Nutrition ch. 10

During the first six months of lactation, a breastfeeding mother is advised to consume how many extra kcalories per day to meet energy needs?

330

How long do most successful pregnancies last?

38 to 42 weeks

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) recommend that infants exclusively receive breast milk for how long?

6 months

Approximately how many ounces of milk per day does a lactating woman typically produce?

25

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of protein for pregnant women is ____ grams per day higher than for nonpregnant women.

25

What is the recommended weight gain for a woman who has a healthy prepregnancy weight and will give birth to a single baby?

25 to 35 lbs

What is the optimal birthweight for a full-term infant?

6.8 to 7.9 lbs

Largely due to national efforts to promote breastfeeding the percentage of infants who were ever breastfed rose from ____ between the years of 1994

60 to 79 percent

Morning sickness, which can occur anytime during the day, typically peaks during ____ weeks' gestation.

9

A breastfeeding mother complains that she missed her son's last two feedings and now her breasts have become full, hard, and uncomfortable. This condition is known as _____.

engorgement

When the breasts become full and hard, for example before lactation is well established, the condition is known as ____.

engorgement

When pregnant women develop cravings for and ingest nonfood items, such as soil or ice, the practice is known as ____.

pica

The transfer of significant amounts of iron from the mother to the fetus are regulated by the ____.

placenta

Which female organ serves as both a supply depot and a waste-removal system for a developing fetus?

placenta

A sudden, large weight gain during pregnancy is a danger signal because it may indicate the onset of ____.

preeclampsia

What condition is characterized by high blood pressure as well as protein in the urine and almost always appears after 20 weeks of gestation?

preeclampsia

What activities best describe the work of the placenta during pregnancy?

producing hormones that maintain the pregnancy

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes a disruption in placental functioning, which can lead to deficits in glucose and oxygen in the fetal brain. a. True b. False

true

Foods with strong or spicy flavors, such as onions or garlic, may alter the flavor of breast milk. a. True b. False

true

Lactating women who smoke produce less milk and milk with a lower fat content when compared to women who do not smoke. a. True b. False

true

Malnutrition reduces fertility and impairs the early development of an infant should a woman become pregnant. a. True b. False

true

Many low-income pregnant and lactating women receive vouchers for nutritious foods, such as peanut butter and whole-grain products, from the federal program known as WIC. a. True b. False

true

Moderate weight loss by a breastfeeding mother after delivery of her infant does not adversely affect the quality or quantity of her breast milk. a. True b. False

true

Pica, the ingestion on nonfood items, is often associated with iron deficiency during pregnancy. a. True b. False

true

Promotion of breastfeeding is an integral part of the WIC program's nutrition education component. a. True b. False

true

In developed countries, including the United States, what is the most common cause of maternal mortality?

eclampsia

Anencephaly is a neural tube defect that results in ____.

either a missing or undeveloped brain

With the possible exception of which nutrient, pregnant women can meet most of their nutrient needs by making wise food choices.

iron

A woman's fertility is defined as her capacity to periodically produce a normal ____.

ovum

Which sequence correctly orders the developmental stages that lead to a fetus?

ovum → zygote → blastocyst → embryo → fetus

How many additional kcalories of energy does a pregnant woman need during her first trimester?

0

What is the recommended weight gain for a woman who has a prepregnancy BMI of 30 or greater and will give birth to a single baby?

11 to 20 lbs

A mother who works outside of the home wants to continue to breastfeed her infant by occasionally pumping milk ahead of time. What information should this mother be given that will help her continue to successfully breastfeed her child?

Breast milk may be expressed by hand or by an electric pump.

A woman who is 10 weeks' pregnant complains that she suffers from nausea every morning and is unable to eat breakfast. Which strategy would most likely help to alleviate some of the nausea that occurs during pregnancy?

Eat small, frequent meals when hunger strikes.

In order to establish and maintain successful breastfeeding, which practice should a lactating mother try to follow?

Find a breastfeeding support group to troubleshoot problems.

A pregnant woman wants to consider breastfeeding her infant after delivery. Which statement provides correct information regarding vitamin and mineral use during lactation?

Loss of calcium is usually made up quickly after lactation ends.

An overweight woman who is pregnant should strive to include which goal into her lifestyle to maintain a healthy pregnancy?

Postpone weight loss until after pregnancy.

Which factor is most likely associated with high-risk pregnancy?

Pregnancy with twins or triplets

In which scenario would a mother be advised to continue nursing without worry?

The nursing mother has a cold to which the infant is susceptible of catching.

What surrounds and cradles a fetus, cushioning it with fluids?

amniotic sac

Researchers who studied the safe alcohol intake limit for pregnant women have concluded ____.

complete abstinence is the best policy

What outcome has been shown to be a benefit of breastfeeding that directly impacts the mother?

contracting the uterus

Traditionally, which of the following strategies is least likely recommended to alleviate nausea during pregnancy?

drink water, milk, or tea

A pregnant woman should increase her fiber intake by 35 to 40% daily to support fetal growth. a. True b. False

false

Herbal supplements are safe alternatives to medicinal drugs to relieve nausea, promote water loss, and alleviate depression among pregnant women. a. True b. False

false

If a lactating woman develops an ordinary cold, she should temporarily stop breastfeeding to avoid passing the virus to her infant. a. True b. False

false

Infants born to mothers with diabetes are more likely to be small for gestational age and may suffer severe hyperglycemia. a. True b. False

false

Infants who breastfeed should be placed on a schedule of feeding every 2 hours until the mother's milk supply is well established. a. True b. False

false

Prepregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy have little to no effect on infant birthweight. a. True b. False

false

The nutrients in breast milk that are most likely to decline in response to prolonged inadequate dietary intakes include calcium, zinc, and phosphorus. a. True b. False

false

A woman who plans to become pregnant wants to try to prevent neural tube defects in her baby by following a healthy diet. Which nutrient is most closely associated with prevention of neural tube defects in the developing fetus?

folate

Glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy is known as ____.

gestational diabetes

By disrupting proper placental functioning, alcohol causes deficits in both ____.

glucose and oxygen, which are needed for the developing fetal brain

An increased dose of iron may be prescribed for pregnant women if repeat tests confirm she has low levels of ____.

hemoglobin

Which risk factor, when present with a BMI over 25, would most likely prompt screening procedures for gestational diabetes at the first prenatal visit?

high blood pressure

When is the ideal time to start breastfeeding after birth?

immediately after delivery

The amount of milk a nursing woman can produce each day varies considerably, primarily dependent on the ____.

infant's demand

Large doses of which substance can interfere with the body's absorption and metabolism of zinc?

iron

Worldwide, more than half of all deaths of children younger than five years old are primarily a result of nutritional deficiencies coupled with ____.

low birthweight

Pregnant women are advised to limit their intake of certain fish, such as swordfish, king mackerel, and golden bass, because these fish often contain high amounts of ____, which can harm fetal growth.

mercury

In comparison to infants born to women of normal weight, infants born to obese women are _____.

more likely to have neural tube defects

Which response in infants makes them turn toward any touch on the face?

rooting reflex

Which condition is characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement?

spina bifida

In general, what effect does maternal nutritional deprivation have on the production of breast milk?

the quality but not the quantity of milk is reduced

Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?

umbilical vein

Most infants who die within the first year are born by women in which age group?

under 16 years old

Which two vitamins are needed in particularly large amounts during pregnancy in order to support cell reproduction and prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus?

vitamin B12 and folate

Severe maternal deficiency of which substance interferes with normal calcium metabolism, and in rare cases leads to a condition called rickets?

vitamin D

Which outcome has been shown to be most closely associated with breastfeeding infants of mothers who smoke?

vomiting

A pregnant woman has applied to use WIC services to supplement her food intake. The WIC program would provide vouchers for _____ in this situation.

whole grain bread