NDFS 1020 Chapters 13 & 14: Weight Management & Eating Disorders
What are the 3 main types of eating disorders?
1) Anorexia nervosa (AN) 2) Bulimia nervosa (BN) 3) Binge-eating disorder (BED)
Before joining any weight-loss program, consumers should obtain answers to the following questions:
1) Cost? Contract? 2) Need special foods/ dietary supplements? 3) Nutrition counseling provided? Qualified? 4) Diet developed by dietitians? Plans emphasize importance of lifestyle changes, including increasing physical activity? 5) Advertising include questionable weight-loss claims/deceptive testimonials?
The National Weight Control Registry members tend to:
1) Eat low-calorie, low-fat diets. 2) Eat breakfast every day. 3) Check body weight at least once a week 4) Exercise, on average, for 1 hour daily 5) Watch less than 10 hours of TV per week
The number of kilocalories a particular physical activity burns depends largely on what?
1) Type of activity 2) Duration 3) Intensity 4) Weight of person
What are the 5 methods that indirectly estimate the body fat percentage?
1) Underwater weighing 2) Air displacement 3) Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) 4) Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) 5) Skinfold Thickness Measurements
What are the 6 characteristics of safe and effective weight-loss methods?
1) Uses portion control at meals and snacks to help reduce calorie intake 2) Incorporates 3 to 4 servings of low-fat dairy foods 3) Emphasizes a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables 4) Spreads total calorie intake through the day by eating 4 to 5 meals or snacks, including breakfast 5) Involves a routine of self-monitoring, such as keeping a food diary or journal 6) Suggests ways to reduce intake of energy-dense foods and monitor portion sizes when eating meals away from home
A person's RMR is about ___% higher than his or her BMR.
10%
According to experts with the American College of Sports Medicine, adults should perform ___ to ___ minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity to prevent weight gain.
150; 250
Overfat adults may need to engage in more than ___ minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week to achieve clinically significant weight loss and to maintain the new lower body weight.
250
In people with BMIs that are greater than ___, a waist circumference that is greater than ___ inches for men or ___ inches for women is associated with increased risks of developing type 2 diabetes, abnormal blood lipid levels, hypertension, and CVD.
25; 40; 35
Plan meals and snacks to cover ___ or more days.
3
One pound of body fat contains about ____ kcal.
3500
For every 1 L of oxygen cells consume, the body expends ___ kcal of energy.
4.82
Almost ___% of American adults over the age of 20 are either overweight or obese.
69%
Visceral Fat
Accumulation of adipose cells under the abdominal muscles and over the digestive organs
Purging
Activities that limit calorie intake or increase calorie output
Total Body Fat
Adipose tissue and essential fat
What are the risk factors that increase a person's likelihood of developing an eating disorder?
Adolescent female, having a history of frequent dieting, and having low self-esteem; Age
What are the variables for the equation to estimate Total Energy Expenditure in adults older than 19?
Age (years), Weight (kg), Height (meters= inches divided by 39.4), Physical activity estimate (PA)
NWO becomes more prevalent as a population _____ and is most common among Americans between 65 and 75 years of age.
Ages
Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
Amount of energy needed for all bodily functions throughout the day
Many adolescent females with ______ ______ experience delayed menarche (1st menstruation) or amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation), because they have lower-than-normal ______ levels.
Anorexia Nervosa; Estrogen
What are the most costly conditions associated with Obesity?
Arthritis, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes
To determine whether a person's weight is underweight, healthy, overweight, or obese, medical experts generally use _____.
BMI (Body Mass Index)
______ can be a reliable indicator of body fatness.
BMI; But may be skewed (limited) in a person with a lot of muscle, older adults, chronically ill
______ metabolism does not encompass the energy needed for skeletal muscle movements (physical activity), digestion of food, and absorption and processing of nutrients.
Basal
Controlling calorie intake and increasing physical activity are easier to accomplish when overfat persons analyze their unhealthy _______ and identify their eating ______ (signals) and "problem" behaviors.
Behaviors; Cues
What are the signs of a person with Bulimia Nervosa (BN)?
Bite marks/scars on knuckles (from self-induced vomiting), eroded tooth enamel
Overweight and Obesity are more common among what 2 populations?
Black and Mexican-American adults
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
Body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating
What processes are included in Basal Metabolism?
Breathing, circulating blood, maintaining constant liver, brain, and kidney functions
Positive Energy Balance
Calorie intake is greater than calorie output; Body stores excess dietary fat in adipose cells; Body converts surplus dietary carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol to triglycerides to store in adipose cells
Negative Energy Balance
Calorie intake is less than calorie output; Body metabolizes stored fat, ketone bodies, and some amino acids for energy
Energy Intake
Calories from foods and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol
Disordered Eating
Chaotic and abnormal food-related practices such as skipping meals, limiting food choices, following fad diets, and bingeing; Temporary
Obesity
Condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat
Appetite
Desire to eat appealing food
Indirect Calorimetry
Determination of the amount of heat someone produces by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced
What are the signs and symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa (AN)?
Distorted body image Severely restrict food intake, leading to rapid weight loss Maintain unhealthy low body weight Even when emaciated, deny they are too thin Overly concerned about becoming fat
What have led to the obesogenic environment that we live in today?
Easy access to high-calorie foods and the reduction in energy-expending activities
Common signs and symptoms of Binge-eating Disorder (BED)
Eat large amounts of food when not hungry Eat more rapidly than normal until uncomfortably full Eat alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much is consumed Exhibit food concocting (i.e., making and eating strange food mixtures) Feel depressed, guilty, or disgusted with him- or herself after the binge Binge eat at least once a week for 3 months
Binge Eating
Eating an amount of food that is much larger than what a normal person would eat in a brief period of time
Binge-eating Disorder (BED)
Eating disorder featuring recurrent episodes of binge eating that are not followed by purging behaviors
Energy Output
Energy Expenditure; Calories cells use to carry out their activities
Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)
Energy expended during involuntary skeletal muscular activities such as fidgeting, shivering, maintaining muscle tone/ body posture
Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)
Energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process the macronutrients; 5 to 10% of total caloric intake
______thyroid hormone elevates the BMR, while ______ amounts of the hormone reduce the BMR.
Excess; Insufficient
Obesogenic Environment
External conditions that promote excessive weight gain
Subcutaneous Fat
Fat accumulation of adipose cells in subcutaneous tissue under the skin; Helps insulate the body against cold temperatures; Protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises
Adipose Tissue
Fat cells
Essential Fat
Fat that is vital for survival; Found in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue
What is the equation to estimate Total Energy Expenditure in females older than 19?
Females: 354- (6.91 x age) + (PA x [(9.36 x weight) + (726 x height)])
Harris-Benedict equation
Formula commonly used to estimate basal metabolic rate
Thrifty Gene
Genetically predisposed to become obese; Conservative metabolism; More efficient at storing excess energy as fat
What are some factors that contribute to lower-than-average body weight?
Genetics, lifestyle, chronic diseases, psychological disturbances
A fad diet often relies on a ______, a novel feature such as a device worn around the waist that "shrinks fat fast."
Gimmick
Overweight
Having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and/or body water (Not necessarily unhealthy- Ex. athlete)
Paleo Diet
High is protein (meat, fish), low fat, moderate in carbohydrates, unrefined foods, no grains/dairy; May reduce risk of Type 2 diabetes/CVD
Subcutaneous Tissue
Holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscles; Contains adipose cells
A thorough medical examination can rule out possible reasons for unintentional weight loss, such as:
Hormonal imbalances, depression, cancer, infectious or digestive tract diseases
Leptin
Hormone secreted by the adipose tissue to signal the brain when enough energy has been stored; Reduces hunger; Inhibits fat storage
Grehlin
Hormone secreted by the stomach and other tissues that stimulates eating; Promotes energy storage
Underwater Weighing
Hydrostatic weighing; Technique of estimating body composition that involves comparing weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water (Fat will weigh less underwater)
Underweight
Individual who has a BMI that is less than 18.5
What are the health risks associated with Bulimia Nervosa (BN)?
Low potassium levels due to loss of electrolytes/fluid from vomiting/laxatives, Arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat rhythms), infected salivary glands, tears in stomach or esophagus
What is the equation to estimate Total Energy Expenditure in males older than 19?
Males: 662- (9.53 x age) + (PA x [(15.91 x weight) + (539.6 x height)])
Energy balance
Matching calorie intake to calorie output over the long term
Direct Calorimetry
Measure of the amount of heat produced by someone inside a specialized chamber
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Measurement of basal metabolism
Body Composition
Measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as percent body fat
Calorimetry
Measurement of heat energy
Air Displacement
Method of estimating body composition by determining body volume
Basal Metabolism
Minimum number of calories the body uses for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours
______-intensity activities are recommended for people who want to lose weight.
Moderate
Someone with a high degree of ______ may have an elevated BMI but low percent body fat.
Muscularity
Weight loss results when a person is in a ______ energy energy balance for an extended period.
Negative
Normal Weight Obesity (NWO)
Normal body weight as measured by BMI but elevated percent body fat; Associated with increased risk of insulin resistance, diabetes, coronary artery disease
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat; Calculated by dividing weight in kg by height in meters, squared
______ is primarily an inherited trait.
Obesity; Children are more likely to become overweight or obese if their mothers were overfat prior to becoming pregnant
Avoid labeling certain foods as "______ ______."
Off limits
Energy expended during ______ ______ is the component of total energy expenditure that varies the most among individuals.
Physical activity
How is Anorexia Nervosa (AN) diagnosed?
Physician needs to determine whether the patient's weight is less than "minimally normal." (18.5kg/m2 = lowest healthy BMI)
Weight gain results from long-term ______ energy balance.
Positive
A person's blood Leptin level is directly _______ to his or her amount of body fat.
Proportional
Eating Disorders
Psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications
The strict conditions for measuring BMR often lead researchers to assess ___ instead.
RMR
Thyroid Hormone
Regulates metabolism;
Set-Point Theory
Scientific notion that the body's fat content and body weight is genetically predetermined; Those that lose weight will gain it back
Regular ______, weighing, and daily records can be an important part of long-term weight-loss maintenance.
Self-monitoring
Satiety
Sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger
Bulimia Nervosa (BN)
Severe psychological condition characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by unhealthy behaviors to prevent weight gain (purging)
Anorexia Nervosa (AN)
Severe psychological disturbance characterized by self-imposed starvation
Cachexia
Severe weight loss ("wasting")
The body needs a relatively _____- amount of energy to digest foods and beverages, as well as to absorb and further process the macronutrients.
Small
Gynoid Obesity
Storage of excess body fat in the buttocks and thighs, leading to a "pear shape"
Android Obesity
Storage of excess body fat in the upper body or abdominal region, leading to an "apple shape"; Increases risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, and type 2 diabetes
What are the 2 types of fat?
Subcutaneous, Visceral
Women generally have more ______ fat than men, whereas men tend to have more ______ fat than women.
Subcutaneous; Visceral
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Technique of estimating body composition in which a device measures the conduction of a weak electrical current through body water
Skinfold Thickness Measurements
Technique of estimating body composition in which calipers are used to measure the thickness of skinfolds at multiple body sites (3 or 7)
Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
Technique of estimating body composition that involves scanning the body with two low-energy x-rays
Fad Diet
Trendy practice that has widespread appeal for a period, then becomes no longer fashionable; Generally promote rapid weight loss without exercise using special foods
Adolescents who are at risk of an eating disorder, such as AN, may develop the condition in response to a stressful life event (a "trigger"). (TRUE/FALSE)
True
An eating disorder is not the same as disordered eating. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Because people with BED do not use compensatory mechanisms to purge calories, they are at high risk for obesity. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Binge-eating disorder is more likely to occur in adults, while AN (anorexia) and BN (bulimia) tend to begin during adolescence. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
By being more physically active, people who are trying to lose weight do not need to limit their food intake as much as they would by relying on calorie reduction alone. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Eating a diet based on foods with low calorie density can aid in weight maintenance, weight loss, and even maintenance of weight loss. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
For an underweight person, gaining weight can be just as challenging as losing weight is for an overfat person. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Heart rate monitors are useful in estimating energy expenditure during exercise of low to moderate intensity, but are less accurate than calorimetry. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
High-fat diets are associated with excess calorie intakes and rising obesity rates. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Hunger and Appetite are different. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Hunger and satiety are key sensations that regulate eating behavior. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Individuals who participate in activities or occupations that encourage thinness such as ballet, acting, and fashion modeling have an increased risk for developing an eating disorder, especially AN and BN. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Mood and anxiety disorders, as well as substance abuse, often accompany eating disorders. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Muscle cells need energy to contract, liver cells use energy to convert toxic compounds to safer substances, and intestinal cells require energy to absorb certain nutrients. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
NWO is more prevalent in women, regardless of age, and the condition increases risk for cardiovascular mortality (death) in women but not men. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Obese individuals often have greater medical care costs than people with healthy body weights. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
One-third of Americans are overweight, and more than one-third of them are obese. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
People who have a first-degree relative (e.g., a sister or mother) with AN (anorexia) are 10 times more likely to have an eating disorder than people who do not have any relatives with AN. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
People with thrifty metabolisms may have been more likely to survive periods of starvation than people who did not have the thrifty genetic makeup. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Persons with binge-eating disorder (BED) or night eating syndrome tend to have a different set of personality traits than persons with AN or BN. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Positive energy balance also occurs during periods of growth, such as during fetal development, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Public health experts are very concerned about the high rate of obesity among children, because these youngsters are more likely to mature into obese adults than children who are not obese. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
There is no precise way to measure a living person's percent body fat. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
To gain weight, underweight adults can gradually increase their consumption of nutrient- and calorie-dense foods, especially those high in healthy fats. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
Underweight persons can add muscle mass through a resistance-training (weight-lifting) program, but they must increase their calorie intake to support the additional exercise. Otherwise, gaining muscle tissue is not likely to occur. (TRUE/FALSE)
True
There are many causes of eating disorders. (TRUE/FALSE)
True; Interactions among genetic, biological, social, psychological, and environmental factors contribute
Environmental influences play a major role in the development of obesity. (TRUE/FALSE)
True; Social, boredom, advertisements
What diseases does Obesity increase the risk of?
Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke, certain cancers
Hunger
Uncomfortable physiological sensation that drives a person to consume food
Subcutaneous fat is ______ distributed.
Unevenly; Thicker in certain regions of men's and women's bodies, especially in the abdominal area, thighs, and buttocks
Very-Low-fat Diet
Very high in carbohydrates; Pritikin Diet and Dr. Dean Ornish's "Eat More, Weigh Less" diet plans
Emaciation
Very low body weight
Low-carbohydrate diets like the Atkin's diet usually produce rapid weight loss initially, primarily because the body loses ______.
Water (Glycogen, AA)
What are some of the physical consequences of Anorexia Nervosa (AN)?
Weakened immune system Dehydration Slow heart rate Hypotension Low bone mineral density Muscle wasting and weakness Cold intolerance Low thyroid hormone Decreased metabolic rate
What is the BMI equation?
Weight in kg divided by height in meters squared; or Weight in Lbs divided by height in inches squared times 703
What are the components of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)?
basal or resting metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, nonexercise activity thermogenesis