Northern Lights Chapters 1-20 (Whole Book)

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Homestead Act

1862 law that provided up to 160 acres of land to settlers who would live on it and farm it for five years

WW2 Begins

1939

USA joins WW2

1941

WW2 Ends

1945

Cloquet

A firestorm occurred in this town on October 12, 1918 killing 559 people and destroying 250,000 acres of land

Hinckley

A firestorm occurred in this town on September 1, 1894 killing 413 people and destroying 160,000 acres of land.

wages

A form of income received in exchange for work performed.

Foreclosure

A legal process in which a money leader, such as a bank, takes over ownership of a property because the borrower fails to make payment for the property to the leader

White pine forest

A natural resource in the LUMBER industry

Bohemian Flats

A neighborhood located on low ground next to the Mississippi River in Minneapolis. It was named for the Eastern European immigrants who lived there. It often flooded in the Spring time. It was close knit community from and not much money.

boom

A period of rapid growth in population or in economic activity.

settlement house

A place for immigrants to go to help them assimilate with American culture.

Stock market

A place where stocks are bought and sold

The Great Plains

A region of the US west of the Mississippi and East of the Rocky Mountains

Stock

A share of ownership In a company that can be bought and sold.

Industry

A specific branch of business that provides a certain product or service

Bushel

A unit of measurement for agricultural crops that equals 1.25 cubic feet

Exodusters

African Americans that migrated to the great plains in the 1800s

Welfare

Aid in the form of money or necessities for people experiencing financial hardship

Win WW2

Allied Countries including Great Britain, France, USA, Soviet Union

Labor unions

An organization that helps workers get better wages and working conditions.

Industrialist

An owner or manager of a large business

Child Labor

Forcing child to work in factories, mills, and mines.

Began War in Europe

Germany invades Poland in 1939; Great Britain and France declare war against Germany

Causes of WW2

Global depression; Dictators rise to power in Germany & Italy; Axis countries want to expand their territory by invading other countries; Alliance system increases likelihood of going to war

Steel Roller-Middling Purifier

Grinded up the wheat faster and finer

Invest

In business, to put money into something offering potential profit

Locusts

Insects that fly in swarms and eat all the plant life in an area

railroad

James J Hill's Minnesota company was trying to build a monopoly in this industry

Declining Industry

Lumber industry because much of the white pine was cut down, and not enough new trees were planted.

James J. Hill

Owned most of the railroads in Minnesota and was known as the "empire builder"

Caused U.S.A. to join WW2

Pearl Harbor Naval Station in Hawaii is attacked by Japanese on December 7, 1941.

conservation

Protecting something from being used up, especially natural resources

Iron ore

Rock or mineral from which iron can be removed

Steam Powered Machines

Sawmills used saws to increase productivity.

minimum wage

Setting the lowest amount of money a worker can be paid for a job. Employers need to pay their workers this amount or higher for working.

Great Depression

The 1930s economic crisis that began with the stock market crash of 1929

Work Week

The amount of days worked in a single week. Unions wanted to set a maximum of 5 day work weeks.

work day

The amount of hours worked in a single day. Unions wanted to set a maximum of 8 hour work days.

Europe

The continent where most immigrants came to Minnesota from.

Prohibition

The period from 1920 to 1933 when the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol was illegal

Immigration

The process for a person who comes into a country to live there.

Industrialization

The process of developing large-scale, mechanical factories

Naturalization

The process of gaining citizenship to a country.

Work Place Safety

Unions wanted employers to be required to pay wages and medical cost for workers injured on the job.

Paid Time Off

Unions wanted to require employers to give paid time off and sick time.

Bonanza Farms

Very large farm that grew a single crop, often wheat. Grew very rapidly and wore out the land's nutrients.

Lumberjacks

Well paid workers that cut down trees and a dangerous job

19th Amendment

a change to the U.S. Constitution that gave American women the same voting rights as men

Cooperative

a group that is formed to buy or sell products in large amounts

forest fires

a hazardous result of logging companies leaving behind their "mess" after a cut

Sod House

a house made of sod.

Homestead

a house, especially a farmhouse, it's outbuildings, and the land the buildings are on

Citizen

a member of country that is protected by it's laws and is treated the same as everyone else

Lake Superior

a natural resource important to the IRON MINING industry of Minnesota

St. Anthony Falls

a natural resource important to the LUMBER and FLOUR industries of Minnesota

Rich soil to grow wheat

a natural resource in the FLOUR industry

rivers for transportation

a natural resource in the LUMBER industry

Labor Union

a organization that helps workers get better wages and working conditions

civilian

a person who is not on active military duty during a war

reformer

a person who supports changes that are intended to improve society

common good

a popular attitude that people should work for social and political changes that benefit everyone

victory garden

a private or community garden that people planted to help relieve food shortages during WW2

Strike

a refusal to work in order to force an employer to agree to demands

boarding schools

a school at which students live, away from their families (where they sent Ojibwe children)

allotment

a share, or portion, of something that is assigned or given

Charles Pillsbury

a well known industrialist in the FLOUR industry

Henry Oliver

a well known industrialist in the IRON MINING industry

Fredrick Weyerhaesur

a well known industrialist in the LUMBER industry

Grange

an organization set up to help farmers

labor union

an organization that helps workers get better wages and working conditions

common health dangers of the early 1900s

disease spread quickly, filthy streets, dirty drinking water

corruption

dishonest and illegal dealings example: taking bribes

Sod

grass and the dirt underneath it held together by roots.

Milling

grind or crush (something) in a mill

rationing

limiting the amount of certain foods or materials that one is allowed to purchase

Natural Resources

materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

Urban

of or relating to the city

Rural

of or relating to the countryside

Working Class

people who work for hourly wages, usually in jobs that require physical labor

Steel Rollers

replaced Millstones to make the grinding faster and finer.

Strenuous

something that is difficult or hard, usually physically

home front

the area of civilian activity during the war

Axis Powers

the nations that fought against the Allies during WW2, including Germany, Italy, and Japan

Allied Powers

the nations that fought against the Axis powers during WW2, including the U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union

Sodbuster

the people that came to Minnesota in the 1800s

Diversified farming

the practice of producing a variety of crops and livestock on one farm

Subsistence farming

the practice of producing enough food to feed your family

Teddy Roosevelt

the president during the Progressive Era

suffrage

the right to vote

Neutral Nations

these countries did not fight on the side of the Axis or the Allieds; examples include Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Ireland, Turkey, Egypt

Progressive Movement

time period when cities worked to solve social, economic, and political problems through government action

assimilate

to adopt the values and habits of a larger group

quarantine

to keep people isolated to prevent contagious diseases from spreading

regulate

to make rules about something in order to control it

draft

to select and require people to serve in the military

Eva McDonald Valesh

undercover reporter for a newspaper

discrimination

unfair treatment of a person or group based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnic background

monopoly

when one business has total control and ownership over an industry

Self-Sufficient

you can take care of yourself, and solve your own problems


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