Northern Lights Chapters 1-20 (Whole Book)
Homestead Act
1862 law that provided up to 160 acres of land to settlers who would live on it and farm it for five years
WW2 Begins
1939
USA joins WW2
1941
WW2 Ends
1945
Cloquet
A firestorm occurred in this town on October 12, 1918 killing 559 people and destroying 250,000 acres of land
Hinckley
A firestorm occurred in this town on September 1, 1894 killing 413 people and destroying 160,000 acres of land.
wages
A form of income received in exchange for work performed.
Foreclosure
A legal process in which a money leader, such as a bank, takes over ownership of a property because the borrower fails to make payment for the property to the leader
White pine forest
A natural resource in the LUMBER industry
Bohemian Flats
A neighborhood located on low ground next to the Mississippi River in Minneapolis. It was named for the Eastern European immigrants who lived there. It often flooded in the Spring time. It was close knit community from and not much money.
boom
A period of rapid growth in population or in economic activity.
settlement house
A place for immigrants to go to help them assimilate with American culture.
Stock market
A place where stocks are bought and sold
The Great Plains
A region of the US west of the Mississippi and East of the Rocky Mountains
Stock
A share of ownership In a company that can be bought and sold.
Industry
A specific branch of business that provides a certain product or service
Bushel
A unit of measurement for agricultural crops that equals 1.25 cubic feet
Exodusters
African Americans that migrated to the great plains in the 1800s
Welfare
Aid in the form of money or necessities for people experiencing financial hardship
Win WW2
Allied Countries including Great Britain, France, USA, Soviet Union
Labor unions
An organization that helps workers get better wages and working conditions.
Industrialist
An owner or manager of a large business
Child Labor
Forcing child to work in factories, mills, and mines.
Began War in Europe
Germany invades Poland in 1939; Great Britain and France declare war against Germany
Causes of WW2
Global depression; Dictators rise to power in Germany & Italy; Axis countries want to expand their territory by invading other countries; Alliance system increases likelihood of going to war
Steel Roller-Middling Purifier
Grinded up the wheat faster and finer
Invest
In business, to put money into something offering potential profit
Locusts
Insects that fly in swarms and eat all the plant life in an area
railroad
James J Hill's Minnesota company was trying to build a monopoly in this industry
Declining Industry
Lumber industry because much of the white pine was cut down, and not enough new trees were planted.
James J. Hill
Owned most of the railroads in Minnesota and was known as the "empire builder"
Caused U.S.A. to join WW2
Pearl Harbor Naval Station in Hawaii is attacked by Japanese on December 7, 1941.
conservation
Protecting something from being used up, especially natural resources
Iron ore
Rock or mineral from which iron can be removed
Steam Powered Machines
Sawmills used saws to increase productivity.
minimum wage
Setting the lowest amount of money a worker can be paid for a job. Employers need to pay their workers this amount or higher for working.
Great Depression
The 1930s economic crisis that began with the stock market crash of 1929
Work Week
The amount of days worked in a single week. Unions wanted to set a maximum of 5 day work weeks.
work day
The amount of hours worked in a single day. Unions wanted to set a maximum of 8 hour work days.
Europe
The continent where most immigrants came to Minnesota from.
Prohibition
The period from 1920 to 1933 when the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol was illegal
Immigration
The process for a person who comes into a country to live there.
Industrialization
The process of developing large-scale, mechanical factories
Naturalization
The process of gaining citizenship to a country.
Work Place Safety
Unions wanted employers to be required to pay wages and medical cost for workers injured on the job.
Paid Time Off
Unions wanted to require employers to give paid time off and sick time.
Bonanza Farms
Very large farm that grew a single crop, often wheat. Grew very rapidly and wore out the land's nutrients.
Lumberjacks
Well paid workers that cut down trees and a dangerous job
19th Amendment
a change to the U.S. Constitution that gave American women the same voting rights as men
Cooperative
a group that is formed to buy or sell products in large amounts
forest fires
a hazardous result of logging companies leaving behind their "mess" after a cut
Sod House
a house made of sod.
Homestead
a house, especially a farmhouse, it's outbuildings, and the land the buildings are on
Citizen
a member of country that is protected by it's laws and is treated the same as everyone else
Lake Superior
a natural resource important to the IRON MINING industry of Minnesota
St. Anthony Falls
a natural resource important to the LUMBER and FLOUR industries of Minnesota
Rich soil to grow wheat
a natural resource in the FLOUR industry
rivers for transportation
a natural resource in the LUMBER industry
Labor Union
a organization that helps workers get better wages and working conditions
civilian
a person who is not on active military duty during a war
reformer
a person who supports changes that are intended to improve society
common good
a popular attitude that people should work for social and political changes that benefit everyone
victory garden
a private or community garden that people planted to help relieve food shortages during WW2
Strike
a refusal to work in order to force an employer to agree to demands
boarding schools
a school at which students live, away from their families (where they sent Ojibwe children)
allotment
a share, or portion, of something that is assigned or given
Charles Pillsbury
a well known industrialist in the FLOUR industry
Henry Oliver
a well known industrialist in the IRON MINING industry
Fredrick Weyerhaesur
a well known industrialist in the LUMBER industry
Grange
an organization set up to help farmers
labor union
an organization that helps workers get better wages and working conditions
common health dangers of the early 1900s
disease spread quickly, filthy streets, dirty drinking water
corruption
dishonest and illegal dealings example: taking bribes
Sod
grass and the dirt underneath it held together by roots.
Milling
grind or crush (something) in a mill
rationing
limiting the amount of certain foods or materials that one is allowed to purchase
Natural Resources
materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
Urban
of or relating to the city
Rural
of or relating to the countryside
Working Class
people who work for hourly wages, usually in jobs that require physical labor
Steel Rollers
replaced Millstones to make the grinding faster and finer.
Strenuous
something that is difficult or hard, usually physically
home front
the area of civilian activity during the war
Axis Powers
the nations that fought against the Allies during WW2, including Germany, Italy, and Japan
Allied Powers
the nations that fought against the Axis powers during WW2, including the U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union
Sodbuster
the people that came to Minnesota in the 1800s
Diversified farming
the practice of producing a variety of crops and livestock on one farm
Subsistence farming
the practice of producing enough food to feed your family
Teddy Roosevelt
the president during the Progressive Era
suffrage
the right to vote
Neutral Nations
these countries did not fight on the side of the Axis or the Allieds; examples include Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Ireland, Turkey, Egypt
Progressive Movement
time period when cities worked to solve social, economic, and political problems through government action
assimilate
to adopt the values and habits of a larger group
quarantine
to keep people isolated to prevent contagious diseases from spreading
regulate
to make rules about something in order to control it
draft
to select and require people to serve in the military
Eva McDonald Valesh
undercover reporter for a newspaper
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnic background
monopoly
when one business has total control and ownership over an industry
Self-Sufficient
you can take care of yourself, and solve your own problems
