Numbered Treaties

Who's included in the Numbered Treaties in the Northwest?

First Nations and the Canadian Federal Government

What areas were covered by the Number Treaties and when?

-Between 1871 and 1921 -Northern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and parts of BC, Yukon and NWT

Long term consequences

-First Nations children were taught to believe that their cultures were inferior to Euro-Canadian culture -many students has trouble speaking their traditional language and found it difficult to communicate with their family and community members -inferior education due to forced labour

Residential Schools

-aka Industrial schools -advocated separating Native American youth from their families and reserves to encourage them to adopt European ways of life

Compulsory attendance

-became effective in 1920

In some schools, staff used their position of power to inflict:

-emotional abuse -mental abuse -physical abuse -sexual abuse

Modern Day Treaty Issues

-most reserves were too small to hunt, reserve lands we'd often poor for agriculture -oral promises made by the government were not upheld -ongoing disputes with the Federal government over treaty rights -the enforcement of treaty right for First Nations

What are some of the reasons First Nations wanted to sign the treaties?

-they needed to protect their traditional cultures and ways of life -food shortages -periods of starvation -loss of territory -war with government -disease -severe population decline

What are the three main goals of The Indian Act (1867)

-to assimilate First Nations people through enfranchisement -to manage First Nations communities and their reserves -to define who could and couldn't be classified as a First Nations person

What was the purpose of negotiating treaties with First Nations for Ottawa?

-to open up land for immigrant settlement -to ensure peaceful relations between First Nations and the newcomers

Who's left out in the Numbered Treaties in the Northwest?

Metis and Inuit

"savage"

a member of a group of people regarded as primitive and uncivilized

Status Indian

a person who belonged to a band that lived on a reserve or lands that the government had granted

"civilized"

a stage of social, cultural, and moral development considered to be more advanced

Eurocentrism

a worldview in which European-based cultures and traditions are viewed as superior to other cultures and traditions

At what age did Aboriginal kids begin school?

as young as age 6

Assimilation

the absorption of a culture which abandons its previous cultural practises

Where were residential schools located?

usually a far distance from the community, so kids were removed from family and community for months/years at a time

Enfranchisement

when an Aboriginal gave up all claims to land and their rights and was no longer considered an Indian under the law (no longer exists today)