

Standard deviation = Square root of the variance

Ethics

Standards of behavior set forth by organizations and certification bodies Ethics are not state or federally mandated laws Do not spell out penalties for violations Ethics are not universal (eg. might varies across different organizations) However, if your state sends you ethical guidelines that are state statutes法规 after you secure your license, then in this case your guidelines will be the law

Wechsler's Intelligence Tests is a better test for those who fall in the average range;

Stanford-Binet test is more accurate for assessing extremes of intellect

PL 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act

States that: -- all children between ages 5 and 21 are assured free education -- handicapped persons are places in the least-restrictive environment (LRE) -- an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child The Act was passed in 1975

Trend Analysis

Statistical method that examines data at different points in time to determine if a variance is an isolated event or if it is part of a longer trend

Two-Tailed t Test (aka Nondirectional experimental hypothesis)

Statistical test places the rejection area at both ends of the distribution curve Eg. The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will have a statistically DIFFERENT IQ from the average patient who has not received analysis

One-Tailed t Test (aka Directional experimental hypothesis)

Statistical test places the rejection area at one end of the distribution The hypothesis specifies that one average mean is larger than another Eg. The average patient who has completed psychoanalysis will gave a statistically significantly HIGHER IQ than the average patient who has not received analysis

Strategic Family Therapy

Strategic therapists are problem-solvers and solution-finders. They are the referees and coaches, not the spectators passively observing the action played out before them. They aren't concerned with where or how the problem started, only how to address it and solve it at this point in time Therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time Strategic therapist are directive (tells client what to do), actively involved and responsible in helping clients turn their lives around, in helping them strategically plan, execute, and measure "game winning" outcomes Strategic therapy is not a person laying on a couch describing what kind of inner turmoil or thoughts he or she is having or experiencing, what past childhood experiences contributed to a sense of self, or how a particular psychological issue could have arisen from past experiences Rely on reframing (aka relabeling or redefining), restraining, positioning, prescribing the symptom techniques (all of these are paradoxical interventions since they defy common sense)

Vertical Interventions (Intrapersonal Leadership)

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group

Donald Meichenbaum

Stress Inoculation Treatment

Constructivist Theories of Intervention

Stress that it is imperative that we as helpers understand the client's view to explain his or her problems (eg. brief therapy and narrative therapy)

John Holland

Stressed a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his personality type

Constructivism

Stresses that therapy should be less hierarchical A helper does not treat a client, instead, the client and therapist have a conversation to work together in a collaborative effort

Salvador Minuchin

Structural Family Therapy Felt that family therapy was a science requiring therapeutic interventions well beyond warmth Uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques

Personality Theory also referred to as ___

Structural Theory

Neuroscience

Studies how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Is being used to help guide diagnostic and treatment procedures

Nomothetic

Studies using groups of individuals to discover general principles

Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave Study / Realistic conflict theory

Study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative, a superordinate goal, which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group

Psychometrics

Study of psychological measurement / A branch of counseling or psychology which focuses on testing

Factorial Notation (e.g. 2x2, 2x3)

Study using two independent variables Eg. 2 x 3 = first variable has two levels (eg. male or female); second variable has three levels (eg. Caucasian, Asian, or African American)

Single-Blind Study

Subject would not know whether they are a member of the control group or the experimental group To eliminate demand characteristics

Matched Design

Subjects are literally 'matched' in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV, which is really the post-experimental performance Termed "Matched Sampling" Eg. Repeated-measures or within-subjects: the theory is that subject is best matched by himself or herself, assuming that counterbalancing is implemented

Biofeedback Devices

Such as a scale or mirror, are used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature Provides the client and helper with biological information so that client can master self-regulation

Global Measures

Such as standardized tests, that may well assess traits and factors not specifically addressed in the group EX: giving members of a Weight Watchers group a pre- and post-MMPI-2 would constitute a global measurement

Glass Ceiling Phenomenon

Suggest that women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work Is a form of occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit women's careers Invisible barrier that keeps a given demographic from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy

John Holland

Suggested that a person's personality needs to be congruent with the work environment

Robert R. Carkhuff

Suggests a "scale for measurement" in regard to "empathic understanding in interpersonal processes." Level 1: not attending or detracting significantly from the client's verbal and behavioral expressions. Level 2: subtracts noticeable affect from the communication. Level 3: feelings expressed by the client are basically interchangeable with the client's meaning and affect. Level 4: counselor adds noticeably to the client's affect. Level 5: counselor adds significantly to the client's feeling, meaning even in the client's deepest moments. 1969 book: "Helping and Human Relations"

Supervisors & Supervisees

Supervisors should not supervise relatives (by NBCC Ethics) Supervisors do not provide counseling services to supervisees

Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Support Anne Roe's theory because they are projective test (Memory: Roe and Rorschach both begin with "R")

Using deductive reasoning to gain knowledge has been called:

Syllogism A syllogism is a systematic representation of a single logical inference

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Systems Theory Model Popularized the notion of the connectedness of all living things Family is more than merely the separate persons but rather a system with rules, patterns that connect members, and so on

Implosive Therapy

T. G. Stampfl

Midlife Career Change

Takes place generally between 35-45, additional training is often needed Factors: divorce, childbirth, caring for a disabled child, empty nest syndrome, job dissatisfaction

Introjection

Taking in and "swallowing" the values and standards of others

introjects (Ackerman - psychoanalytic family therapy)

Taking in personality attributes of others that become apart of your own self-images Unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves Eventually these introjects determine how the individual will relate to others

Back-up Reinforcers

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens

Back-up Reinforcer

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens Back-up reinforcers are often unconditioned

Classification of Roles (Group)

Task Roles - helps the group carry out a task. Eg. An information giver or clarifier Maintenance Roles - helps to maintain or even strengthen group process. Eg. The follower, or an encourager Self-Serving Roles / Individual Roles - is seen as negative. The person meets their own individual needs at the expense of the group. They work against the group. Eg. Someone who refuses to participate or someone who criticizes or disagrees with others

Timed test

Technically is a type of speed test; has time limit but more difficult and with a higher percentage of individuals completing it Eg. NCE

Halo Effect

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements (positive characteristic, higher rating)

Social Loafing

Tendency of certain members of a group to get by with less effort than what they would have put when working alone

Group Polarization

Tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group

Risky Shift Phenomenon

Tendency of people to increase their willingness to take risks as a result of group discussions

Parsimony / Parsimonious 简约

Tendency to be miserly and not overspend

Wilhelm Wundt

Termed "structuralism" because he was interested in the structure of consciousness He was convinced that psychology could be accepted as a science if consciousness could be measure

Practice Rational Self-talk/Thinking

Terms associated with cognitive therapists, especially rational-emotive behavior psychotherapy

Factor-Analytic Test / Inventory

Test that analyze data outside of a given theory / test isn't based on a theory Eg. 16 PF (by Raymond Cattell)

Tarasoff in Texas (Duty to Warn)

Texas physicians do not have a statutory duty to warn potential victims of their patients' violent conduct but may warn medical or law enforcement authorities if the patient is a danger to himself, to the treating physician, or to others The issue is whether a practitioner has a duty to protect not only the patient but also other persons from acts performed by a patient or client, emerging as a duty to warn. Texas firmly says "no." Such a duty must be established by statute. As will be seen, the Tarasoff rule does not apply in Texas because of the specific language of the statutes

TA: Adult Ego State

The Adult ego state is the 'grown up' rational person who talks reasonably and assertively, neither trying to control nor reacting aggressively towards others. The Adult is comfortable with him/herself and is, for many of us, our 'ideal self'. The Adult ego state deals with the here and now reality. It is the processing center and important because it is the only ego state that is not connected to the past. The Adult ego state is able to deal with current things in ways that are not unhealthily influenced by our past.

TA: Child Ego State

The Child ego state is rooted in the past and plays back thoughts, feelings and behaviors that we experienced as a child. Natural Child - what the person would be naturally - spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained Little Professor - acts on hunches, often without the necessary information - creative and intuitive Adaptive Child - learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand

Harry B. Gelatt

The Gelatt Decision Model

O*NET

The Occupational Information Network (O*Net) is an online database which replaced the DOT, developed by the US Department of Labor to identify and describe important information about occupations, worker characteristics, work skills and training requirements O*NET lists fewer occupations than DOT

Morphostasis (Stability)

The ability of the family to balance stability

Internal Validity

The ability to draw conclusion about causal relationship from the data Higher internal validity in experimental study compared to non experimental study because we have more control over the variables

Empathy

The ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client Able to experience the client's subjective world

Cognitive Disputation (REBT)

The act of changing the client's mode of thinking

Awfulizing / Catastrophizing (used in REBT)

The act of telling yourself how difficult, terrible, and horrendous a given situation really is

Positive Punishment

The addition of something unpleasant to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring In positive punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior Eg. scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class. In this case, a stimulus (the reprimand) is added in order to decrease the behavior (texting in class)

Mean (abbreviated by an X with a bar over it)

The arithmetic average of a distribution Obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

Rational-Emotive Imagery

The client imagines s/he is in a situation which has traditionally caused emotional disturbance; then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logic, scientific thought

Behavioral Disputation (REBT)

The client tries to behave in a way that is markedly different than his/her normal, though undesirable pattern

Occupational Sex Segregation

The concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations Suggests that female occupations generally pay less and hold lower status than male occupations

Underemployment

The condition when people work at jobs for which they are overqualified or that do not utilize their skills

Subtractive Empathy

The counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated

Familism

The degree to which a client is attached to and identifies with his or her family

Face Validity

The degree to which an assessment or test subjectively appears to measure the variable or construct that it is supposed to measure When an assessment or test appears to do what it claims to do

Content Validity (aka Rational or Logical Validity)

The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover Does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny? (Does the test cover all the areas (subareas) that it supposed to test?) Eg. An IQ test that only sampled human's memory but not vocabulary or problem solving, is said to not sample the entire range of intelligence, which would have poor content validity

Rosenthal Effect (aka Experimenter Expectancy Effect)

The experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the experimenter to treat them in a special way so that the individual begin to fulfill the experimenter's expectations.

External Reliability

The extent to which a measure varies from one use to another The test or measure can be generalized beyond what you're using it for Eg. Test-retest method, Inter-rater method

External Validity (aka Population Validity)

The extent to which the results can be generalized to other populations and settings Higher external validity in non experimental study because we can study people in their nature environment

E. G. Williamson (1930's)

The father of the Minnesota Viewpoint. Popular some years ago, especially with career counselors, this approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career. Also called the "trait factor" approach Trait-factor counseling approaches assume that career choice may be facilitated and career outcomes optimized through a fairly straightforward process of matching an individual's most relevant work-relevant characteristics (abilities, interests, values, etc.) with information regarding job activities, demands, rewards, and availability

E. G. Williamson

The father of the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint. Popular some years ago, especially with career counselors, this approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career Many exams will bill this as the "trait factor" approach

Bystander Effect

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

The first developmental appreaoch to occupational choice Developmental stages are: - Age 11 and under - Fantasy - Early adolescence (ages 11 - 17) - Tentative - Age 17 into early adulthood - Realistic Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible - this hypothesis was later dropped

Neurogenesis

The growth and development of nervous tissue Suggests that new neurons can be formed Hence, the notion that we always go downhill with age is flawed

Spiral Test

The items get progressively more difficult (Memory: A spiral staircase get more difficult to climb as you walk up higher)

Situational Leadership Style

The leader tells members what to do and does not emphasize relationships among members

Confidence Level

The level of certainty (only consist of one number, usually a high number like 90% or 95%) that a population parameter exists in the calculated confidence interval Eg. If we conducted many confidence intervals the same way, we expect 95% of those intervals to contain the true mean.

Group Process

The manner in which discussions and transactions occur Refers to analyzing the communications, interactions, and transactions

For a Z-Score,

The mean is 0 Standard deviation is 1.0 Range for standard deviation of a z-score is -3.0 to +3.0

Median (abbreviated by Md. or Mdn.)

The middle score in a distribution Half the scores are above it and half are below it (Memory: Median is in the middle of the highway)

Mode (Modal Score; abbreviated by Mo.)

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution Least important measure of central tendency

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus Eg. Bell before pairing with meat

Supply and Demand Curve (Career)

The number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up The number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases

Needs-Press Theory

The occupation (job/work) is used to meet a person's current need

Choice Theory

The only person whose behavior we can control is our own Our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs

True Experiment

The only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome

Enmeshment

The over-involvement of family members with each other and thus lose their autonomy

Percentile Rank

The percentage of scores that fall below a specific score in a distribution of scores

Josef Breuer

The person Freud credited with the founding of psychoanalysis. He discovered that when the memory of a traumatic event is recalled under deep relaxation or hypnosis, there is a release of emotional energy (catharsis) and the symptoms caused by the repressed memory are relieved

Common archetypes include

The persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self Animus, anima, and self Shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired

Placebo Effect

The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

The pioneer theorists that view career choice as an ongoing so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision; abandon matching models

Cross-Validation

The process by which a second sample group is given a test to ensure it is applicable to more than one group To ensure that the original validity coefficient is applicable to others who will take the exam Takes place when a researcher further examines the criterion validity of a test by administering the test to a new sample

Job-Netting

The process of finding a job on the internet

Experimental Research

The process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations An experiment must have the conditions of treatment controlled via the experimenter and random assignment (aka randomization) used in the groups Attempts to eliminate all extraneous variables Eg. True experiment

Ecological Planning

The process of obtaining information to determine whether a group is the most desirable form of treatment and, if it is, to decide the exact nature of the group experience The counselor needs to look at demographics, community needs, and social considerations

Homogeneity

The quality of being similar Also known as Inter-Item Consistency

Confidence Interval

The range of values within which a population parameter is estimated to lie It has a low number, high number, and include all the numbers in between Eg. We are 95% confident/sure that the interval (Eg. 60 inch, 65 inch) captures/contains the true/population mean height of 8th graders.

Harmonic Mean

The reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals Reciprocals: reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction turned upside-down Eg. Find the harmonic mean for these numbers: 2, 2, 4 -- 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1.25/3 = .4166 (arithmetic mean of the reciprocals) -- 1/.4166 (reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals) Sometimes it is used if measurements were not made on an appropriate scale Cannot be use with negative numbers or if it has a score of zero

Positive Reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response / increase the probability that a behavior will occur by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus Something is added Following / After an operant (behavior) In positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior The most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behavior is with positive reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response / increase the probability that a behavior will occur by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus Something is taken away Following / After an operant (behavior) In negative reinforcement, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior

Negative Punishment

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring In negative punishment, you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior. Eg. when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.

Confederate同盟 or Stooge

The researcher has an accomplice pose as the client Social psychology studies routinely employ "confederates" or "stooges" who are not real subjects but in reality work with the researcher

In determining an alpha level,

The researcher needs to decide which error (type I or II) results in the most serious consequences. Researcher can set alpha at a very stringent level and then use a large sample size. If this can be accomplished, it is possible to make the correct decision (eg. accept or reject null) for majority of the time

Interquartile Range (IQR)

The score difference between the first (25th percentile) and third quartiles (75th percentile)

Standardized Measure

The scoring and administration procedures are formal and well delineated

Two-Groups / Two-Randomized-Groups Research Design

The simplest experimental design, used when only two treatment conditions are needed

Cybernetics

The study of information processing, feedback, and control in communication systems A concept used by family therapists Pioneered in early 1940s by Norbert Wiener Suggests that family has feedback oops to self-correct a family system

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors Eg. Positive event occurred because you are wonderful; negative event occurred because of the external circumstances *A depressed individual will typically do the opposite of the person who is not depressed - where depressed individual will blame himself (internal factor) for failure. Self serving attribution bias would not apply in situation like this

WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

The test is based on neurocognitive research and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll leading theory of human intelligence Can be administered and scored online Takes 60 -90 minutes to complete 10 subject areas/subtest (each with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3) 10 subject areas make up 4 index scores: verbal comprehensive index (VCI), perceptual reasoning index (PRI), working memory index (WMI), and processing speed index (SPI) Full scale IQ (FSIQ - total) has a mean of 100, with a standard deviation of 15

Nathan Ackerman

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling Recommended studying the family, not just the child who was brought into treatment as the identified patient Some experts consider this the true beginning of the family therapy movement Was concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between them (analytical) Prior to Ackerman, it was considered inappropriate to include family members in analytic treatment sessions

Acquisition获得 Period

The time it takes to learn or acquire获得 a given behavior

Independent Group Comparison Design (aka Between-Subjects Design)

The two groups in an experiment are independent of each other, the change (or lack of it) in one group did not influence the change in the other group

Psychometric Data

The use of test results in counseling

Y Axis

The vertical line on a graph Used to plot the frequency of the DVs Ordinate

Circular / Reciprocal Causality (E.g., Dynamics of Family Members)

The view that causality is nonlinear, occurring instead within a relationship context and through a network of interacting loops; any cause is thus seen as an effect of a prior cause, as in the interactions within families Everybody is influencing everybody else. the problem resides in the family rather than a given individual

Group Norms

The written or unwritten do's and don'ts of the group

Linda Gottfredson

Theory of Circumscription and Compromise, and Self-creation Circumscription 界限 - phase one: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class Compromise - phase two: change mind, major etc. if career path is not truly realistic People do restrict choices (Circumscription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job they will often sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sex-typed behavior or prestige This is developmental approach that takes one's childhood into account Social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where he or she fits into society

"Didactic" Models of Treatment

Therapies that basically "teach" the client (e.g., REBT)

Psychodynamic Theory

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Gestalt Therapy

Therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

Social Exchange Theory

There are many different theories about why we help each other. According to social exchange theory people help each other when there is a positive cost-benefit analysis; when the benefits outweigh the costs.The benefits can be tangible or intangible, physical or psychological. All that really matters is that the person perceives the benefits to be greater than the costs.

Ratio

There is an absolute zero that is meaningful Have equal intervals between values In applied social research most "count" variables are ratio Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be use Eg. The number of clients in past six months. Because you can have zero clients and because it is meaningful to say that "...we had twice as many clients in the past six months as we did in the previous six months." Eg. A person who weighs 100 kilos is twice as heavy as a person who weighs 50 kilos, and a measure of zero kilos is meaningful Eg. time, height, weight, temperature on the Kelvin scale, volume, distance

Null Hypothesis (H0)

There isn't a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group The IV does not affect the DV p = 0

5 Layers of Neurosis (Gestalt)

These layers must be peeled away to reach emotional stability Phony layer - people resist seeing the real them Phobic layer - fear that others will reject their uniqueness Impasse layer - person feels stuck Implosive layer - willingness to expose the true self Explosive layer - person has relief due to authenticity

I'm Not Ok--You're Not Ok

These people have a poor self image and harbor hostility and anger toward outside world

I'm Ok--You're Not Ok

These people have a positive self-image, but see everyone else as the enemy; paranoid position

I'm Ok, You're Ok

These people have formed a self-concept, are acknowledged as individuals, and have positive self-identity as well as positive image of others

Humanistic Psychology can also be called

Third force psychology Because it was a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, the two initial forces at the time

Larry P. v. Wilson Riles (1979) (Superintendent of Public Instruction, State of California: The Wechsler and Binet on Trail)

This case was brought by plaintiffs on behalf of African-American children who were overly represented in EMR (educable mentally retarded) classes in San Francisco school system based on IQ scores Initially ruled that IQ tests were racially biased against African American children

TA: Parent Ego State

This is a set of feelings, thinking and behavior that we have copied from our parents and significant others. Nurturing parent/critical parent

Leisure Time

Time away from work which individual has the freedom to choose what they would like to do

Applied Research (aka Action Research or Experience-Near Research)

To advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application

Kuder-Richardson Coefficients of Equivalence / Kuder-Richardson Reliability/Item Consistency Estimates (aka KR-20 or KR-21 formulas)

To find out of each item on the test is measuring the same thing as every other item Can used to test dichotomous items (eg. true-false)

Densensitization

To make one less sensitive

Primary purpose of aptitude test

To predict future performance

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972

To prohibit discrimination in educational agencies and institutions that accept federal assistance

Main Purpose of a Career Group

To provide information to participants, help folks explore vacations, and to enhance their decision-making skills

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

To reduce dissonance, people will look for things / evidence which are consistent with his or her behavior

Token Reinforcement

Tokens earned for positive behavior can be exchanged for some desired reward / exchanged for the primary (actual) reinforcer Token given after a desirable behavior

Games of Dialogue (Gestalt)

Top dog, underdog, empty chair technique

T-Group

Training group

Transactional Analysis

Transactional Analysis is an approach to psychology and psychotherapy that was introduced by Canadian psychiatrist Eric Berne in the 1950s. It is considered an integrative form of therapy because it combines psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive approaches to therapy. The basic theory of TA theorizes that within every adult exists three states, the "Parent," the "Adult," and the "Child" and that these three parts of the personality interact with each other, and with other people in various and alternating ways to create interpersonal interactions and relationships. These interactions are generally composed of "strokes" (reactions) and "transactions" (communications) under the theory that people use communications to seek "positive" strokes.

James O. Prochaska

Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM)

Transactional Analysis

Treatment that focuses on patterns of interaction with others, especially patterns that indicate personal problems

Consequential Validity

Tries to ascertain (find out) the social implications of using tests Refers to the positive or negative social consequences of a particular test

Multimodal Distribution

Two or more peaks in a distribution curve

Classical (respondent) Conditioning

Two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal

Existentialists speaks of 4 worlds:

Umwelt - The physical (physical and biological system) world (Memory: "U" - universe - physical environment - physical) Mitwelt - The relationship world (Memory: Mi - my - "my mom" - relationship) Eigenwelt - The identity world (Memory: "e" "i" at the beginning of both terms) Uberwelt - Spiritual beliefs about the ideal world

Sour Grapes Rationalization

Underrates a reward (because they didn't get it)

Axiom公理

Unlike a theory, Axiom is a universally recognized principle Eg. REBT (Theory), Gravity exists on planet earth (axiom)

Rackets

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game When a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling, the result is called a "racket"

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (aka Pearson's correlation / correlation coefficient / Pearson's r)

Used for interval or ratio data (Memory: Pearson r uses I and R (interval and ratio data) as in "Information and Referral")

Spearman Rho Correlation

Used for ordinal data (Memory: Rho ends in "o" as in ordinal)

Spearman Correlation / Spearman's rho (also known as Kendall's Tau)

Used in place of the Pearson r when data are nonparametric

Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA H test

Used instead of one-way ANOVA when data are nonparametric Used when there are three or more groups

Downward Arrow Technique

Used ti ferret out what the client is truly upset about and make the client aware of this issue Find out the client's core belief Created by David D. Burns

summative evaluation

Used to assess a final product Determine if you have met learning objectives Determine how well the goal has been met

Spearman-Brown Formula

Used to estimate the impact that lengthening or shortening a test will have on the test's reliability coefficient

EMG (Electromyography) Feedback

Used to measure muscle tension

EEG (electroencephalogram) Neurofeedback

Used to monitor brain waves Focuses on the production of alpha waves, which is 8-12 cycles per second An individual in alpha state is awake but extremely relaxed

Linking (Group)

Used to promote cohesion and attempt to bring together common patterns or themes within the group

Noncounselor Interventions

Uses a computer or a software program Counselor is not present for the session

Active therapy (aka 'active-directive' therapy)

Uses a directive paradigm

T-scores (aka Transformed scores)

Uses a mean of 50 with each SD as 10 Eg. A z-score of -1.0 would be a t-score of 40 and a z-score of -1.5 would be a t-score of 35 and so on Never expressed as a negative number unlike z-scores

Inferential Statistics

Uses a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population Inferential statistics are valuable when examination of each member of an entire population is not convenient or possible

Test of Significance

Uses to determine whether a difference in the groups' scores is "significant" or just due to chance factors

Cohen's d Effect Size (ES)

Uses to gauge how strong a relationship exists Small 0.2; Medium 0.5; Large 0.8

NS vs. CS (Neutral stimulus vs. Conditioned stimulus)

Usually used interchangeable Sometimes - NS is only used until (before) a CR occurs, then NS becomes CS. When the bell without the meat (US) produce a CR (salivating), then the dog is conditioned and the bell is now technically a CS. At the same time, UR (salivate) also becomes a CR because it is learned. If the dog had not yet learned the response to salivate, then the bell would be a NS

Most Effective to Least Effective (Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules)

VR, VI, FR, FI

Number one factor in the construction of a test is ___

Validity

Which is more important, validity or reliability?

Validity

Most Critical Factors in Test Selection are

Validity and Reliability

Most difficult for intermittent schedule to extinguish (most effective) is the ...

Variable ratio Variable Ratio (VR: memory device - vocational rehabilitation agency) is better than Fixed Interval (FI)

Developmental Theory (Career Counseling)

Views career decisions as longitudinal and reversible Emphasizes on stages or view vocational choice as a process which can change throughout the lifespan

In 1976, ___ became the first state to institute a professional counseling licensure law

Virginia Virginia was first and later became the home base for several important organizations for the counseling profession California was the last state to institute a professional counseling licensure law (2009)

Early Childhood Needs-Theory Approach (Anne Roe)

Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age Is the child person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent-child relationship) and Maslow Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and Career Occupational Preference System use Roe's ideas

C. F. Patterson

Was another major supporter of trait-and-factor approach

Universality (Group Therapy) / Mutuality

We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem

Types of Wechsler assessment

Wechsler Pre-school and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) - 2-7 years Wechsler Intelligence scale for Children (WISC) - 6-16 years Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - 16 years and over

Acquiescence 默认

When a client always agrees with something Agreement without protest

Reluctant不情愿的 Client

When a client is referred for treatment and is not enthusiastic about the intervention

Copayment

When a client pays for a portion of the service, and the other portion is paid by insurance payments

Negligence

When a counselor "neglects" or fails to perform a required behavior

Second-order Structural Analysis

When a counselor analyzes an ego state within an ego state (e.g. Critical Parent or Nurturing Parent)

Structural Analysis

When a counselor analyzes out of which ego state (Parent, Adult, Child) a client is primarily operating Describing the client using the P-A-C conceptualization

Ulterior别有用心 Transaction (game)

When a disguised message is sent Two or more ego states are operating at the same time

Fragmented支离破碎

When a group displays little or no cohesiveness

Blocking (Group / Individual)

When a leader uses an intervention to stop or block a negative or counter productive behavior which could hurt another member of the group

Thirteenth Stepping

When a more experienced member of a 12-Step group - man or woman - pursues a romantic relationship with a new group member who have under 1 year of clean time.

Theory-Based Test / Inventory

When a test is guided via a theory Eg. MBTI

Covary Negatively

When one variable increases while the other decreases

Abstractive Behavior

When the counselor is thinking about his or her own concerns

Interpretation

When the counselor uncovers a deeper meaning regarding a client's situation

Task-facilitative behavior

When the counselor's thoughts are in relation to the client

Aptitude-Achievement Tests

When the distinction is unclear Eg. GRE, MAT, MCAT, SAT These test predict future school performance but they also test your current level of knowledge If "aptitude-achievement" isn't in the answer choice, then pick "aptitude" *Does IQ test count as Aptitude-Achievement Test?

Covary Positively

When two variables vary together

Response Burst / Extinction Burst

When using extinction, the behavior will get worse before it gets better; temporary increase in the frequency of the behavior

Validity

Whether the test measures what it is intended to measure

Reality Therapy

William Glasser

Social Psychology

William McDougall Edward Alsworth Ross

Solution-Oriented Therapy

William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, Michelle Weiner Davis

SIGI & CHOICES are based on the career theory of

Williamson

Reentry Women

Women who go from working within the home (homemaker) to working outside the home

Segmentation

Work and family are kept separate

Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis

Work has been classified as a preface to the group movement

Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of ___

Workbook in Vocations" by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefield, and Gilbert Wrenn It set the stage for the popularization of the word "counseling" Prior to 1931, the word "guidance" was used for educational and vocational gudance This book and William Proctor's book "Educational and Vocational Guidance" in 1925, began to conceptualize counseling as a psychological process

John Krumboltz (Social Learning Theory - Career)

World generalization - generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation Self-observation generalizations - in career counseling, your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation

Richard Nelson Bolles

Wrote "What Color Is Your Parachute" Promoted the idea of securing a network of people who can help you with your job search He doesn't identify with a specific career theory

William McDougall

Wrote Intro to Social Psychology, 'hormic psychology' (individual and group behavior is result of inherited tendencies to seek goals)

Pre-experimental Designs

X - treatment O - observation, measurement, score - DV E - experimental group C - control group R - random sampling NR - no random sampling

Sleeper Effect

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it. After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Adlerians stress that clients long for ...

a feeling of belonging and strive for perfection

A group has

a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction & a shared purpose. # or more people who meet with

Reality Therapy

a method of analysis developed by Glasser to help clients focus on the present (here and now) rather than past experiences

Secondary Reinforcer

a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer Primary reinforcer: Food, water Secondary reinforcer: Money (used to buy food and water)

Descriptive Statistic

a number that describes certain characteristics or properties of a batch of numbers (merely describes data) Eg. Mean, median, mode

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates ___

a perfect score with no error (generally only occurs in physical measurement)

Higher-order Conditioning / Second-order Conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. Also called second-order conditioning

Social Distance Scale

a rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

a statistical procedure for testing the differences between two or more means

Test Bias primarily results from ___

a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients

Gestalt and Existential Psychotherapy are ...

affective paradigms as they urge clients to purge emotions in order to feel better about themselves

Freud's Slips of the Tongue

also called "parapraxis"

The word "dynamic" means the group is ___

always changing

Confounding occurs when ___

an undesirable variable which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment Undesirable variable can be called Contaminating Variable

Cognitive Dissonance不和谐

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs. Thus, the person will be motivated to reduce the dissonance

Behaviorists is the rivals of the ...

analysts

School selection tests assess ___

aptitude

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ____ is to behaviorism

associationism

Anne Roe's personality approach to career choice ___

based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need Some text refer Roe's work as the "person-environment" theory Roe's theory is primarily psychoanalytic and draws on Maslow's hierarchy of needs Roe believes that needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators; higher order needs will disappear even if they are rarely satisfied but lower-order needs (eg. safety) will be the major concern; needs that are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators Emphasized that early child rearing practices influence later career choices since a job is a major source of gratification for an unconscious need

Glasser's Choice Theory postulates that...

behavior is really an attempt to control our perceptions to satisfy our genetic needs - survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun

Counselor should always attempt to use the recommended wording when conducting assessment/testing because,

change the wording could alter the impact of the rest question, possibly confounding the results

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with ...

cognition and attitude formation

Leon Festinger

cognitive dissonance theory

Undesirable variables ___ the expeirement

confound or flaw

All correlational research is said to be ___

confounded

(Example) During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should ___

contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions (Ethical guideline: When a client's condition indicates that there is a clear and imminent danger or serious and foreseeable harm to the client and others, the counselor must take reasonable personal action or inform responsible authorities)

Primarily due to the work of Carl R. Rogers,

counseling rather than testing became the major tasks for professionals

First counselors in the US were not called counselors. They were ___

deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women

The 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in ___

developmental psychology Piaget, Erickson, and Havinghurst were very influential

Glasser's position on mental illness is that...

diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick Rejected traditional medical mode of disease (DSM and ICD)

p-value = .05 indicates ___

differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100 there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100

Behaviorists ...

do strive for symptom reduction but Do Not believe in the concept of symptom substitution

Ideally, informed consent occurs ___

during screening before the initial group session

In the 1960s C. Gilbert Wrenn's book, "The Counselor in a Changing World" (1962), urged counselors to ___

emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness Attempt to steer counseling away from merely providing remedial补救 services to student

Roger's approach is characterized as a(n) ...

existential or humanistic approach

The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons ___

experiencing marriage and family problems

Most ineffective for intermittent schedule is ...

fixed interval

Experts predict that in the future ___

group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers (Because in the past, groups have emphasized on a narrow focus and in the future, groups should begin to deal with a broad spectrum of issues or take on a comprehensive model of group work. A comprehensive educational life-skills model could stress preventive mental health skills)

Gestalt has been a popular modality for ...

group work

Raising the size of a sample,

helps to lower the risk of chance / error factors (Differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine than differences revealed using small sample size)

Directive techniques and concreate treatment objectives have ...

high degree of structure

ANOCA can be use to see___

if performance on one variable mimics the same trend on a second variable Eg. trend analysis

Prior to the 1960s, most counseling took place...

in a dyadic relationship

The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980s ___

included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensing

Interest inventories work best with ___

individuals who are high school or above Interests become quite stable around age 25

One of the primary problem of counseling in the early 1960s, was that it wrongly emphasized ___

intrapsychic processes

Baseline Measures

is a behaviorist term

Symptom Substitution (eg. replace sucking thumb to biting nails)

is a psychoanalytic concept Psychoanalytic theory believes that if you merely deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind

A Meaningful Reliability Coefficient

is between 0 to 1 Generally, if the reliability of a standardized test is above .80, it is said to have very good reliability; if it is below .50, it would not be considered a very reliable test .90 or higher - High reliability .80 to .89 - Good reliability .60 to .79 - Low/moderate reliability .40 to .59 - Doubtful reliability

If unconditioned stimulus (meat) comes before the conditioned stimulus (bell),

is called Backward Conditioning (ineffective and doesn't work) There will be no conditioning.

If conditioned (bell) and unconditioned (meat) stimuli are presented at the exact same time,

is called Simultaneous Conditioning. There will be no conditioning.

Sympathy

is compassion

Acceptable Reliability Coefficient of .70 and higher

is generally acceptable for most psychological attributes

Acceptable Reliability Coefficient of .80 and higher

is generally required by jobs and schools

Respondents

is the consequence of a known stimulus Eg. A dog salivating to food, or the pupil in your eye enlarging when you walk into a dark room

In a dual-career household, the woman ___

is typically secure in her career before she has children

Lowering the significance level (eg. from .01 to .001) will lower Type I errors,

it increases the risk of Type II or beta error (Type I and Type II error have a negative relationship - one increases, the other decreases)

Charismatic有魅力的 Leadership Style

leader uses his or her personal power, charisma, and attractiveness to foster facilitation

Level of Significance could be refer to as ___

level of confidence or confidence level

Nondirective group, Psychodynamic groups, and Existential groups have...

low degree of structure

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to ...

make the clients aware of their unconscious processes

A group therapist must make ___

more decisions than an individual therapist

The number of people in an open group is generally ...

more stable than in a closed group (eg. open group would keep the number of members (6) more stable as you could replace each member who left with a new member)

A negative experience of taking a test (eg. client been hard by hearing about their IQ score), is likely to cause client to react to it and become a ___

negative and self-fulfilling prophecy

In a projective test, the client is shown

neutral stimuli

When ground rules become the standard of behavior, then it is known as a ___

norm

Folkways

norms for routine or casual interaction

Psychosexual stages of Development

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ___ ___ ___ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.

pictures in your mind (behavior is internally motivated and we choose our actions)

Oral Stage (0-18 months)

pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Anal Stage (18-36 months)

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Intervention can be ___

prevention, correction or enhancement oriented

The letter P (p-value) in relation to a test of significance means ___

probability

One impetus原动力 for counselor licensing was that ___

psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third party payments from insurance and managed care companies Many counselors were not able to be licensed as psychologists because one of the requirement is that the graduate program had to be "primarily psychological in nature"

Correlational research is

quasi-experimental. Thus, it doesn't yield cause-effect data

Coefficient of Determination

r^2 (correlation / reliability coefficient (squared)) A measure of the amount of variation in the dependent variable about its mean that is explained by the regression equation

Most measurements used in counseling studies do not qualify as ___

ratio scales (Most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale)

Quartile

refers to the points that divide a distribution into fourths. 25th percentile is the 1st quartile, 2nd quartile is the median, 3rd quartile is at 75 percentile

Respondent behavior refers to ___

reflexes Pavlovian conditioning is respondent while Skinner's is instrumental/operant

According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is ...

repression

(REBT) Client is taught to change cognition with ...

self-talk and internal verbalizations

Genital Stage (puberty on)

sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others

Some evidence points to the fact that ___ means more than race in terms of group seating

social class

To demonstrate the variance of one factor accounted for by another (Coefficient of Determination),

square the correlation (reliability / correlation coefficient)

Z-scores are the same as ___

standard deviations Z-scores are often called standard scores

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on ...

successful behaviors

The most valuable type of research is ___

the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships

The term "psychology" can only be used if ___

the helper is a licensed psychologist, even if the person specializes in counseling Hence, the education degree need to be from a program which is primarily psychological, a psychology rather than a counseling department

On any test, the lowest possible score is called the "floor";

the highest possible score is called the "ceiling"

Probability of committing a Type I error equals ___

the level of significance

The smaller the p-value,

the more stringent (precise) the level of significance the stronger the evidence against the null hypothesis (means that there is a significant difference between the two variables)

Cultural Relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

One major difference between the psychology vs the counseling movement seems to be that ___

the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate while the counselors are not

When utilizing materialistic observation,

the researcher does not intervene Researcher does not manipulate or control variables

For Freud, the dream was...

the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind

Gerontology

the study of aging and the elderly

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

One major critics of interest inventories is that ___

they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs

Occupational aptitude tests like the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test (ASVAB) grew out of the _____.

trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling

Reality Therapy

treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences

Stages of Psychosocial Development

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair

Most important concept in Freud's theory is the ...

unconscious mind

Altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Rudolf Dreikurs

was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

A counselor who sports NCC after her name ___

will need a 100 hours of continuing education contact hours / professional development during a 5-year period before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

The group IQ test movement began

with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I (WWI started group testing movement, using the Army Alpha for literates识字 and Army Beta for illiterates文盲 and those from other countries)

(Example) If you discover your client is in imminent danger and you receive legal court order to turn over the test scores. You ___

you must turn over the test records complete with the test scores