NUR 307 - Chapter 41: Nursing Care of the Child With an Alteration in Perfusion/Cardiovascular Disorder

The care provider has ordered the drug furosemide to treat a child diagnosed with congestive heart failure. The nurse knows that this drug will be used to:

eliminate excess fluids. Diuretics such as furosemide, thiazide diuretics, or spironolactone, along with fluid restriction in the acute stages of CHF help to eliminate excess fluids in the child with congestive heart failure. Vasodilators are used to dilate the blood vessels. Digoxin is used to improve the cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and strengthening the cardiac contractility.

The nurse has administered oral penicillin as ordered for prophylaxis of endocarditis. The nurse instructs the parents to immediately report which reaction?

Wheezing The nurse must report any hypersensitivity reactions such as wheezing and pruritus, as these could be a sign of anaphylaxis. Stomach upset is common with oral antibiotics and is not something that needs to be reported immediately. Nausea with diarrhea is common with oral antibiotics and does not need to be reported immediately. Abdominal distress is common with oral antibiotics and does not need to be reported immediately.

When caring for a child with Kawasaki disease, the nurse would know that:

management includes administration of aspirin and IVIG. Kawasaki disease is managed with IVIG and aspirin to prevent cardiac complications. Joint pain is not necessarily a permanent problem associated with Kawasaki disease. Antibiotics and steroid creams are not used for this disorder.

The nurse is assessing an infant for peripheral edema. Based on the nurse's knowledge, the nurse would expect edema to occur in which area first?

Face In infants, peripheral edema occurs first in the face, then the presacral region, and then the extremities. Edema of the lower extremities is characteristic of right ventricular heart failure in older children.

A mother asks why her infant with a cyanotic heart defect turns blue. What is the best response by the nurse?

This is due to a decreased amount of oxygen to the peripheral tissue. Cyanosis associated with certain congenital heart defects is due to the body naturally compensating and decreasing the amount of oxygen to the peripheral tissue. This keeps the oxygen with the vital organs to sustain life. The lack of oxygen is not in the brain; it is in the systemic flow of the body. Cyanosis is a common finding with these types of heart defects and in general, does not usually need immediate surgery or is a sign of heart failure.

A child has been prescribed spironolactone. Which laboratory values should be reviewed when following up on this medication? Select all that apply.

- Serum potassium levels - Serum sodium levels Spironolactone is a potassium sparing diuretic that competes with aldosterone to result in increased water and sodium excretion (spares potassium). Used to manage edema due to heart failure and for treatment of hypertension. Serum potassium and sodium levels should be evaluated in someone taking this medication.

A parent brings an infant in for poor feeding. Which assessment data would most likely indicate a coarctation of the aorta?

Pulses weaker in lower extremities compared to upper extremities An infant with coarctation of the aorta has decreased systemic circulation, causing this problem. The cyanosis would be associated with tetralogy of Fallot.

An 8-month-old has a ventricular septal defect. Which nursing diagnosis would best apply?

Ineffective tissue perfusion related to inefficiency of the heart as a pump A ventriculoseptal defect permits blood to flow across a septum, creating an ineffective pump.

A parent asks if the reason her infant has a congenital heart defect is because of something she did while she was pregnant. What is the best response by the nurse?

There are several reasons a baby can have a heart defect, let's talk about those causes. Focus on the therapeutic communication in this situation, while still obtaining more information. This will help the nurse explore various options for the cause of the defect with the parent.

A nurse is giving discharge instructions to the parents of a newborn with a congenital heart disorder. What should the nurse instruct the parents to do in the event that the child becomes cyanotic?

Place him in a knee-chest position Before parents leave the hospital with a newborn who has a congenital heart disorder, be certain they have the name and number of the health professional to call if they have a question about their infant's health. Review with them the steps to take if their child should become cyanotic, such as placing the child in a knee-chest position. "Hands on" CPR is not recommended for children as it is for adults. Remind parents that children with many types of congenital heart disorders or rheumatic fever need prophylactic low-dose aspirin therapy to avoid blood clotting; although becoming a controversial practice, they may be prescribed antibiotic therapy such as oral amoxicillin before oral surgery.

The nurse is caring for a 7-year-old who is being discharged following surgery with a Gore® Helex device to repair an atrial septal defect. The parents of the child demonstrate understanding of the procedure with which statements? Select all that apply.

- "We will be sure to not allow our child to ride a bicycle for at least 2 weeks." - "We will be sure to monitor our child for any signs of infection and notify the doctor if we notice any." - "We know how important our child's medications are so we will write out a schedule to be sure medications are taken as prescribed." With the Gore® Helex device, strenuous activity should be avoided for 2 weeks after the procedure, so neither soccer or bicycle riding would be allowed. Children should be monitored for the possible presence of atrial arrhythmias (lifelong) after surgical closure for the defect. Infection is a complication that must be monitored for and reported to the physician, and medications must be given as prescribed.

The nurse is caring for a 14-year-old girl with atrial fibrillation. Which medication would the nurse expect to be prescribed?

Digoxin Digoxin is indicated for atrial fibrillation. It increases the contractility of the heart muscle by decreasing conduction and increasing force. Alprostadil is indicated for temporary maintenance of ductus arteriosus patency in infants with ductal-dependent congenital heart defects. Furosemide is used for the management of edema associated with heart failure. Indomethacin is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus.

What would be the most important measure to implement for an infant who develops heart failure?

Placing her in a semi-Fowler's position Placing an infant with heart failure in a semi-Fowler's position reduces the pressure of abdominal contents against the chest and gives the heart the opportunity to function more effectively.

Parents are told their infant has a hypoplastic left heart. How would the nurse explain this condition to the family?

This is a problem where the left side of the heart did not develop properly. This is a problem where the left side of the heart did not develop properly. There is a three-step palliative surgery that can be implemented or the child will need a heart transplant.

The nurse is caring for a newborn in the hospital. Which assessment finding is most concerning?

a fixed split-S2 heart sound A fixed split-S2 can be indicative of right heart volume overload and is seen with an atrial septal defect. Acrocyanosis (bluish tint to the hands and/or feet) is a normal finding in the newborn, although the hands should not feel cool, this findings is not as concerning as a fixed split-S2. Although an abnormal finding, a high-pitched systolic murmur is common innocent murmur of infancy related to the turbulent flow of blood through the pulmonary arteries. A respiratory rate of 62 breaths per minute is also abnormal, but it may be related to the newborn's transition to extrauterine life, and it is not as concerning as a fixed split-S2.

Coarctation of the aorta demonstrates few symptoms in newborns. What is an important assessment to make on all newborns to help reveal this condition?

Assessing for the presence of femoral pulses Infants with a narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta have decreased pressure in the lower extremities or absence of femoral pulses.

The nurse is taking a health history of a toddler with a suspected congenital heart defect. Which response by the mother could indicate that the child is experiencing hypercyanotic spells?

"He likes to stop and squat wherever he walks." The walking toddler may squat periodically to relieve a hypercyanotic spell. This position serves to improve pulmonary blood flow by increasing systemic vascular resistance. Constant movement and quick walking are normal for a toddler. Activity level with a daily nap is typical of a toddler. Difficulty breathing would suggest a problem.

The nurse is conducting a physical examination of an infant with a suspected cardiovascular disorder. Which assessment finding is suggestive of sudden ventricular distention?

Accentuated third heart sound An accentuated third heart sound is suggestive of sudden ventricular distention. Decreased blood pressure, cool, clammy, and pale extremities, and a heart murmur are all associated with cardiovascular disorders; however, these findings do not specifically indicate sudden ventricular distention.

An infant with tetralogy of Fallot becomes cyanotic. Which nursing intervention would be the first priority?

Place the infant in the knee-chest position. Placing the infant in the knee-chest position is the first priority when caring for an infant with tetralogy of Fallot. Starting IV fluids and preparing the child for surgery would not be necessary since it is known that the infant has a cyanotic birth defect. Raising the head of the bed would not be a priority since the infant needs to be placed in the knee-chest position.

The nurse is reviewing the health history and physical examination of a child diagnosed with heart failure. What would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply.

- Tiring easily when eating - Shortness of breath when playing - Crackles on lung auscultation Manifestations of heart failure include difficulty feeding or eating or becoming tired easily when feeding or eating, shortness of breath with exercise intolerance, crackles and wheezes on lung auscultation, tachycardia, and hypotension.

Which findings are major criteria used to help the physician diagnose acute rheumatic fever in a child? Select all that apply.

- Painless nodules located on the wrists - Pericarditis with the presence of a new heart murmur Subcutaneous nodules and carditis are considered major criteria used in the diagnosing of acute rheumatic fever. The other options are minor criteria.

A child with heart disease is receiving digoxin and a diuretic. Which laboratory test result would be most important for the nurse to monitor?

Serum potassium level Children receiving diuretics should have serum potassium levels obtained because diuretics tend to deplete the body of potassium. This is even more important if the child is also receiving digoxin because low serum potassium levels potentiate or increase the effect of the drug. Serum sodium levels may be obtained in children with heart failure to ensure that an increased sodium level is not causing edema. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate identifies inflammation and is unrelated to the use of diuretics and digoxin. Oxygen saturation levels may be done to evaluate for hypoxemia, but these results would be unrelated to the use of digoxin and diuretics.

The nurse is assessing the blood pressure of a toddler. Which finding would the nurse document as a normal finding?

90/64 mm Hg The toddler's or preschooler's blood pressure averages 80 to 100/64 mm Hg. The normal infant's blood pressure is about 80/40 mm Hg. The school-age child's blood pressure averages 94 to 112/56 mm Hg. An adolescent's blood pressure averages 100 to 120/50 to 70 mm Hg.

A group of students are reviewing information about acute rheumatic fever. The students demonstrate a need for additional review when they identify what as a major Jones criterion?

Arthralgia Arthralgia is considered a minor criterion. Carditis is a major criterion. Erythema marginatum is considered a major criterion. Subcutaneous nodules are considered a major criterion.

A nurse is reviewing blood work for a child with a cyanotic heart defect. What result would most likely be seen in a client experiencing polycythemia?

Increased RBC Polycythemia can occur in clients with a cyanotic heart defect. The body tries to compensate for having low oxygen levels and produces more red blood cells (RBCs). This would cause an increased result on the lab tests. This problem does not affect the white blood cells (WBCs).

When educating the family of an ill infant with an atrioventricular canal defect/septal defect, what information would be included in the education if the doctor is planning on performing palliative care until the infant is healthier?

Palliative pulmonary artery banding should help the infant grow. Palliative pulmonary artery banding should help the infant grow enough so that the atrioventricular canal defect can be repaired. The pulmonary artery banding will help, but the defect will still need to be fixed. Most infants will need surgery for a large, symptomatic VSD. The medication indomethacin is used for a PDA.

During assessment of an infant diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot, the nurse notes bluish colored lips and irritability. Which nursing action is priority?

Place in knee-chest position. When an infant with tetralogy of Fallot exhibits signs of a hypercyanotic (tet) spell, the nurse's first action should be to place the child in a knee-chest position to increase systemic vascular resistance to force blood through the constricted pulmonic valve and increase oxygenation. Assessing oxygen status is minimally helpful as the nurse has enough assessment data to indicate cyanosis. Providing a pacifier may calm the child, but will not increase systemic vascular resistance, and can be provided after placing the child in knee-chest postion. Preparing the infant for surgery can be done at a later time.

A nurse is providing education to a family about cardiac catheterization. What information would be included in the education?

The catheter will be placed in the femoral artery. The femoral artery is the correct placement of the cardiac catheter. The child will need to lie still for several hours after the procedure. The procedure is usually postponed if the child has a fever.

A child with a congenital heart defect is getting an echocardiogram. How would the nurse describe this test to the parent?

This is a test that will check how blood is flowing through the heart. Echocardiograms can determine the size of the heart and how the heart is pumping blood. An echocardiogram does not check the electrical impulses or the size of the heart. This is a non-invasive test.

A parent is asking for more information about their infant's patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). What would be included in the education?

This is caused by an opening that usually closes by 1 week of age. A PDA is caused by an opening that usually closes by 1 week of age called the ductus arteriosus. The defect is usually fixed by a single surgery or during a cardiac catheterization procedure. IV fluids are not a routine intervention for the PDA. Most of the time a PDA occurs in premature infants.

A nurse is assessing the skin of a 12-year-old with suspected right ventricular heart failure. Where should the nurse expect to note edema in this child?

Lower extremities Edema of the lower extremities is characteristic of right ventricular heart failure in older children. In infants, peripheral edema occurs first in the face, then the presacral region, and the extremities.

A newborn has been diagnosed with a congenital heart disease. Which congenital heart disease is associated with cyanosis?

Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot is associated with cyanosis. The defects include ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular hypertrophy, right outflow obstruction, and overriding aorta. Coarctation of aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and aortic stenosis are acyanotic heart diseases and are not associated with cyanosis.

The nurse is taking a health history of a 6-week-old boy with a suspected cardiovascular disorder. Which response by the mother would lead the nurse to suspect that the child is experiencing heart failure?

"He gets sweaty when he eats." Diaphoresis with nipple feeding indicates heart failure. Shortness of breath would suggest heart failure. Children with heart failure experience subtle signs that suggest that something is wrong. Children with heart failure often display subtle signs such as difficulty feeding.

An 8-year-old child is scheduled for an exercise stress test. Which instruction would be most important for the nurse to emphasize?

"You need to report any symptoms you are having during the test." It is important for the child to report any symptoms felt during the test to help quantify the child's exercise tolerance. Exercise stress testing involves activity. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring is performed over 24 hours. Sedation is not used for an exercise stress test. It is used for an arteriogram.

The nurse is assessing the past medical history of an infant with a suspected cardiovascular disorder. Which response by the mother warrants further investigation?

"I am on a low dose of steroids." Some medications, like corticosteroids, taken by pregnant women may be linked with the development of congenital heart defects. Reports of nausea during pregnancy and an Apgar score of 8 would not trigger further questions. Febrile illness during the first trimester, not the third, may be linked to an increased risk of congenital heart defects.

A child will be undergoing a Holter monitor test. Which statement by the mother indicates the need for further instruction?

"My child cannot have any thing to eat or drink after midnight the day of the test." Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter) testing is an exam that spans approximately 24 hours. The test is done to review the activity of the heart. The individual is encouraged to follow their normal activities during the test. There is no need for the child to be NPO prior to or during the test.

The nurse is providing child and family education prior to discharge following a cardiac catheterization. The nurse is teaching about signs and symptoms of complications. Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further teaching?

"The feeling of the heart skipping a beat is common." Reports of heart "fluttering" or "skipping a beat" should be reported to the doctor as this can be a sign of a complication. The tub bath statement is appropriate because tub baths should be avoided for about 3 days. The strenuous activity statement is appropriate because strenuous activity is limited for about 3 days. Changes in skin color or difficulty breathing indicate potential complications that need to be reported.

A nurse is teaching the parents of a child diagnosed with rheumatic fever about prescribed drug therapy. Which statement would indicate to the nurse that additional teaching is needed?

"We can stop the penicillin when her symptoms disappear." For a child with rheumatic fever, drug therapy must be given for the full 10 to 14 days to ensure complete eradication of the infection. The drug must not be stopped when the signs and symptoms disappear. To prevent recurrent attacks, prophylactic antibiotic therapy is prescribed for at least 5 years or until the child is 18 years old. Additional prophylactic therapy should be instituted when dental or tonsillar surgery is planned.

The nurse is assessing the blood pressure of an adolescent. In which range should the nurse expect the blood pressure measurement for a healthy 13-year-old boy?

100 to 120/70 to 80 mm Hg The normal adolescent's blood pressure averages 100 to 120/70 to 80 mm Hg. The average infant's blood pressure is about 80/55 mm Hg. The toddler or preschooler's blood pressure averages 90 to 110/55 to 75 mm Hg. The normal school-ager's blood pressure averages 100 to 120/60 to 75 mm Hg.

The nurse is caring for a 10-year-old girl with a suspected heart dysrhythmia. The nurse would expect to prepare the child for which test to identify and quantitate the dysrhythmia?

Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring is indicated to identify and quantitate arrhythmias in a 24-hour period during normal daily activities. An echocardiogram is done to provide a specific diagnosis of structural defects, to determine hemodynamics, and to detect valvular defects. A chest radiograph is indicated to detect abnormalities of structures within the chest. An arteriogram is ordered to observe blood flow to parts of the body and detect lesions and confirm a diagnosis.

The nurse in a pediatric cardiovascular clinic is talking with the father of a 5-year-old child who underwent cardiac surgery for a heart defect at the age of 3. The father reports that the child has been having increased shortness of breath, tires easily after playing, and has been gaining weight. The nurse is aware that the child is most likely demonstrating symptoms of which acquired cardiovascular disorder?

Heart failure Infective endocarditis would present with intermittent, unexplained low-grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, or flu-like symptoms. Characteristics of cardiomyopathy include respiratory distress, fatigue, poor growth (dilated), chest pain, dizziness, and syncope. Abdominal pain, joint pain, fever, irritability are signs of Kawasaki disease.

A 6-year-old girl is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. The mother asks the nurse what the likely treatment for this condition will involve. What should the nurse tell the mother?

Insertion of a catheter with an uninflated balloon tip into the affected valve, followed by inflation of the balloon to break up adhesions Balloon angioplasty by way of cardiac catheterization is the procedure of choice for pulmonary stenosis. With this procedure, a catheter with an uninflated balloon at its tip is inserted and passed through the heart into the stenosed valve. As the balloon is inflated, it breaks valve adhesions and relieves the stenosis. The other answers refer to interventions related to patent ductus arteriosus, not pulmonary stenosis.

A nurse is administering digoxin to a 3-year-old. What would be a reason to hold the dose of digoxin?

Nausea and vomiting Nausea and vomiting are signs of digoxin toxicity. The other symptoms listed here are not necessarily signs of a digoxin toxicity.

A nurse suspects a child is experiencing cardiac tamponade after heart surgery. What would be the priority nursing intervention?

Notify the doctor immediately. The nurse would notify the doctor immediately. Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency and should be addressed. The child can die if intervention is postponed. It would not be appropriate to perform any interventions until confirming that this is the actual diagnosis.

A nurse is caring for a child with Kawasaki disease. Which assessment finding would the nurse expect to see?

Peeling hands and feet and fever One of the signs of Kawasaki disease is the peeling hands and feet. The other symptoms are not necessarily characteristic of Kawasaki disease.

A child is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and during a temper tantrum turns blue. What should the nurse do first?

Place child in the knee-to-chest position. Place child in the knee-to-chest position. This position is the first priority of the child with tetralogy of Fallot. Cyanosis is caused by the heart defect and placing the child in this position will decrease the cyanosis.

When reviewing the record of a child with tetralogy of Fallot, what would the nurse expect to discover?

Polycythemia Children who cannot oxygenate red cells well often produce excess red blood cells or develop polycythemia.

Which nursing diagnosis will the nurse indicate as priority for the child following cardiac surgery for tetralogy of Fallot?

Risk for ineffective cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion Nursing priority following cardiac surgery will focus on assessing for ineffective cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion. Monitoring for excess fluid volume, infection, and anxiety will be monitored after ensuring cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion is adequate.

A child with a cardiac structural defect is receiving oxygen therapy. In which position should the child be placed to promote optimal benefits?

Semi-Fowler Due to the hemodynamic changes accompanying the underlying structural defect, oxygenation is key. Provide frequent ongoing assessment of the child's cardiopulmonary status. Assess airway patency and suction as needed. Position the child in the Fowler or semi-Fowler position to facilitate lung expansion.

The nurse is caring for an 8-month-old infant with a suspected congenital heart defect. The nurse examines the child and documents which expected finding?

Softening of the nail beds Softening of nail beds is the first sign of clubbing due to chronic hypoxia. Rounding of the fingernails is followed by shininess and thickness of nail ends.

A school nurse finds a 10-year-old's blood pressure is over the 95th percentile. The nurse advises the parent to seek medical attention for the child. What outcome would the nurse expect?

The child will need the blood pressure checked two more times. The child will need the blood pressure checked two more times. It is routine to check the blood pressure on three separate occasions to get the most accurate analysis of the blood pressure. The child usually does not need surgery or need to go to the emergency room. This is not a normal result in a blood pressure finding.

The nurse is caring for a 3 month old with history of congenital heart disease. The infant is brought to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting for 3 days. Admission labs confirm dehydration. The nurse realizes that the dehydrated infant is at risk for:

a cerebrovascular accident. Children who have polycythemia from cardiovascular disease can develop thrombi if they become dehydrated.

After assessing a child, the nurse suspects coarctation of the aorta based on a finding of:

femoral pulse weaker than brachial pulse. A femoral pulse that is weak or absent in comparison to the brachial pulse is associated with coarctation of the aorta. Bounding pulse is characteristic of patent ductus arteriosus or aortic regurgitation. A narrow or thread pulse is associated with heart failure or severe aortic stenosis. Hepatomegaly is a sign of right-sided heart failure.

A nurse is taking the history of a 4-year-old boy who will undergo a cardiac catheterization. Which statement by his mother may necessitate rescheduling of the procedure?

"He seems listless and slightly warm." Fever and other signs and symptoms of infection may necessitate rescheduling the procedure. Although information about allergies is important, not all contrast media contain iodine as a base. The nurse should address the child's fears in a developmentally appropriate way, but fear of the procedure does not warrant rescheduling. Not using any medication would not be a reason for rescheduling the procedure.

A healthcare provider and other health team members are discussing congenital heart disorders which increase pulmonary blood flow. Which disorders are topics for this discussion? Select all that apply.

- Ventricular septal defect - Patent ductus arteriosus - Atrioventricular canal defect Congenital heart defects classified as disorders with increased pulmonary blood flow include ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and atrioventricular canal defect. Pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta are classified as disorders with obstruction to blood flow.

The nurse is teaching an in-service program to a group of nurses on the topic of children diagnosed with rheumatic fever. The nurses in the group make the following statements. Which statement is most accurate regarding the diagnosis of rheumatic fever?

"Children who have this diagnosis may have had strep throat." Rheumatic fever is precipitated by a streptococcal infection, such as strep throat, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, or pharyngitis, which may be undiagnosed or untreated. Rheumatic fever is a chronic disease of childhood, affecting the connective tissue of the heart, joints, lungs, and brain. There is no immunization to prevent rheumatic fever. The onset of rheumatic fever is often slow and subtle.

The parents of a 5-year-old child with a cardiovascular disorder tell the nurse they don't understand why their child isn't gaining weight, "We make sure our child has 3 very nutritious meals every day." How should the nurse respond?

"It's great you are providing nutritious meals, but smaller frequent meals will tire your child less and promote weight gain." Small, frequent feedings will reduce the amount of energy required to feed or eat and prevents overtiring the child. Questioning if the parents are making nutritious foods or foods the child likes does not address the issue of energy expenditure when eating 3 larger meals per day. Just stating that it is "hard to get your child to eat enough" also does not address the situation.

The nurse is caring for an infant with Down syndrome who has been diagnosed with atrioventricular canal defect. The parents ask the nurse, "Why do you not put oxygen on our baby more often when his lips and fingernails are blue?" What is the best response by the the nurse?

"While it seems that oxygen would help, it actually worsens this condition. Treating the cause of the disease will help." For children with congenital defects with increased pulmonary blood flow, oxygen supplementation is not helpful. Oxygen acts as a pulmonary vasodilator. If pulmonary dilation occurs, pulmonary blood flow is even greater, causing tachypnea, increasing lung fluid retention, and eventually causing a much greater problem with oxygenation; therefore, preventing the development of pulmonary disease via early surgical correction is essential. Although oxygen must be ordered by the physician and it isn't the best treatment, the nurse stating, "While it seems that oxygen would help, it actually makes the condition worse. Treating the cause of the disease will help" best answers the question while also showing empathy.

The nurse is reviewing nutritional recommendations with the parents of a teen diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. Which statements indicate an understanding of the recommended diet for this condition? Select all that apply.

- "I should plan to have vegetables with each evening meal served." - "Adding fresh fruits to my child's lunch is a good idea." - "My child loves chicken and I can still serve it but I need to remove the skin." Hyperlipidemia refers to high levels of lipids (fats/cholesterol) in the blood. High lipid levels are a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, which can result in coronary artery disease, a serious cardiovascular disorder occurring in adults. Dietary management is the first step in the prevention and management of hyperlipidemia in children older than 2 years of age. The diet should consist primarily of fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, beans, lean meat, poultry, and fish. As in adults, fat should account for no more than 30% of daily caloric intake. Fat intake may vary over a period of days, as many young children are picky eaters. Limit saturated fats by choosing lean meats, removing skin from poultry before cooking, and avoiding palm, palm kernel, and coconut oils as well as hydrogenated fats.

The pediatric nurse has digoxin ordered for each of five children. The nurse should withhold digoxin for which children? Select all that apply.

- 16-year-old child with a heart rate of 54 beats per minute - 2-year-old child whose digoxin level was 2.4 ng/mL from a blood draw this morning - 5-year-old child who developed vomiting and diarrhea, and is difficult to arouse The nurse should not administer digoxin to children with the following issues: The adolescent with an apical pulse under 60 beats per minute, the child with a digoxin level above 2 ng/mL, and the child who exhibiting signs of digoxin toxicity.

The nurse is caring for a 1-day-old newborn with patent ductus arteriosus with the following vital signs: pulse 160, respirations 80, oxygen saturation 92%, retractions, and crackles noted in bilateral lungs. Which nursing actions are appropriate at this time? Select all that apply.

- Administer furosemide. - Initiate intravenous access. - Apply oxygen via oxyhood. - Begin indomethacin infusion. When a newborn with patent ductus arteriosus shows signs of significant blood flow to lungs (retractions, crackles, tachypnea, and hypoxia), nursing actions will focus on applying oxygen to improve oxygenation and decrease work of breathing. Nursing interventions also include reducing cardiac workload and pulmonary flow by initiating intravenous access to administer a diuretic to reduce extra fluid and indomethacin to cause closure of the PDA and stop increased pulmonary blood flow. Feeding the infant is not a priority at this time as aspiration may result from the inability to coordinate sucking and swallowing with increased work of breathing.

The nurse is educating an adolescent female at risk for hypertension. Which interventions will the nurse recommend? Select all that apply.

- Increase hours of sleep. - Avoid any smoking. - Exercise on a daily basis. - Maintain a healthy weight. Increasing the hours of sleep, daily exercise, avoiding smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight are all recommended interventions to prevent hypertension in the adolescent. An adolescent at risk for hypertension would not need a beta blocker. Medication would be used for an adolescent with hypertension that did not improve after less invasive interventions.

The nurse is caring for a child with aortic stenosis. Which health care provider prescription will the nurse question? Select all that apply.

Administer indomethacin. Prepare for balloon dilation. Interventions for a child with aortic stenosis include applying a cardiac monitor, obtaining an echocardiogram, and preparing for balloon dilation to relieve the stenosis. Indomethacin is an NSAID given to cause closure of a patent ductus arteriosus. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is given to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus.

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory test results of several children who have come to the clinic for evaluation. Which child would the nurse identify as having the least risk for hyperlipidemia?

Child A with a total cholesterol of 150 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of 80 mg/dL. Total cholesterol levels below 170 mg/dL and LDL levels less than 100 mg/dL are considered within the acceptable range. Total cholesterol levels between 170 and 199 mg/dL and LDL levels between 100 and 129 mg/dL are considered borderline. Total cholesterol levels between 170 and 199 mg/dL and LDL levels between 100 and 129 mg/dL are considered borderline. Total cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL and LDL levels greater than or equal to 130 mg/dL are considered elevated and place this child at greatest risk.

The nurse is performing echocardiography on a newborn who is suspected of having a congenital heart defect. The child's mother is concerned about the safety of using this on a newborn and wants to know how this technology works. The nurse assures her that this technology is very safe and may be repeated frequently without added risk. What should the nurse mention in explaining how this diagnostic test works?

High-frequency sound waves are directed toward the heart Echocardiography, or ultrasound cardiography, has become the primary diagnostic test for congenital heart disease. For this, high-frequency sound waves, directed toward the heart, are used to locate and study the movement and dimensions of cardiac structures, such as the size of chambers, thickness of walls, relationship of major vessels to chambers, and the thickness, motion, and pressure gradients of valves. You can remind parents echocardiography does not use x-rays so it can be repeated at frequent intervals without exposing their child to the possible risk of radiation. The other answers refer to other types of diagnostic tests, including X-ray studies, radioangiocardiography, and phonocardiography.

An infant with poor feeding is suspected of having a congenital heart defect. The parents are asking why a chest x-ray is necessary in their infant. What is the best response from the nurse?

It will determine if the heart is enlarged. Chest x-rays are performed to see if the heart is enlarged. This will determine if the heart muscle is increasing in size. Disturbances in heart conduction are detected by an EKG. Visualizing where blood is being shunted is through the echocardiogram. The image used to clarify the structures of the heart is the MRI.

When developing a teaching plan for the parents of a child diagnosed with tricuspid atresia, the nurse would integrate knowledge of what factor as the major mechanism involved?

Obstruction of blood flow to the lungs Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect in which the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle fails to develop, resulting in no opening to allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and subsequently through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. It is classified as a disorder of decreased pulmonary blood flow due to obstruction of blood flow to the lungs. Defects with connections involving the left and right sides, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects, will shunt blood from the higher-pressure left side to the lower-pressure right side and subsequently more blood will go to the lungs. A narrowed major vessel leads to an obstructive defect, interfering with the ability of the blood to flow freely through the vessel. Mixed defects such as transposition of the great vessels involve the mixing of well-oxygenated with poorly oxygenated blood, leading to a systemic blood flow that contains a lower oxygen content.

A client's newborn is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. When explaining this condition to the client, which defect would the nurse's description include?

Overriding of the aorta One of the components in the tetralogy of Fallot is overriding of the aorta. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease with 4 components. The defects in the tetralogy of Fallot include ventricular septal defect, overriding of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Atrial septal defect, stenosis of the aorta and left ventricular hypertrophy are not components of tetralogy of Fallot.

The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old with a congenital heart defect. To best relieve a hypercyanotic spell, what action would be the priority?

Place the child in a knee-to-chest position. The priority nursing action is to place the infant or child in a knee-to-chest position. Once the child has been placed in this position, the nurse should provide supplemental oxygen or administer medication as ordered. A calm, comforting approach should be used but is not the priority action. Once a child is placed in the knee-to-chest position, supplemental oxygen would be provided as ordered. Once a child is placed in the knee-to-chest position, medications would be given as ordered.

The nurse is caring for a pediatric c;ient diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. After speaking with the physician, the parents state to the nurse, "The doctor said something about our child having too many red blood cells. We don't understand how that could happen?" What is the best response by the nurse?

"Your child's body is trying to compensate for the low blood oxygen levels from the heart defect by making more red blood cells, but this makes the heart actually work harder." To compensate for low blood oxygen levels, the kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells (RBCs). This increase in RBCs is called polycythemia. Polycythemia can lead to an increase in blood volume and possibly blood viscosity, further taxing the workload of the heart. The correct response is the clearest and easiest description for the parents to understand. Telling the parents the doctor was discussing polycythemia with them doesn't answer their question.

The nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with rheumatic fever. When addressing the child's pain, the nurse should perform which interventions? Select all that apply.

- Carefully handle the child's knees, ankles, elbows and wrists when moving the child. - Administer salicylates after meals or with milk. Pain control and relief are the highest priorities for the child with rheumatic fever. Position the child to relieve joint pain. Large joints, including the knees, ankles, wrists, and elbows, are usually involved. Carefully handle the joints when moving the child to help minimize pain. Salicylates are administered in the form of aspirin to reduce fever and relieve joint inflammation and pain; these are more common than opioids. PCAs are not typically used. Non-pharmacologic interventions can be useful, but are not replacements for necessary medications.

The nurse is administering medications to the child with congestive heart failure. Large doses of what medication are used initially in the treatment of CHF to attain a therapeutic level?

Digoxin The use of large doses of digoxin at the beginning of therapy to build up the blood levels of the drug to a therapeutic level is known as digitalization. The other listed medications are not administered in this manner.

The nurse would teach the mother of a boy with tetralogy of Fallot that if the child suddenly becomes cyanotic and dyspneic, the mother should:

place him in a knee-chest position. Placing a child in a knee-chest or squatting position traps blood in the legs, allowing the child to better oxygenate than remaining in the trunk.

The nurse is assessing a child with aortic stenosis. Which findings would the nurse most likely assess? Select all that apply.

- Chest pain with activity - Dizziness with prolonged standing - Thrill palpated at base of heart Assessment findings associated with aortic stenosis include angina or chest pain with activity, dizziness with prolonged standing, and a thrill palpated at the base of the heart. A moderately loud systolic murmur at the base of the heart and blood pressure that is significantly higher in the arms than in the legs, possibly 20 mm Hg or higher, suggests coarctation of the aorta.

The nurse is caring for a child who is preparing to undergo an exercise stress test. Which interventions will be included in the care?

- Monitor vital signs prior to the start of the test. - Monitor vital signs at completion of the test. - Remind child to verbalize any feelings of discomfort during the test. The exercise stress test monitors heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, and oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise. Vital signs are taken prior to, during and after the test period. An EKG is taken prior to the test. Serum glucose levels are not associated with this test.

Which collaborative actions will the nurse perform when caring for an infant with transposition of the great arteries scheduled for surgical repair of the defect? Select all that apply.

- Provide education to the parents. - Auscultate lung sounds frequently. - Apply a continuous pulse oximeter. - Keep oxygen saturation above 75%. Collaborative interventions for an infant with transposition of the great arteries include providing education to parents in preparation for their infant's surgery; assessing pulse oximetry and auscultating lung sounds frequently to monitor for signs of increased pulmonary flow; and maintaining normal oxygen saturation for transposition of the great arteries at 75% to 85%. Administering indomethacin would cause closure of the ductus arteriosus, which would prevent mixing of blood.

A child has been admitted to the inpatient unit to rule out acute Kawasaki disease. A series of laboratory tests have been ordered. Which findings are consistent with this disease? Select all that apply.

- Reduced hemoglobin levels - Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic vasculitis occurring mostly in children 6 months to 5 years of age. It is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children. The CBC count may reveal mild to moderate anemia, an elevated white blood cell count during the acute phase, and significant thrombocytosis (elevated platelet count [500,000 to 1 million]) in the later phase. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level are elevated.

A child is suspected of having tricuspid atresia. Which findings are consistent with this disorder? Select all that apply.

- Tachypnea - Weak infant sucking - Bilateral crackles in lung fields Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect in which the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle fails to develop. As a result, there is no opening to allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and subsequently through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. Related findings include tachypnea, respiratory crackles or wheezes, and diminished sucking reflex. Peripheral cyanosis in the immediate hours after birth is a normal finding for many infants and is not specific to this disorder.

The child has returned to the nurse's unit following a cardiac catheterization. The insertion site is located at the right groin. Peripheral pulses were easily palpated in bilateral lower extremities prior to the procedure. Which finding should be reported to the child's physician?

- The child's right foot is cool with a pulse assessed only with the use of a Doppler. - The child has a temperature of 102.4° F (39.1° C). - The child is reporting nausea. The following information should be reported to the physician following a cardiac catheterization because they are indicative of possible complications: Negative changes to the child's peripheral vascular circulatory status (cool foot with poor pulse), a fever over 100.4° F (37.8° C), and nausea or vomiting.

At 3 years of age, a child has a cardiac catheterization. After the procedure, which interventions would be most important?

Taking pedal pulses for the first 4 hours Insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein can cause vessel spasm, interfering with blood circulation in the leg. Assessing pedal pulses ensures circulation is adequate.

The nurse assesses a child for clubbing. What would the nurse identify as the initial sign?

Softening of the nail beds The first sign of clubbing is softening of the nail beds followed by rounding of the fingernails, followed by shininess and thickening of the nail ends.

A nurse is interviewing a mother who is about to deliver her baby. Which response would alert the nurse for a higher potential for a heart defect in the infant?

The mother states she has lupus. Having lupus while pregnant could contribute to a congenital heart defect. Acetaminophen and sleeping do not have an effect on a child developing a heart defect. The seizure medication can have an impact on the child having a heart defect, but not necessarily a history of seizures in the mother.