Nutrition 1020 Exam 3

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to the disease called?

xerophthalmia

What enhances and interferes with iron absorption?

(know that fiber, tea, phytates or phytic acid, oxylates or oxylic acid found in leafy greens all reduce iron absorption) Enhancers: • Vitamin C • Add marinara sauce to your spaghetti noodles. • MFP (meat, fish, poultry) meat protein • Add some tuna to your snack of crackers. Inhibitors: • Tannins (found in tea) • Can lower absorption up to 60%, so drink tea between meals. Does not apply to herbal "tea," which contains no tea leaves. • Oxalates (spinach, rhubarb, and chard) • Phytates (whole grains, bran, and soybean) • Megadoses of zinc, calcium, or copper

Sources of Vitamin B?

- Pork is the single best food source of thiamin, but other foods contain a fairly high nutrient density of thiamin including sunflower seeds, dried beans, whole grains and enriched refined grain products like white bread, white rice and pasta. - Most riboflavin in the United States comes from milk and milk products. - Mushrooms, wheat bran, poultry, beef and peanut butter are nutrient dense with niacin. - We can also convert the amino acid tryptophan into niacin if we need to. For every 60 milligrams of leftover dietary tryptophan, we can produce one milligram of niacin. - The most nutrient dense sources of pyridoxine or B6 are bananas, broccoli and spinach. But animal sources are the best since the B6 found in these foods is more readily absorbed and utilized. - Pantothenic acid is found in every food. The richest sources are meat, milk, mushrooms and eggs as well as most vegetables. These are also good sources of biotin, but intestinal bacteria synthesize a certain amount of biotin, so we have an endogenous supply. - Green leafy vegetables and orange juice are the richest sources of folacin or folate. But food processing and preparation destroys nearly all the folate in vegetables so eating raw leafy greens or cooking them for very short periods of time is critical. - B12 is found in animal products only. So meat, milk, cheese and fish or eggs are the best sources.

What amount of water is needed for every 1000 kcals burned (or eaten) in a day?

1000 ml (one liter) of water is needed for every 1000 kcals burned (or eaten) in a day.

How many cups of fluid are required to replace each pound of weight lost during an athletic event or workout?

2 to 3

Coenzyme

A compound (e.g., water- soluble vitamin) that combines with an inactive enzyme to form a catalytically active form. In this manner, coenzymes aid in enzyme function.

Rickets

A disease characterized by poor mineralization of newly synthesized bones because of low calcium content. Arising in infants and children, this deficiency is caused by insufficient amounts of the vitamin D hormone in the body.

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A, D, E, and K

Sources of Vitamin D?

About 15 minutes of sun exposure per day is enough to obtain sufficient vitamin D. The best food sources of vitamin D are fortified milk and fish oil, like cod liver oil. Vitamin D is not naturally found in milk, it is added by milk producers, but it makes sense that it would be put in a food that is also high in calcium.

Know what characteristics are associated with a risk for with osteoporosis: underweight?

Although obesity is a risk factor for diseases like diabetes metillus and heart disease, in the case of osteoporosis, obesity is protective and thin women are at greater risk for bone loss.

What is Beta-carotene?

An antioxidant, meaning it can protect our cells from the damaging effects of free radicals--compounds that can cause damage to the dna in our cells, and cell structures. This damage can also contribute to cancer risk and promote the ageing process .

Vitamin A deficiency and toxicity?

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. As the eye surface or cornea becomes hardened, irreversible blindness results. This condition is known as xerophthalmia. Toxicity symptoms usually occur only with improper supplementation practices. Ingesting 10 times the RDA for vitamin A for several months can cause hair to fall out, joint pain and central nervous system and internal organ problems. The worst that will happen if we ingest high levels of B-carotene is we may develop an orange complexion.

What is a Vitamin?

An essential organic (carbon- containing) compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

B & C

Vitamin B?

B vitamins function as coenzymes. Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin act as coenzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, meaning they assist in chemical reactions that release energy from carbohydrate. Thiamin is also used to transmit nerve impulses and to metabolize alcohol. Niacin is also required for fat synthesis and riboflavin participates in the breakdown of fat for energy. Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme involved in protein metabolism by facilitating the production of the nonessential amino acids, neurotransmitter synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are coenzymes in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, our genetic material. This means cell division and tissue growth depends on adequate amounts of these vitamins. Since red blood cells have a rapid turnover, folate and B12 are essential for the normal growth and formation of these cells. In addition, B12 maintains the myelin sheaths that insulate nerve fibers from each other.

What are the signs of Dehydration?

By the time a person loses 1% to 2% of body weight in fluids, he or she will be thirsty (Fig. 9-9). Even this small water deficit can cause one to feel tired and dizzy and to experience headaches. At a 4% loss of body weight, muscles lose significant strength and endurance, and central nervous system function is negatively affected (e.g., memory and reaction time are compromised and one becomes impatient). By the time body weight is reduced by 10%, heat tolerance is decreased and weak- ness results. Ultimately, dehydration will lead to kidney failure, coma, and death. Dehydration is a contributing factor to the development of heatstroke, a very seri- ous condition.

Vitamin B deficiency and toxicity?

Deficiencies of individual vitamins are very rare. If an individual is low in one vitamin, he or she is usually low in many others and exhibits signs of general malnutrition. However, the individual B vitamin deficiency diseases are interesting, and have revealed much about the functions of specific vitamins, and so we will give them some attention. Thiamin deficiency This disease is called beri-beri, which means "I cannot, I cannot." Beri-beri is a serious disease of the nervous system. Symptoms include weakness, poor coordination or ataxia and water retention or edema. Once seen among Japanese sailors who relied upon polished white rice as their dietary staple, it now occurs most commonly in alcoholics because of their poor intake of thiamin, and because alcohol interferes with thiamin absorption. Riboflavin deficiency This disease has no formal name but is revealed as cracks and inflammation about the mouth and tongue. Eye problems may also result. Those who are at risk for deficiency may include athletic females for reasons that aren't entirely clear. Niacin deficiency Niacin deficiency is the cause of the disorder called pellagra. Pellagra was the major cause of death in the southern United States in the 1930s. At that time, the typical southern diet for poor people was corn meal, salt pork (which is really just fat), hominy and molasses — foods that contain absolutely no niacin and essentially no tryptophan. The symptoms of pellagra are sometimes called the "three Ds:" diarrhea, dermatitis (a hideous rash), and dementia or disordered thinking. Today alcoholics and those who depend primarily on corn as the staple source of calories are at risk for niacin deficiency. Pantothenic acid and biotin Deficiencies in these vitamins are rarely if ever found. However, a protein found in raw egg white called avidin can bind with biotin in the diet rendering it unabsorbable. So people who consume large volumes of raw eggs may eventually develop anemia, depression, dermatitis and other signs of a biotin deficiency. Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine deficiency B6 deficiency can cause dermatitis and depression, seizures, nausea and vomiting. This deficiency may occur in women taking birth control pills and in alcoholics. Since vitamin B6 is needed to produce the neurotransmitter serotonin, it follows that depression would be a symptom of B6 deficiency. Low levels of vitamin B6 have also been implicated in decreases in lymphocyte numbers and in other factors involved in the immune response. Folic acid and B12 deficiency Folic acid and B12 deficiency have similar symptoms. Since both are needed for DNA synthesis and cell division, both vitamin deficiencies are associated with a type of anemia in which low numbers of large immature red blood cells predominate. Red blood cells grow bigger and bigger before dividing into two smaller but more mature cells. But in folate and B12 deficiency, division is impossible. These large red blood cells are called macrocytes. In addition to macrocytic anemia, B12 deficiency results in nerve damage which can lead to death. The elderly and alcoholics are at risk for folate and B12 deficiencies and strict vegetarians are at risk for low B12, since the nutrient is only found in animal products. Also, anyone who has had their stomach partially or totally removed will not make intrinsic factor, the protein required for B12 absorption. To prevent B12 deficiency, these people must get their B12 by injection, once a month or so, for the rest of their lives. Folate Recent research reveals that folate deficiency may have some other unexpected effects. Tissues deficient in folate are more likely to undergo premalignant changes. The incidence of early stages of colon cancer was lower in a group of high risk patients who supplemented with folate than in those who did not. Folate deficiency might occur because of an increased folate turnover in rapidly dividing tissue such as occurs in growth or repair. Deficiency could also arise because cigarette smoke and other environmental agents inactivate or alter folate in the lung and other tissues. Since the water soluble vitamins are eliminated every day when we eat them in excess, they are relatively non-toxic. However vitamin B6 and niacin have been reported to cause adverse reactions in some people who consume large doses. Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine can cause permanent nerve damage in individuals consuming 500 mg or more a day for several months. Niacin may cause flushing of the skin and nausea when taken in doses greater than 100 mg.

Vitamin E deficiency and toxicity?

Deficiency symptoms are rare and except in cases of starvation, vitamin E deficiency symptoms are never seen. However, premature infants may develop hemolytic anemia because infants don't get vitamin E from the mother until the last weeks of pregnancy. Few physical signs of toxicity have been seen even when large doses (400 IUs) have been ingested for a long period of time. However some data has shown disrupted vitamin K function after very large doses of vitamin E (over 800 IU) are consumed for prolonged periods.

Vitamin K deficiency and toxicity?

Deficiency symptoms are rare, but hemorrhaging could be a problem in newborn infants because we are born with a sterile GI tract and thus have no vitamin K-producing bacteria on hand. Adults on prolonged antibiotic therapy may kill off all their vitamin K-producing gut bacteria, and need to pay attention to food sources of vitamin K. Toxicity of vitamin K causes illnesses that are easy to predict from what we know of its effects. Excessive blood clotting leads to thrombosis and stroke. Drugs like coumiden and heparin are sometimes called blood thinners because they inhibit vitamin K action.

What are the functions and sources of calcium?

Functions: • Bone and tooth structure • Blood clotting • Aids in nerve impulse transmission • Muscle contractions • Other cell functions Sources: • Dairy products • Canned fish • Leafy vegetables • Tofu • Fortified orange juice (and other fortified foods)

What are the food sources and functions of chloride?

Functions: • Major negative ion of extracellu- lar fluid • Participates in acid production in stomach • Aids nerve impulse transmission • Water balance Sources: • Table salt • Some vegetables • Processed foods

What are the food sources and functions of potassium?

Functions: • Major positive ion of intracellular fluid • Aids nerve impulse transmission • Water balance Sources: • Spinach • Squash • Bananas • Orange juice • Milk • Meat • Legumes • Whole grains

What are the food sources and functions of sodium?

Functions: • Major positive ion of the extracellular fluid • Aids nerve impulse transmission • Water balance Sources: • Table salt • Processed foods • Condiments • Sauces • Soups • Chips

What is the difference between hard and soft water?

Hard Water - Water that contains high levels of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes iron. Soft Water - Water that contains little or no calcium or magnesium. Soft water may contain sodium and other minerals.

Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity?

Insufficient vitamin D in childhood results in rickets. Children with rickets have soft, poorly mineralized bones that bow out and deform under the weight of the child. Adults face a similar deficiency disease called osteomalacia — or soft bones. Vitamin D is also a developmental hormone that appears to be necessary for female reproduction, and may be useful in the treatment of certain cancers such as colon and breast cancer. Vitamin D is the most toxic of the vitamins. However, large doses (as high as 2000 IUs per day) are prescribed commonly, without apparent risk. But since doses larger than this--over time--can create an overdose, Drs advise is recommended when taking very big doses of Vitamin D. Calcification of soft tissues, blood vessels and internal organs can kill a person who is supplementing with Vitamin D incorrectly.

Sources of Vitamin C?

Is found in many fruits, but especially citrus fruits, strawberries, melons, and in some vegetables, especially those that are dark, leafy and green like broccoli and spinach.

Sources of Vitamin E?

Is found in vegetable oils, which is fortunate, since oils are the best sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. But the vitamin E in oil is destroyed by frying. Leafy green vegetables are fair sources of vitamin E and whole grain products also contain high amounts because the oily germ of the grain — like wheat germ — concentrates vitamin E.

Vitamin A?

Is needed to form the pigment in the retina that allows for vision in dim light. It is also needed to maintain the health of epithelial tissue including the skin, the linings of the lungs and GI tract and the corneal cells on the eye's surface. Since it helps maintain the integrity of our skin, it also helps us resist infection. It also appears to be critical for normal bone and tooth development. (retinol, beta-cartone)

Sources of Vitamin A?

Liver is one of the best food sources of preformed vitamin A. A less concentrated but safer source is milk; even skim milk is fortified with retinol. The best sources of B-carotene, the plant precursor to vitamin A, are orange vegetables and fruits like carrots, sweet potatoes and apricots and dark, leafy green vegetables like broccoli and spinach.

Vitamin C deficiency and toxicity?

Low vitamin C status is likely to occur in people who consume a diet devoid of fruits and vegetables: alcoholics, aged people on very limited diets, anyone under severe or unrelenting stress or in infants fed diets exclusively of cow's milk. The earliest signs of vitamin C deficiency are weakness, poor appetite, anemia, tenderness to touch, swollen inflamed gums that bleed easily, loosening teeth, painful swollen joints, and multiple bruises or subcutaneous hemorrhages. Wounds fail to heal and even scars of old wounds start to break down. Infections are likely to develop at these wound sites. Vitamin C does not appear to be toxic in any amount. The only symptom seen when consuming amounts greater than 6,000 times the RDA (360,000 mg) is diarrhea, but this happens only occasionally.

Know what characteristics are associated with a risk for with osteoporosis: overweight?

Maintain a healthy body weight (BMI of 18.5-24.9) to support bone health. Perform weight-bearing activity as this contributes to bone maintenance, whereas bed rest and a sedentary lifestyle lead to bone loss. Strength training, especially upper body, is helpful to bone maintenance.

What is the RDA for iron for men and women, AND postmenopausal women?

Men: 8 milligrams Women: 18 milligrams (8 milligrams after menopause)

Which of the following meals is most compatible with American Institute for Cancer Research guidelines for cancer prevention?

Poached salmon, steamed broccoli, and corn on the cob

What are the general characteristics associated with Anorexia/Bulemia, such as socioeconomic status, body size perception, temperament (personality types)?

People with AN are often from high socio-economic staus families and are often perfectionistic. Those witth BN are able to hide the disorder because they are often at normal weight.

What vitamins also have antioxidant activity?

The three major antioxidant vitamins are beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E. (As well as A.) You'll find them in colorful fruits and vegetables, especially those with purple, blue, red, orange, and yellow hues.

What is the female athlete triad?

The female athlete triad occurs when the athlete has disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis. Stress fractures and chronic fatigue also occur. This triad often is seen in appearance- related sports, such as gymnastics. • Long-term health is at risk; thus, • prevention and early treatment are crucial.

What is retinol?

The active form of Vitamin A, is pale yellow in color and found in animal tissues such as liver or milk fat.

What are the sources of iron?

The foods that are highest in iron are liver, beef and other meats, but prunes, prune juice and raisins are good sources as well. Spinach is sort of the symbolic food for iron, but it is so high in oxalic acid that virtually none of the iron in spinach is absorbed or bioavailable.

Scurvy

The vitamin C-deficiency disease characterized by weakness, fatigue, slow wound healing, opening of previously healed wounds, bone pain, fractures, sore and bleeding gums, diarrhea, and pinpoint hemor- rhages on the skin.

Beriberi

Thiamin deficiency This disease is called beri-beri, which means "I cannot, I cannot." Beri-beri is a serious disease of the nervous system. Symptoms include weakness, poor coordination or ataxia and water retention or edema.

What are the functions of iodine?

Thyroxine or thyroid hormone is made using iodide. This hormone in turn regulates a large number of activities which include heat production or metabolism, growth, reproduction and the growth of skin and hair.

Pellagra

a disease characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia. If left untreated, death is the usual outcome. It occurs as a result of niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency. The symptoms are sometimes called the "three Ds:"

The most life-threatening health risk from frequent vomiting due to bulimia nervosa is. .?

a drop in blood potassium

Vitamin C?

Vitamin C has multiple effects on the body, either as a coenzyme or cofactor. It seems to be present and essential to the normal function of all cell organelles including the mitochondria. Vitamin C is needed to form collagen. Connective tissue in bone matrix, skin and tendons, all contain collagen. Vitamin C helps maintain this cellular cement by preserving the integrity of the capillary bed. This promotes the healing of wounds, bone fractures, bruises and bleeding gums. Vitamin C is needed to produce the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from dopamine and it participates in the hydroxylation or activation of certain steroids made in the adrenal gland. Under stress, when adrenal cortical hormone activity is high, vitamin C is depleted in this tissue. This suggests that during periods of emotional, psychological or physical stress, the need for ascorbic acid increases. Vitamin C increases the activity of leukocytes or white cells, thus helping the body fight infection. Finally, vitamin C acts as a powerful antioxidant in the body.

Deficiency diseases of vitamins D, C, B12, thiamine, folate (folic acid), niacin.

Vitamin D - Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults Vitamin C - he symptoms of scurvy, which include bleeding gums, tooth loss, bruising, and scaly skin, illustrate the important function of vitamin C in the formation of connective tissue. B12 - (pernicious anemia) The anemia that results from a lack of vitamin B-12 absorption; it is pernicious because of associated nerve degeneration that can result in eventual paralysis and death. Thiamin - beriberi Folate - megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, spina bifida, anencephaly Niacin - pellagra, dementia

Vitamin D?

Vitamin D's primary function is to maintain adequate levels of calcium in the blood. Say we didn't drink milk or eat any of the foods that contain calcium because we didn't like them. Eventually blood levels of calcium would start to fall. Should blood calcium levels drop too low, the consequences would be devastating; tetany would set in, respiratory and cardiac muscles would fail and death would follow.

Vitamin E?

Vitamin E is really a group of compounds known as the tocopherols. It is rare for vitamin E deficiency symptoms to appear in our population, but low intake of vitamin E, not so low as to result in deficiency, may have repercussions to long term health and disease prevention. Vitamin E is also an antioxidant residing in fatty cell membranes. Vitamin E protects red blood cells from breaking down as its main function is to protect lipid structures like cell membranes, from oxidative damage.

A vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the intestine is?

Vitamin K

Sources of Vitamin K?

Vitamin K is actually synthesized by our intestinal bacteria. About half of our daily requirement for vitamin K is provided by this source. Vitamin K is widespread in plant foods, especially dark leafy green vegetables but its also found in liver and egg yolk.

Vitamin K?

Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting. Vitamin K is now thought to be tied to calcium metabolism. As with the other fat soluble vitamins, vitamin K has functions that go beyond its traditional role in blood coagulation. Vitamin K is now thought to be tied to calcium metabolism. Vitamin K also has been shown to decrease urinary calcium. These effects suggest a role for vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis.

Fat-Soluble Vitamin

Vitamins that dissolve in fat and the substances such as ether and benzene but not readily in water. These vitamins are A, D, E, and K

Water-Soluble Vitamin

Vitamins that dissolve in water. These vitamins are the B vitamins and vitamin C.

Function of Water?

Water makes up 50 to 60 percent of the body's weight. All tissues contain some water — even teeth are 5 percent water. Structure Water is a building material for growth and repair of body tissues, water is also a solvent in which nutrients, sugars amino acids and vitamins are dissolved. Solvent/Transportation medium Water in the blood acts as a transport medium delivering these dissolved nutrients and other substances to the cells. Metabolic waste products like hydrogen ions and urea generated by cell metabolism are transported via the blood water to the kidneys and eliminated from the body in the urine. Chemical reaction component Water is also the medium for all chemical reactions in the cell. Glucose needs to be dissolved in water before it can be catabolized to ATP. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats must be diluted in water before they can be digested into amino acids, glucose and fatty acids. Body temperature regulation Water plays a critical role in the regulation of body temperature. Perspiration during warm weather keeps the skin moist. When that moisture evaporates from the skin surface, heat is drawn away from the body and we cool down. Lubricant/Body Part Protectant Finally, substances containing water act as lubricants for the eyes, the nasal passages and protect body parts. The synovial fluid within joints protects bone from rubbing on bone and wearing down.

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency?

When this happens we feel tired, exhausted and cold all the time. These are all symptoms called iron deficient anemia.

Choline is an important component of . . ?

a phospholipid.

Vitamin E functions as?

an antioxidant.

How to distinguish between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?Risk factors for both?

anorexia nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to significantly low body weight. Risk Factors: Hair loss Fainting/fatigue Loss of heart tissue Lanugo Little subcutaneous fat Loss of menstrual periods Low bone mass Muscle tears/stress fractures Low body temperature Bruising Low metabolic rate/ cold intolerance bulimia nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. Risk Factors: Swollen salivary glands Irritation of the esophagus Stomach ulcers Iron-deficiency anemia Blood potassium imbalance Irregular heart rate Dental decay Constipation

Factors that contribute to development of eating disorders include:

genetics, sexual abuse, social pressures to be thin.

B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, are called the "energy" vitamins because they:

are part of coenzymes needed for release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Avidin, a component of raw egg whites, may decrease the absorption of. . ?

biotin

What is the role of calcium in the blood and body cells?

cellular differentiation: The process of a less specialized cell becoming a more specialized type. Think of stem cells in the bone marrow becoming red and white blood cells. If dietary calcium intake is inadequate and blood calcium concentration begins to decrease, three hormonally controlled actions are stimulated to reestablish calcium blood levels: (1) bones release calcium, (2) intestines absorb more calcium, and (3) the kidneys retain more calcium in the blood.

Vitamin C is necessary for the production of. . . ?

collagen

Bulimia is most frequently first recognized by a. . . ?

dentist

What is osteomalacia?

disease called osteomalacia — or soft bones. But if the deficiency is severe, then tetany would eventually cause death. (Insufficient vitamin D)

For 3 weeks leading up to her friend's wedding, Teresa skipped meals and restricted her food intake to 800 kcal per day so that she could fit into her bridesmaid dress. After the wedding, she resumed eating 2200 kcal per day. This is an example of?

disordered eating.

Binge-eating disorder can be characterized as . . ?

eating to avoid feeling and dealing with emotional pain.

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because?

exposure to sunlight converts a precursor into vitamin D.

Vitamins are classified as..?

fat soluble and water soluble.

A deficient intake of _____ has been shown to increase the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida.

folate

The most likely long-term health consequence of anorexia nervosa could be?

fractures resulting from bone loss.

Vitamin C enhances. . .

iron absorption

What are the calcium deficiency symptoms?

kidney diseases, hormonal abnormalities, or medications are the likely culprits. If blood calcium does fall below a critical point, muscles cannot relax after contraction and nerve function is disrupted. The result is a condition called tetany, in which muscles become stiff or twitch involuntarily. You can see that the skeleton does more than simply provide the framework for the body; it also functions as a bank from which calcium can be added or withdrawn. Only about 1% of the calcium in bone is available at any time for this purpose. Over time, however, bone loss due to inadequate calcium intake and/or absorption may occur, though slowly. Clinical symptoms of the calcium loss from bones show after many years. By not meeting calcium needs, some people, especially women, are set- ting the stage for osteoporosis and future bone fractures.

Which of the B vitamins is sensitive to and can be degraded by light?

riboflavin

Bowed legs, an enlarged and misshapen head, and enlarged knee joints in children are all symptoms of?

rickets

Night eating syndrome is characterized by . . ?

the need to eat to fall asleep.

Niacin can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid . . ?

tryptophan

Noodles, spaghetti, and bread are made from wheat flour that is enriched with all of the following nutrients except:

vitamin B-6.

What is calcium toxicity?

• May cause kidney stones and other problems in susceptible people Upper Level is 2500 milligrams.