NUR 313 PATHO FINAL 2

general causes of abnormal target cell responses include

abnormal receptor activity

hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH)

acromegaly

hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

addison disease

The body's inability to conserve water and sodium when affected by Addison disease is explained by which of the following conditions

aldosterone deficiency

A 53-year-old male was admitted to the emergency room after experiencing shortness of breath (sob), weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, and chest pain that did not subside following nitroglycerin therapy. Laboratory tests revealed the patient had an elevated serum CPK, and SGOT. EKG tracings revealed a prominent Q wave and an elevated ST segment. The most probable diagnosis is

an acute myocardial infarct

31. Polyuria occurs with diabetes mellitus because of: a. the formation of ketones. b. chronic insulin resistance. c. an elevation in serum glucose. d. an increase in antidiuretic hormone

an elevation in serum glucose.

the descent of the bladder and the anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal wall is called

and the anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal wall is called cystocele

A 76 year-old male came to the emergency room after experiencing chest pain while shoveling snow. Laboratory test revealed essentially normal blood levels of SGOT, CPK, and LDH enzymes. The chest pain was relieved following rest and nitroglycerin therapy. The most probable diagnosis is

angina pectoris

4. Diabetes insipidus is a result of: a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion. b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion. c. insulin hyposecretion. d. insulin hypersecretion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion.

left ventricular hypertrophy could be the result of what valvular dysfunction

aortic semilunar stenosis

6. Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone all exhibit which of the following symptoms? a. Polyuria b. Edema c. Vomiting d. Thirst

Thirst

A 72 year old male demonstrates left sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experiences a(n):

Transient ischemic attack

What type of hypersenstitivity is Type I DM?

Type I DM is an example of Type IV HS

What is Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

Type I Diabetes Mellitus is the result from lack of insulin production caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas.

What type of Diabetes is known for "juvenile onset"?

Type I diabetes is known for "Juvenile Onset", but it is not always the case anymore.

What factors can influence Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

Type I diabetes mellitus can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

9. Which of the following laboratory values is consistently low in a client with diabetes insipidus (DI)? a. Urine specific gravity b. Serum sodium c. Urine protein d. Serum total protein

Urine specific gravity

11. Hyperpituitarism is generally caused by: a. a pituitary adenoma. b. hypothalamic hyposecretion. c. autoimmune disorder of the pituitary. d. a neurohypophysial tumor.

a pituitary adenoma

Hyperpituitarism is generally caused by

a pituitary adenoma

32. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is best described as: a. a resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues. b. the need for lispro instead of regular insulin. c. an increase of glucagon secretion from α cells of the pancreas. d. the presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy ß cells in the pancreas

a resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues.

CHamber volume increase is observed in what type of cardiomyopathy? a) dilated b) hypertrophic c) restrictive d) both a and b e) a, b and c

a) dilated

In congestive heart failure, the pump or myocardium itself fails because of which of the following? (More than one may apply) a) loss of contractile force of the heart b) hypertension c) cardiac dysrhythmias d) intermittent claudication from occlusive vascular disease

a) loss of contractile force of the heart b) hypertension c) cardiac dysrhythmias

Which statement is true regarding rheumatic heart disease? (more than one may apply): a) it is caused by staphylococcal infections b) It is caused by hypersensitivity/immunity to streptococci c) it damages the tricuspid valve most often d) it usually damages the mitral valve

b) It is caused by hypersensitivity/immunity to streptococci d) it usually damages the mitral valve

Which statement is incorrect concerning hypertension? a) malignant hypertension is characterized by a diastolic pressure higher than 140 mm HG b) more than 90% of cases are of the essential or primary type c) headache is the most reliable symptom d) when it is left untreated, the major risks include CVA's and cardiac hypertrophy

c) headache is the most reliable symptom

A yougn patient is admitted to the pediatric unit with cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbation. the nurse monitors the patient closely because the main cause of death in a child with CF is a. airway rigidity b. pulmonary edema c. respiratory failure d. astma-like bronchospasms

c. respiratory failure

A 6 month old female presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever. she is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. which of the following will the nurse most likely observe on the culture report a. parainfluenza virus b. haemophilus B influenzae c. respiratory syncytial virus d. group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

c. respiratory syncytial virus

During a respiratory assessment of an infant with respiratory distress syndrome, a sinking in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration. this observation is documented as a. grunting b. tachypnea c. retractions d. nasal flaring

c. retractions

A 2 week old female presents with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and empyema. which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart a. viral pneumonia b. pneumococcal pneumonia c. staphylococcal pneumonia d. mycoplasma pneumonia

c. staphylococcal pneumonia

Localized outpouching of a vessel wall or heart chamber is: a) a thrombus b) an embolus c) a thromboembolus d) an aneurysm e) a vegetation

d) an aneurysm

Which is a possible cause of varicose veins? a) gravitational forces on blood b) long periods of standing c) trauma to the saphenous veins d) both b and c are correcte

d) both b and c are correcte

a 76 year old man came to the emergency room after experiencing chest pain while shoveling snow. Laboratory tests revealed essentially normal blood levels of SGOT, CPK, and LDH enzymes. The chest pain was relieved following rest and nitroglycerin therapy. The most probably diagnosis is: a) myocardial infarction b) emphysema c) angina pectoris d) hepatic cirrhosis e) acute pancreatis

d) hepatic cirrhosis

Shock is a complex pathophysiologic process involving all of the following except: a) decreased blood perfusion to kidneys b) acidosis c) rapid heart rate d) hypertension e) anaerobic glycolysis

d) hypertension

25. Diagnosing a thyroid carcinoma is best done with: a. measurement of serum thyroid levels. b. radioisotope scanning. c. ultrasonography. d. fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (TH)

graves disease

14. A primary adenoma causes thyroid and adrenal hypofunction because the tumor: a. metastasizes to the thyroid and adrenal glands through the lymphatic system causing reduced secretion of necessary hormones. b. has a paradoxical effect on adjacent cells, which results in hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones. c. invades the hypothalamus adjacent to it and causes a reduction in the amount of hormones produced. d. releases tumor markers that occupy the hormone receptor sites of other endocrine organs

has a paradoxical effect on adjacent cells, which results in hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones

endometriosis

has the ectopic endometrium responding to hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle

the level of T3 in Graves disease is usually abnormally

high

20. Pathologic changes associated with Graves disease include: a. high levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. b. high levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). c. diminished levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). d. diminished levels of thyroid-binding globulin

high levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins.

galactorrhea is generally caused by

hormonal imbalances

condylomata acuminata, or genital warts, are caused by

human papillomavirus

the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome is related to

hyperinsulinemia

Shock is a complex pathophysiological process involving all of the following except

hypertension

which of the following alterations would you expect to find in a patient with untreated Cushing disease or syndrome

hypertension

19. The signs of thyroid crisis resulting from Graves disease include: a. constipation with gastric distention. b. bradycardia and bradypnea. c. hyperthermia and tachycardia. d. constipation and lethargy.

hyperthermia and tachycardia.

Mental status changes and muscle weakness in people with Addison disease are primarily caused by

hypoglycemia

33. A person with type 1 diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. The most probable cause of these symptoms is: a. hyperglycemia caused by incorrect insulin administration. b. fawn phenomenon from eating a snack before bedtime. c. hypoglycemia caused by increased exercise. d. Somogyi effect from insulin sensitivity.

hypoglycemia caused by increased exercise.

A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would the nurse expect to find in a patient with SIADH?

hyponatremia

Julia Perez, a 35-year-old female with Graves disease, is admitted to your hospital unit for the surgical removal of her thyroid gland. During the postoperative period, you note that her serum calcium is low. The most probable cause of Ms. Perez's low serum calcium is:

hypoparathyroidism caused by surgical injury to the parathyroid glands

29. The most probable cause of low serum calcium following a thyroidectomy is: a. hyperparathyroidism secondary to Graves disease. b. myxedema secondary to surgery. c. hypoparathyroidism caused by surgical injury. d. hypothyroidism caused by lack of thyroid replacement

hypoparathyroidism caused by surgical injury.

a female paitient, age 6, is showing growth of pubic hair. All other physical characteristics appear normal. The correct diagnosis would be

incomplete precocious puberty

an important risk factor in the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH) is

increased age

38. Patients with diabetes mellitus develop hyperlipidemia because of: a. increases in both low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and triglycerides (TGs). b. decreased low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and increased triglycerides (TGs). c. decreased low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and increased high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). d. increased high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and decreased triglycerides (TGs).

increases in both low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and triglycerides (TGs).

polycystic ovarian syndrome often results in

infertility

which statement is true regarding rheumatic heart disease

it is caused by hypersensitivity/immunity to the streptococci and usually damages the mitral valve

prostate cancer

leading type of cancer in men

which of the following are benign uterine tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the myometrium and are commonly called uterine fibroids

leiomyomas

in congestive heart failure, the pump or myocardium itself fails because of which of the followign

loss of contractile force of the heart hypertension cardiac dysrhythimias

The basal metabolic rate is unusually ______ with hypothyroidism.

low

21. The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in Graves disease is usually: a. high. b. low. c. normal. d. in constant flux

low.

Management of diabetes mellitus involves measuring glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) levels. The purpose of this test is to

monitor long term serum glucose control

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (TH)

myxedema

Urethritis is a common disorder of the male urethra and is commonly caused by

neisseria gonorrhea

5. A man with a closed head injury has a urine output of 6 to 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal limits but his antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level is low. Although he has had no intake for 4 hours, there is no change in his polyuria. These are indications of: a. neurogenic diabetes insipidus. b. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). c. psychogenic polydipsia. d. osmotically induced diuresis

neurogenic diabetes insipidus

the type of diabetes insipidus that is likely to be treatable with exogenous ADH is

neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A young adult male is diagnosed with orchitis after reporting pain in his testes. Which assessment question demonstrates an understanding of the etiology of this condition?

"Have you ever had the mumps?"

A 24-year-old female presents with severe abdominal pain and fever that is believed to be a result of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) stemming from a chlamydia trachomatis infection. The pain worsens when walking, jumping, and intercourse. Which question will most likely identify the cause of her symptoms?

"Is your abdominal pain affected by walking?"

What factor has been identified as one that affects the process of female menopause? Select all that apply.

Family history.History of tobacco smoking.

Abnormal immunologic mechanisms producing autoantibodies are responsible for Graves disease as well as hypothyroidism.

false, hyperthyroidism

Myxedema coma is caused by severe hypoparathyroidism

false, hypothyroidism

Diabetes insipidus is caused by insufficient secretion of insulin.

false, insufficient amounts of ADH

Asthma affects ____% of children between 5-17 years old

10%

GP is a 50 yr old male who was referred for evaluation of blood pressure, if he has a high diastole blood pressure, which of the following reading could belong to GP a) 140/82 mm Hg b) 160/72 mm Hg c) 130/95 mm Hg d) 95/68 mm Hg e) 140/72 mm Hg

130/95 mmHg

to prevent prostate cancer, men should be encouraged to consume a diet low in

fat

Which statement is TRUE regarding breast cancer?

African-American women have the highest mortality rate

A 60 year old female with a recent history of head trauma and long term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI reveals that she had a hemorrhagic stroke. What does the nurse suspect caused this type of stroke?

Aneurysm

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by increased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

true

The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is damage to the glands during surgery.

true

Thyroid carcinoma, although rare, is the most common endocrine malignancy

true

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more common than type 1.

true

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which result from defect in insulin production, insulin action, or combination of both.

The complications of uncontrolled hypertension include all of the following except: A. cardiac hypertrophy. B. anemia. C. renal injury. D. cerebrovascular accidents. e. All of the above are correct.

B. anemia.

A 9 year old male contracted influenza. which of the following complications is of greatest concern to the nurse a. chronic bronchitis b. bronchiolitis obliterans c. emphysema d. respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

B. bronchiolitis obliterans

Which of the following are characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)? (select all that apply) a. male gender b. fatigue c. dyspnea d. jugular vein distention e. weight gain

B. fatigueC. dyspnea D. jugular vein distention

When planning care, a nurse recalls respiratory distress and hypoxemia in laryngotracheobronchitis are caused by a. infectious pulmonary edema b. mucosal edema c. decreased surfactant d. nasopharyngeal obstruction

B. mucosal edema

A 25 year old female presents to the primary care provider reporting fever, headache, nuchal rigidity and decreased consciousness. She was previously treated for sinusitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Bacterial meningitis

A male patient presents with inflammation of the glans penis. Which term correctly describes this condition?

Balanitis

A patient presents with an inflammation of one of the ducts that leads from the introitus. What is the appropriate term for this condition?

Bartholinitis

A 40-year-old male vegetarian is diagnosed with folate deficiency anemia. He reports that he is an alcoholic. Which of the following factors put him at greatest risk for developing his disease?

Being alcoholic

The nurse will check which of the following tests to directly measure iron stores?

Bone marrow biopsy

What is another name for Diabetes Mellitus?

Disorder of Endocrine Pancreas

A 67-year-old female is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Upon taking the history, the patient will most likely report:

Chest pain

24. What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? a. Intolerance to heat, tachycardia, and weight loss b. Oligomenorrhea, fatigue, and warm skin c. Restlessness, increased appetite, and metrorrhagia d. Constipation, decreased heat rate, and lethargy

Constipation, decreased heat rate, and lethargy

A 5 month old female is found dead in her crib. the coroner ruled sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) as the cause of death. which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with SIDS a. congenital heart disease b. female gender c. caucasian race d. frequent respiratory infection

D. frequent respiratory infections

30. A man with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following laboratory values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dl; urine glucose and ketones positive; serum K+ 2 mEq/L; serum Na+ 130 mEq/L. He reports that he has been sick with the "flu" for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency? a. Increased glucose use causes the shift of fluid from the intravascular to the intracellular space. b. Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis. c. Increased glucose and fatty acids stimulate renal diuresis, electrolyte loss, and metabolic alkalosis. d. Decreased glucose use results in protein catabolism, tissue wasting, respiratory acidosis, and electrolyte loss.

Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis.

Which of the following would increase a patients risk for thrombotic stroke?

Dehydration

Primary hypertension: A. results from arterial coarctation. B. b, c, and d are correct. C. can be caused by renal disease. D. can be caused by hormone imbalance. E. is essentially idiopathic.

E. is essentially idiopathic.

A sexually active male reports unilateral pain in his scrotum. Assessment findings include a red and swollen, tender area on his scrotum. Which diagnosis is supported by this data?

Epididymitis

A 65-year-old male experienced loss of appetite, weight loss, lemon-yellow skin, liver enlargement, and a beefy red tongue shortly before his death. Autopsy suggested pernicious anemia, and the cause of death would most likely reveal:

Heart failure

A 34-year-old male presents in the emergency room with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia?

Hemolytic anemia

A 75 year old male experienced a lucunar stroke. When looking through the history of the patient's chart, which of the following would the nurse expect to find?

Hypertension

in stage ____ ovarian cancer is limited to the ovaries

I

Which statement is true regarding gynecomastia in men?

Incidence is greatest among adolescents and older men

23. A deficiency of which of the following may result in hypothyroidism? a. Iron b. Iodine c. Zinc d. Magnesium

Iodine

8. If the target cells for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do not have receptors, the result is which type of diabetes insipidus (DI)? a. Neurogenic b. Nephrogenic c. Psychogenic d. Ischemic

Nephrogenic

10. Which form of diabetes insipidus (DI) is treatable with exogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? a. Neurogenic b. Psychogenic c. Nephrogenic d. Ischemic

Neurogenic

A nurse remembers bronchiolitis mainly occurs in children under the age of ______

One

A 58-year-old female presents in the clinic presenting with fatigue, weight loss, and tingling in her fingers. Laboratory findings show low hemoglobin and hematocrit, a high mean corpuscular volume, and normal plasma iron. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia?

Pernicious anemia

26. Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Exogenous d. Inflammatory

Secondary

3. Which of the following laboratory values would the nurse expect to find if a person is experiencing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. Hypernatremia and urine hypo-osmolality b. Serum K+ 5 and urine hyperosmolality c. Serum Na+ 120 and serum hypo-osmolality d. Hypokalemia and serum hyperosmolality

Serum Na+ 120 and serum hypo-osmolality

39. What causes the microvascular complications of clients with diabetes mellitus? a. The capillaries contain plaques of lipids that obstruct blood flow. b. There is increased pressure within capillaries as a result of the elevated glucose attracting water. c. The capillary basement membranes thicken and there is endothelial cell

The capillary basement membranes thicken and there is endothelial cell

A neurologist is teaching about encephalitis. Which information should the neurologist include? Most causes of encephalitis are:

Viral

A geneticist is discussing cystic fibrosis (CF). which information should be included? CF is an ____ disease a. autosomal recessive b. autosomal dominant c. X-linked recessive d. X-linked dominant

a. autosomal recessive

A 1 year old female is diagnosed with croup. which of the following symptoms is most likely to be present when the nurse performs an assessment (select all that apply) a. barking cough b. stridor c. hoarseness d. droolinge. truncal rash

a. barking cough b. stridor c. hoarseness

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. A nurse monitors the newborn for atelectasis because of a. lack of surfactant b. pulmonary edema c. airway obstruction d. pulmonary fibrosis

a. lack of surfactant

A 10 year old male was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. when the parents ask what treatment comes next, how should the nurse respond? The treatment that will most likely be tried first is a. tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) b. weight loss c. continuous positive airway pressure d. drug therapy

a. tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). the nurse reports this condition appeared a. within minutes of birth b. 2-3 hours after birth c. within the first 12-24 hours after birth d. 24-48 hours after exposure to an infectious organism

a. within minutes of birth

A 53 year old man was admitted to the emergency room after experiencing shortness of breath, weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, and chest pain that did not subside after nitroglycerin therapy. Laboratory tests showed that the patient had an elevations of serum CPK, troponin, and SCOT or AST. ECG tracings revealed a prominent Q wave and an elevated ST segment. The most probable diagnosis is: a) a transient ischemic attack b) an acute myocardial infarct c) an attack of unstable angina pectoris d) Prinzmetal anginae) coronary artery vasospasm

b) an acute myocardial infarct

Individuals with only left heart failure would exhibit which of the following? (More than one answer may apply) a) hepatomegaly b) dyspnea c) ankle swelling d) pulmonary edema e) peripheral edema

b) dyspnea d) pulmonary edema

orthostatic hypotension is caused by all of the following except a) increased age b) increased blood volume c) autonomic nervous system dysfunction d) bed reste) severe varicose veins

b) increased blood volume

Complications of an infarcted myocardium likely could include (more than one may apply): a) emphysema b) heart failure c) endocarditis d) death e) systemic thromboembolism

b, d, e - heart failure, death, systemic thromboembolism

A nurse is teaching about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). which information should the nurse include? SIDS peaks between ____ and ____ months of age a. 1, 2 b. 3, 4 c. 6, 8 d. 10, 12

b. 3, 4

A 7 month old male presents with cystic fibrosis (CF) accompanied by failure to thrive and frequent, loose, and oily stools. sweat testing reveals increased chloride. which of the following should the nurse observe for that would accompany this disease a. autoantibodies that target the lungs and pancreas b. a thick mucus c. enzymes that degrade surfactant in the alveoli d. a toxic amount of electrolytes from secretory glands

b. a thick mucus

to prevent sudden infant death syndrome, the nurse should instruct parents to a. place infants on a soft mattress for sleeping b. always lay infants down on their backs to sleep c. breast-feed their infants d. keep the infants room very warm

b. always lay infants down on their backs to sleep

An infant was born 10 weeks premature and put on mechanical ventilation. two months later he presents with hypoxemia and hypercapnia. which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe documented on the chart a. respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn b. bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) c. bronchiolitis d. pneumonia

b. bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

A 14 year old male is experiencing an asthma exacerbation. when reviewing the lab results, which of the following cells in the submucosa promote this inflammatory response and will be elevated a. neutrophils b. eosinophils c. macrophages d. lymphocytes

b. eosinophils

chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is likely to result in microvascular complications in which of the following areas

eyes, renal system nerves

While planning care for a child with asthma, which of the following is characteristic of asthma a. increased lung volumes b. prolonged expirations c. air trapping d. dead space

b. prolonged expirations

Glucose levels are considerably lower in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS) than in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA

false

while reviewing lab results, the help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a 1-year old child which substance will be present in the child's sweat a. potassium b. sodium chloride c. magnesium d. carbonic acid

b. sodium chloride

A 5 year old male presents with high fever, inspiratory stridor, severe respiratory distress, drooling, and dysphagia. which of the following behaviors by the student nurse would be a cause for concern a. the student nurse tries to keep the child calm b. the student nurse examines the throat for redness c. the student nurse auscultates the child's respiratory rate d. the student nurse counts the heart rate apically

b. the student nurse examines the throat for redness

A 2 year old male presents with fever and cough. he is diagnosed with pneumonia. while planning treatment for this patient, the nurse recognizes that which of the following is the most likely cause a. bacteria b. viruses c. mycoplasma species d. toxic inhalations

b. viruses

most septic shock is the result of

bacteremia

Bacterial(or infective) endocarditis differs from rheumatic heart disease because of which of the following

bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the heart, endocardium and valves and may occur following dental or bladder catheterization

____ is inflammation of the glans penis

balanitis

Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a greater degree of pancreatic changes than individuals with type 1 diabetes.

false

An 11 year old female presents with a low grade fever and cough. she is diagnosed with atypical pneumonia. what type of pneumonia does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing a. pneumococcal pneumonia b. viral pneumonia c. mycoplasma pneumonia d. streptococcal pneumonia

c. mycoplasma pneumonia

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. when obtaining the patient's history, which of the following is the most important predisposing factor for this condition a. low birth weight b. alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy c. premature birth d. smoking by the mother during pregnancy

c. premature birth

Pituitary adenomas are malignant tumors

false, benign

the most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone secretion is

cancer

a 42 year old retired prostitute who became sexually active at age 14 is at risk to develop

cervical carcinoma

recurrent urinary tract infections in the male cause

chronic bacterial prostatiitis

arteriosclerosis is

chronic disease of the large arteries characterized by thickening and hardening of the vessel walls

Events in the development of atherosclerotic plaque include all of the following except: A. calcification. B. decreased elasticity. C. smooth muscle proliferation. D. complement activation. E. accumulation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein).

complement activation

the risk of testicular cancer is greater for men with history of

cryptochidism

hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

cushing disease

A 2 year old female fell in a swimming pool and nearly drowned. she then developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). which of the following should the nurse assess the patient for a. decreased heart rate b. increased lung compliance c. increased surfactant production d. hypoxemia

d. hypoxemia

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. A nurse recalls cardiovascular alterations seen in respiratory distress syndrome include a. left to right shunt b. left ventricular dilation c. pulmonary hypotension d. opening of fetal shunt pathways

d. opening of fetal shunt pathways

A 1 year old female is diagnosed with croup. when the parent asks what caused this, what is the nurse's best response? the most likely cause of this disease is a. bacteria b. acute hyperventilation c. allergy d. viral infection

d. viral infection

Nineteen-year-old Susan Lee has type 1 diabetes mellitus. She is admitted to the hospital with the following lab values: serum glucose 500 mg/dl (high); serum K+ 2 (low); serum Na+ 130 (low). Her parents state that she has been sick with the "flu" for a week. What relationship do these values have with her insulin deficiency?

decreased insulin causes hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis

a common complaint from men with mild to moderate benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH) is

decreased urinary stream

arteriosclerosis raises the systolic blood pressure by

decreasing arterial distensibility and lumen diameter

male sexual dysfunction may be caused by

diabetes mellitus

1. The effects of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) include solute: a. retention and water retention. b. retention and water loss. c. dilution and water retention. d. dilution and water loss.

dilution and water retention.

clinical manifestations of a female patient include the following: irregular and or heavy bleeding, passage of large clots, and anemia. this patient is experiencing

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Individuals with only left sided heart failure would exhibit which of the following

dyspnea and pulmonary edema

In pericardial effusion: a) fibrotic lesions obliterate the pericardial cavity b) there is associated rheumatoid arthritis c) tamponade compresses the right heart before affecting other structures d) arterial blood pressure during expiration exceeds that during inspiration e) both c and d

e) both c and d

2. The most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is: a. ectopically produced ADH. b. inflammation of the hypothalamus. c. posterior pituitary tumor. d. inflammation of the nephrons

ectopically produced ADH.

Patricia Fowler, a 55-year-old patient, is admitted to the medical unit for complications of long-term, poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition to alterations in serum glucose, you would expect to see which of the following lab abnormalities?

elevated serum lipids

the most commonly occurring cancer of the female reproductive tract is

endometrial cancer

22. Palpation of the neck of a person with Graves disease would detect a thyroid that is: a. left of midline. b. small with discrete nodules. c. normal in size. d. enlarged diffusely.

enlarged diffusely.

symptoms of prostatitis are similar to

epididymis

in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol(DES), an agent given to pregnant women between 1938 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage, increases a womans risk for which cancer

vaginal

40. Retinopathy develops in patients with diabetes mellitus because: a. there are plaques of lipids within the retinal vessels. b. of an increased pressure within the retinal vessels from the increased osmotic pressure. c. ketones cause microaneurysms within the retinal vessels. d. of retinal ischemia and red blood cell aggregation.

of retinal ischemia and red blood cell aggregation.

Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves disease. The main cause of these complications is

orbital edema and extraocular muscle paralysis

12. The term used to describe a person who experiences a lack of all hormones associated with the anterior pituitary is: a. panhypopituitarism. b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency. c. hypopituitarism. d. anterior pituitary failure.

panhypopituitarism

27. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is: a. pituitary hyposecretion. b. parathyroid adenoma. c. parathyroid gland damage. d. autoimmune parathyroid disease

parathyroid gland damage.

hypoparathroidism is most commonly caused by

parathyroid gland injury

hypersecretion of adrenal medulla hormones

pheochromocytoma

Bobby Davies, a 12-year-old male, is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The signs and symptoms of DM you would expect Bobby to exhibit include

polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss

7. The cause of neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) is related to an organic lesion of the: a. anterior pituitary. b. thalamus. c. posterior pituitary. d. renal tubules.

posterior pituitary.

13. Visual disturbances are a result of a pituitary adenoma because of the: a. liberation of anterior pituitary hormones into the optic chiasm. b. pituitary hormones clouding the lens of the eyes. c. pressure of the tumor on the optic chiasm. d. pressure of the tumor on the optic and oculomotor cranial nerves.

pressure of the tumor on the optic chiasm

cryptorchidism can be defined as

problems with testicular descent

17. Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, and osteopenia are each caused by a: a. posterior pituitary adenoma. b. thymoma. c. prolactinoma. d. growth hormone adenoma.

prolactinoma.

37. The first lab test that indicates type 1 diabetes is causing the development of diabetic nephropathy is: a. dipstick test for urine ketones. b. increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). c. protein on urinalysis. d. cloudy urine on the urinalysis.

protein on urinalysis.

an example of a parasitic sexually transmitted infection that is transmitted through close skin to skin contact

scabies

A low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) usually leads to ______ hypothyroidism

secondary

Julia Perez, a 35-year-old female, is admitted to a medical-surgical unit with Graves disease. Which of the following signs would the nurse expect to see upon admission?

skin hot and moist; rapid heart rate

in the vast majority of cases of delayed puberty the problem is

slow maturation

secondary amenorrhea

the absence of menstruation following menarche

18. Graves disease develops from a(n): a. viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormone (TH). b. autoimmune process in which thyroid tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous tissue. c. thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones. d. ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits synthesis of the thyroid hormones, causing a goiter.

thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones. d.

A person with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) usually craves fluids.

true

Giantism occurs only in children and adolescents

true

A 13 year old female is diagnosed with asthma. which of the following should the nurse teach the patient to recognize as part of an asthmatic attack a. headache b. chest pain c. wheezing d. low heart rate

wheezing