NEURO 277: Exam 2 Questions
SN of the midbrain projects mainly to the ___ and ___, whereas the VTA of the midbrain projects mainly to the ______ and ______.
- DS and DP - VS and PFC
3 type of VP neurons.
- GABAergic - Opiodergic - Cholinergic
Individuals with ____ VS and ____ amygdala activity likely drink for stimulation and positive emotional enhancement.
- High - Low
_____ of the DS in ADHD individuals during the anticipation phase of MID tasks occurred for ______ rewards.
- Hyperactivity - Delayed
Obese individuals show VS ____ during anticipation of highly palatable foods and VS ____ during consumption.
- Hyperactivity - Hypoactivity
2 main roles of the vmPFC in the CSC are ______ and _______.
- Integration - Relaying VS information to the dlPFC
Individuals with ____ VS and ____ amygdala activity likely drink to reduce negative emotions and to 'cope'.
- Low - High
Relatively _______ VS activity and _______ amygdala activity postdeployment was predictive of increased PTSD-like symptoms.
- Low - High
______ VS activity and _______ dlPFC activity predicts a greater capacity to resist temptation and delay gratification.
- Lower - Higher
In ASPD, there is higher ______ and _______ activity in response to reward-related triggers, and less ______ activity.
- VS and VTA - PFC
Typically, ________ and _______ show stronger activity during the anticipation phase of MID tasks, whereas _______, ______, and _______ show stronger activity during the outcome phase.
- VS and VTA - dlPFC, vmPFC, dACC
______ and _______ activity was highest in response to items that the participants decided to purchase, whereas ______ activity was highest in response to items that the participants decided not to purchase.
- VS and vmPFC - Insula
Unlike with primary reinforcers, VS activity in response to secondary reinforcers is generally related to _______ rather than _____ stimuli.
- Wanting - Liking
The ____ is the only CSC node that relays sensory information to the VS.
BLA
DP and DS collectively form the _______
Basal ganglia
The ____ provides context related to our experiences and allow us to learn about the context in which a specific motivation was satisfied.
HF
There is consistently ____ VS activity to both winning and losing in women recovering from AN and BN.
High
Having ______ VS activity likely confers resilience to stress in the form of high positive affect.
Higher
____ is the rapid reinforcement of associated behaviors, typically seen in people who are more prone to developing addiction.
Hijacking
CSC dysfunction is most associated with ADHD symptoms of ________ and ________.
Hyperactivity and impulsivity
VS _____activity is a predictor of future depression.
Hypo
When the reward was withheld from the monkey after it learned that a cue predicted the reward, there was a _____ in DA signaling at the time the reward would normally occur.
Decrease
Depressed individuals have _____ VS activity in response to positive self-referential words, relative to neutral or negative words.
Decreased
There is ______ VS activity when trust is betrayed, for example, in prisoners' dilemma simulations.
Decreased
_______ VS activity in ADHD during the anticipation phase of MID tasks occurred for delayed and immediate rewards.
Decreased
The ________ hypothesis of ADHD says that hyperactivity and impulsivity result when there is a failure of DA neuron activity to transfer from reward to cues that predict the reward.
Dopamine transfer deficit
Men have a larger ______ compared to women.
Medial preoptic area (hypothalamus)
There is a ______ relationship between VS activity and antisocial traits for individuals with ASPD.
Positive
The aroma of non-alcoholic beer serves as a ____ reinforcer for alcohol.
Secondary
Due to drug _____, addicts often need to increase the quantity of a drug over repeated use to achieve the same level of high.
Tolerance
In the Red Sox vs Yankee game score simulation, ______ activity was high in response to the success of the favored team and failure of the rival team.
VS
When acutely anorexic women looked at computer generated photos of nude women across a range of BMIs, women with AN showed higher ___ activity in response to underweight bodies compared to normal weight bodies.
VS
Hedonic hotspots
VS, VP, PBN
The ______ is the hub of the CSC.
Ventral striatum
The CSC is responsible for __________ and ________.
motivation and action
DS consists of:
caudate and putamen
Opioid signaling is responsible for the experience of _______ whereas dopamine signaling is involved in experiences of ______ and _______.
- Pleasure - Wanting and learning
_______ is a unique primary reinforcer for humans.
Music
Heightened functional connectivity between ___ and ___ likely reduces stress related problem drinking.
PFC and BLA
_____ conditioning requires a behavioral response to a cue in order to receive a reward, whereas ______ conditioning does not.
- Operant - Classical
DBS of the _____ may be more effective for stress-related depression, while DBS of the _______ may be more effective for depression manifested in anhedonia.
- PFC - VS
The Mendota Mental Health Institute rewards children with ASPD when they exhibit _____ behavior instead of employing punishment in response to antisocial behavior.
Prosocial
_____ is a period of insufficient drug consumption during which addicted individual may experience mood disturbances.
Withdrawal
