Nutrition CH.7, 8, 9

The results of major studies fail to show that high Vitamin E intakes can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. type 1 diabetes. cancer. cognitive impairment.

cardiovascular disease. cancer. cognitive impairment.

What are examples of serious health problems that can result if amino acids do not function properly?

celiac disease food allergies PKU

Most of the calcium in American diets come from _____. cheese yogurt grains and cereals fluid milk

cheese yogurt fluid milk

The production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral

chloride

Choose the good food sources of magnesium. chocolate refined grains beans, nuts, and seeds whole grains spinach and green leafy vegetables

chocolate beans, nuts, and seeds whole grains spinach and green leafy vegetables

Plant protein sources are a heart-healthy alternative to sources of animal protein because they typically contain less or no ______ than animal sources of protein.

cholesterol and saturated fat

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin called

choline

Because molybdenum is needed for the function of several enzymes, molybdenum is considered to be a ________. Multiple choice question. enzyme factor hormone cofactor

cofactor

vitamin

complex organic molecule that regulates certain metabolic processes

One role of which mineral is to associate with several enzymes that act as antioxidants? Multiple choice question. iron copper sodium chromium

copper

Which of the following foods would not be a good source of vitamin D? fatty fish skim milk cucumbers whole milk

cucumbers

The amino acid pool is an ______ source of nitrogen.

endogenous

Manganese is a component and activator of many ______. Multiple choice question. hormones glands free radicals enzymes

enzymes

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _________ animo acids

essential

Bottled water is safer than tap water.

false

True or false: Chromium is a trace mineral because it is needed in large amounts.

false

True or false: Scientific studies show that taking vitamin C is an effective way to prevent the common cold.

false

True or false: Taking supplements in folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 will lower a person's risk for heart disease.

false

Signs and symptoms of dehydration include _____. fatigue and thirst coma straw-colored urine rapid weight loss

fatigue and thirst coma rapid weight loss

Which of the following is a role of sodium in the human body? decreasing blood pressure fluid balance transport of oxygen maintenance of bone mass

fluid balance

Most of the calcium in American diets come from _____. grains and cereals cheese fluid milk yogurt

fluid milk, yogurt, and cheese

What is the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify foods? tryptophan tetrahydrofolic folic acid

folic acid

Folic Acid

form of folate

Kwashiorkor

form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein

There ______ an association between eating diets rich in fruits and vegetables and lower risk of certain cancers, heart disease and age-related macular degeneration. is is not

is

Zinc _____ widespread in the food chain. Multiple choice question. is not is

is

Celiac disease

is a common inherited condition that results in poor absorption of nutrients (malabsorption) from the small

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects about 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 15,000 infants in the United States

Fluoride _____ an essential nutrient Multiple choice question. is not is

is not

Presently there _____ much scientific information that supports claims that megadoses of vitamins can treat or prevent disease. is is not

is not

A male has more muscle tissue than a female, therefore he will have _____ fluid in his body. more less

more

Lean muscle tissue contains ____ water than fat tissue. less more

more

Iron-containing protein in muscle cells hemoglobin myoglobin

myogoblin

Roles for chloride in the body include _____. nerve transmission maintaining acid base balance muscle contraction maintaining fluid balance

nerve transmission maintaining acid base balance maintaining fluid balance

Although not used currently as a medication, which vitamin was previously used to lower blood cholesterol levels? niacin riboflavin thiamin folic acid

niacin

The B vitamin that has been used to treat elevated LDL cholesterol levels is

niacin

A relatively new science that investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment is called nutritional _____.

nutritional genomics

What is the source of most minerals? oils synthesized by plants and animals natural water earth's rocks

oils, natural water, and earth's rocks

Choose the water-soluble vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A. pantothenic acid vitamin B-6 folate biotin

pantothenic acid

R group

part of amino acid that identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid

vegetarians

people who eat plant based-diets

What is the name for the "hook" that provides a chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid?

peptide bond

The best dietary sources of vitamin C are Blank______ foods. animal plant both plant and animal

plant

The consumption of which foods can prevent or delay the development of certain cancers? animal plant

plant

legumes

plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds

amino or nitrogen-containing group

portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

positive protein balance

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission? phosphorus potassium calcium sodium

potassium, calcium, and sodium

Much of the zinc in our diet is supplied by the consumption of______. white rice soda poultry red meat

poultry red meat

Amino acids are the end product of ______ digestion.

protein

______ is synthesized by every cell in the body.

protein

high-quality (complete) protein

protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of

proteins

Which of the following are good sources of iron? Multiple select question. oranges pumpkin seeds beef liver milk

pumpkin seeds beef liver

Which of the following has the greatest impact on your long-term health? improving diet quitting smoking challenging your brain increasing physical activity

quitting smoking

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein increases during______.

recovery from serious illness a period of rapid growth pregnancy breastfeed blood losses burns

Iron is an important component of______. red blood cells nerve impulses intestinal lining bone matrix

red blood cells

Which of the following is not a good source of magnesium? Multiple choice question. refined grains spinach beans whole grains

refined grains

Roles for sulfur in the body include being______. Multiple select question. required for enzyme activity required for nerve transmission incorporated into antioxidant molecules essential for the maintenance of strong bones

required for enzyme activity incorporated into antioxidant molecules

Which of the following would be a good replacement for processed meat products?

roast beef and lean turkey

nutrional genomics

science that investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment

The safety standards for bottled water are ____ to those for tap water. Multiple choice question. more stringent similar less stringent

similar

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called _____. facilitated diffusion osmosis simple diffusion

simple diffusion

When a substance moves from where it is highly concentrated to where it is less concentrated the process is called

simple diffusion

What is the primary site of vitamin absorption?

small intestine

coenzyme

small, organic molecule that interacts with enzymes, enabling the enzymes to function

Plants obtain the minerals they need from______. air soil fertilizers animals

soil and fertilizers

examples of legumes

soybeans, peas, peanuts, lentils, and beans

metastasize

spread to other tissues

marasmus

starvation

positive nitrogen balance

state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses

The roles for fluoride in the body involve the______. Multiple select question. strengthening of teeth maturation of sexual organs maintenance of thyroid function strengthening of bones

strengthening of teeth strengthening of bones

The mineral that is a component of the amino acids, cysteine and methionine is

sulfur

Examples of diuretics include______. tea caffeine milk coffee

tea, coffee, and caffeine

Where does water move if a cell has fewer sodium ions in the cell than there are in the solution surrounding the cell? The water moves into the surrounding solution. The water moves into the cell.

the water moves into the solution

water soluble vitamins

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C

What gland uses iodine? Multiple choice question. hypothalamus sweat glands thyroid gland pituitary gland

thyroid gland

Select the primary function of iodine. Multiple choice question. growth and development thyroid hormone synthesis bone mineralization

thyroid hormone synthesis

True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.

true

True or false: Trace minerals that have yet to have a clearly identified function in humans include boron, nickel, vanadium, arsenic, lithium, and silicon.

true

Which of the following are risk factors for cancer? using tobacco aging being very thin family history

using tobacco aging family history

The consumption of which foods has been associated with a decrease in the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration? dairy grains vegetables fruits

vegetables and fruits

Vitamin C is found in the highest amounts in which two of the following food groups? Vegetables Dairy products Grains Fruits Protein-rich foods

vegetables and fruits

scurvy

vitamin C-deficiency disease

The use of which vitamin supplement has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer and hemorrhagic stroke? vitamin K vitamin D vitamin A vitamin E

vitamin E

What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively? vitamin K vitamin E vitamin D

vitamin K

Vitamin supplements are effective for treating people with______. type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes vitamin deficiencies cardiovascular disease

vitamin deficiencies

Carotenoids

yellow-orange pigments in fruits and vegetables

Is chromium known as an essential trace mineral for humans? Multiple choice question. no yes

yes

Pantothenic acid is a component of riboflavin. DNA. hemoglobin. coenzyme A.

Coenzyme A

The body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from ______ sources.

Endogenous

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

False

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

False

Which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)? iron magnesium copper manganese

Magnesium

Forms of PEM include______.

Marasmus Kwashiorkor

Choose the roles of sodium within the body. Nerve transmission Preserver of food Proper muscle functioning Transporting small substances into cells

Nerve transmission Proper muscle functioning Transporting small substances into cells

A water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the release of energy from macronutrients is

Niacin

Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy? Choline Niacin Biotin

Niacin

There are three groups that make up each amino acid. They are the

Nitrogen-containing group, R group, and acid group

Since there is no Upper Level set for potassium, is it advisable for individuals to take potassium supplements? yes no

No

The chronic disease characterized by loss of bone mass and reduced bone structure is called _________. osteomalacia osteosarcoma osteoporosis rickets

Osteoporosis

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate? Vitamin B 12 Biotin Thiamin Vitamin B-6

Vitamin B 12

Which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of?

Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and choline

Plant oils such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing are rich food sources of _____. vitamin D vitamin E vitamin A vitamin C

Vitamin E

Individuals with excess body fat and are obese have a higher risk of _____. cystic fibrosis phenylketonuria type 1 diabetes cancer

cancer

is the second leading cause of death in the United States.

cancer

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

- The body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health. - Signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet. - The nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods. - Good health is restored, if the deficiency disorder is treated early by supplying the missing substance

It is unnecessary to consume 100% of all vitamins every day because _____.

- cells contain a supply of vitamins - bacteria in the intestinal tract can produce some vitamins - the body can synthesize some vitamins

Biotin's roles in the body include _____. fatty acid synthesis protein synthesis glucose synthesis amino acid breakdown

- fatty acid synthesis - glucose synthesis -amino acid breakdown

What is the best way to preserve vitamin content in foods during cooking?

- little contact between food and water - use quick cooking methods

Which of the following are considered basic roles of vitamins?

- regulates body processes - involved in cell division and development - growth and maintenance of tissues

Which of the following is true about coenzymes?

-Regulates a chemical reaction -Cofactor

The body needs choline to _____. as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. produce phospholipids in cell membranes. synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver. produce the neurotransmitter seretonin.

-as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. -produce phospholipids in cell membranes. -synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein?

10 - 35%

The Adequate Intake for total water intake is ______ cups per day for young adult men and ______ cups per day for young adult women. 8,5 15.5, 11 9,7

15.5, 11

To make proteins, how many amino acids are available to make specific sequences expressed by the DNA?

20

Usually water-soluble vitamins are not toxic as they do not accumulate in the body. There is one exception to this rule when high doses of what water-soluble vitamin can cause sensory nerve damage? C riboflavin B-6

B-6

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its______. bioavailability biocompatibility biodiversity bioabsorption

Bioavailability

Diets supplying high amounts of _____ (like beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) may slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Carotenoids

It is the role of ______, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your _____.

DNA and deoxyribonucleic acid

What contains protein?

Plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin? Riboflavin Vitamin C Biotin Thiamin

Riboflavin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates? Vitamin B-12 Vitamin E Biotin Thiamin

Thiamin

T or F: An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity.

True

True or false: Every cell contains protein.

True

True or false: If a person is severely dehydrated, a coma may result.

True

A substance, such as caffeine, that increases urine production is called_____. a diuretic antidiuretic hormone insensible perspiration

a diuretic

acid group

acid portion of a compound

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide to other compounds. depend on the activity of antioxidants. transfer methyl groups to other compounds.

add carbon dioxide to other compounds.

The primary function of iron is to______. Multiple choice question. aid in oxygen transportation aid in growth and development help build strong bones help with hair growth

aid in oxygen transportation

Denaturation

altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation

Proteins are made by assembling the 20 different _____ into specific sequences as provided by the DNA.

amino acids

What are the building blocks of protein?

amino acids

When protein digestion is complete, we are left with

amino acids

Protein functions as _____.

antibodies enzymes compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance

Drinking recommended intakes of fluid and other nonalcoholic fluids may reduce the risk of _____ cancer. pancreatic brain bladder liver

bladder

Which of the following are good food sources of calcium? steak and baked potato bok choy sardines canned in oil with bones cheese

bok choy sardines canned in oil with bones cheese

Poor sources of protein are _____.

fruits

People with celiac disease cannot tolerate foods that contain

gluten

When a cancer patient is told that his/her cancer has metastasized, this means that the cancer______. is in remission has spread to other tissues was misdiagnosed and the cancer is no longer present is benign and unlikely to be harmful

has spread to other tissues

People with osteoporosis______. have an increased risk of diabetes have weak bones have an increased risk of heart disease suffer more fractures

have weak bones suffer more fractures

Homocysteine may be a biochemical marker or risk factor for______.

heart disease

iron-containing protein in RBCs hemoglobin myoglobin

hemoglobin

Diets supplying ______ amounts of carotenoids may slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). high low average

high

Which type of diet poses an increased risk for dehydration?

high-protein

Choose the functions of iron. important in brain development necessary for oxygen transport essential for bone and teeth strength needed for immune system function

important in brain development necessary for oxygen transport needed for immune system function

Where does water move, if a cell has more sodium ions in the cell than there are in the solution surrounding the cell? into the cell into the surrounding solution

into the cell

Which of the following is a trace mineral? iodine sulfur chloride sodium

iodine

The mineral that is a component of the oxygen transporting proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin is

iron

In the body, copper is involved in______. Multiple select question. iron metabolism acid-base balance collagen production immune function

iron metabolism collagen production immune function

Hemoglobin is the _____ protein in red blood cells. Multiple choice question. calcium-containing potassium-containing iron-containing

iron-containing

hemogoblin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen