Nutrition EXAM 1
Be wary of websites that are authored or sponsored by one person or sites that promote or sell products for profit
.com bc such sources of info may be biased
major functions of nutrients in the body table
1.1 chapter one concept one
less than ____ percent of total calories from saturated fat (solid) and less that _____ of total calories from added sugars
10 percent
Kilogram (1000) equals
1000 g or about 2.2 pounds
USDAs LAST pyramid shaped food guide (my pyramid) was released in
2005
estimating portion sizes
4 dice- 1 oz of cheese computer mouse- 1/2 to 2/3 cup of food (bakes potato or chopped food) tennis ball- medium or small fruit baseball or human fist- 1 cup apple orange or 1 cup serving of ready to eat cereal small yoyo- 1 standard bagel or English muffin bar of soap or deck of cads- 3 0z of meat
women who can become pregnant, are pregnant or are breastfeeding should
Consume 8 to 12 ounces of seafood per week from a variety of seafood types. Not eat certain large fish, including shark and swordfish, because they may contain high amounts of methylmercury. Consume iron-rich foods or take an iron supplement, if recommended by a qualified health care provider. Not consume alcohol, and limit caffeine intake.
Dietary Guidelines include several food and nutrition related messaged for consumers such as
Consume more nutrient dense fruits and veggies
a group of nutrition scientist, Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the institute of Medicine develops
DRI
if you are thinking about using one or more dietary supplements
Determine whether the supplement is necessary. Some people have medical reasons for taking dietary supplements that contain one or more micronutrients. Discuss your need for the supplement with your physician or a registered dietitian nutritionist before you purchase or use the product. This action is particularly important if you are pregnant, are breastfeeding a baby, or have a chronic medical condition such as diabetes or heart disease. Consult a physician before giving such products to children. Treat dietary supplements as drugs: Store them away from children. Consult a physician as soon as you develop signs and symptoms of a serious illness. Using supplements to treat serious diseases instead of seeking conventional medical care that has proven effectiveness is a risky practice. In these instances, delaying or forgoing useful medical treatment may result in the worsening of the condition or even be life threatening. Be wary of claims made about a supplement's benefits and investigate the claims used to promote the product. The following government websites provide reliable information about dietary supplements:
as required by law the US department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the USDA publish the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans- set of general nutrition related lifestyle recommendations that are intended for healthy children and adults
In a retrospective cohort study, researchers collect information about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes.
In a retrospective cohort study, researchers collect information about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes.
examples of peer reviewed journals
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, and Journal of the American College of Nutrition.
Metric prefixes
Mirco, Milli, centi, deci, and kilo- indicate weather a measurement is a fraction or a multipole of a meter, gram, or liter table 1.5 found in chap one concept 3
veggies
One serving of food from this group generally equals 1 cup of raw or cooked vegetables, 1 cup vegetable juice, or 2 cups of uncooked leafy greens, such as salad greens.
in 1943 the USDA published the first food guide based on
RDAs for the general public to use
nutrition scents also establish a Tolerable Upper Intake Level
The UL is the highest average amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to harm most people when they consume that amount daily
If the nutrient is missing from the diet
a deficiency disease occurs as a result
by making certain dietary changes
a person may be able to prevent or forestall the development of certain diseases or possibly lessen their severity if they occur
registered dietitian nutritionist(RDN) has completed a
baccalaureate degree program approved by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the largest organization of dietitians in the United States. As undergraduate students, dietetics majors are required to take a wide variety of college-level courses, including food and nutrition sciences, organic chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, microbiology, statistics, management, and communications classes.
in the 1950s the USDA simplified the original good guide to create the
basic four food groups; milk, meats, fruits and veggies and breads and cereals
you cannot always rely on someone who call themselves nutritionist or nutritionals for reliable nutrition information
because there are no standard legal definitions for these descriptors
empty calories
beverages, bacon, candy, pastries, snack ships, and sugar sweetened drinks provide much of their energy form unhealthy solid fats and added sugars "SOFAS"
plants make hundreds of nonutrients called phytochemicals
caffeine for example is a phytochemical naturally made by coffee and tea plants that has a stimulating effect on the body
requirement
can be defined as the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health
Food Lists for Diabetes and Weight Management (formerly called the Exchange System)
can be used to estimate the energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat content of foods. This information is helpful for menu planning.
sugary foods "sweets" include
candy regular soft deinks jelly and other foods that contain high amounts of sugar added during processing or preparation
most forms of fiber are classified as
carbs
kcals per gram
carbs (sugars and starches)- 4 kcals per gram protein- 4 kcals per gram alcohol- 7 kcals per gram fat- 9 kcals per gram
there are six classes of nutrients
carbs fats and other lipids proteins vits and minerals and water
the food lists method for menu planning categorizes food into three broad groups
carbs proteins and fats. The foods within each group have similar macronutrient composition regardless of weather the food is form plant or an animal
Poor eating habits contribute to several of the leading
causes of death in the US
nutrition researchers also perform controlled laboratory experiments on
cells or other components derived from living organisms this is called vitro or test tube
researchers are cautious when drawing conclusions from results of in vitro bc
cells removed from a living things may not function the same way they do when they are in the entire life form
variable
characteristic or other factor that can change and influence an outcome
to help ensure the nutritional adequacy of your diet
choose a diet that contains a variety of foods from each food group that is shown in MyPlate figure 1.7 ch 3 concept 4
registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)
college trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods nutrient and dietetics
in the US refined grain products are
commonly consumed and can be good sources of several vitamins and mineral when they have undergone enrichment or fortification
nutrition info
constantly changes
foods and beverages made form soybeans can substitute for
cows milk is they are fortified with calcium and other micronutrients
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
daily amount of the nutrient that meets the needs of 50 percent of healthy people who are in particular life stage/ sex group
in 2016 the typical diet of Americans who were 2 years of age and older
did not provide recommended amounts of fruit veggies and dairy foods. The diet generally contained too much added sugars fats and sodium
as you grew older your
diet, your usual pattern of food choices came increasingly under your control
popular forms of alternative health care include
dietary supplements yoga chiropractic manipulations and meditations
Data collected from NHANES help epidemiologist determine the prevalence of major
diseases, risk factors for such diseases and national standards for measurements that are associated with health status including height weight and blood pressure
to determine your weight in kilograms
divide your weight in pounds by 2.2
control group
does not receive treatment during the period
World Health organization (WHO) at least 2 billion people use
drinking water that may be contaminated with feces. Such water is unsafe to drink bc it can contain bacteria and viruses that cause diarrhea and serious infectious diseases that include cholera, typhoid, dysentery and polio
in some instances undernutrition is not
due to poverty in these countries for example people suffering from anorexia and chronic alcoholism are undernourished despite often having enough money to purchase food
white flour
during refinement a wheat kernel is stripped of its nutrient rich germ and bran. The endosperm (white flour) that remains is mostly starch
most epidemiological research is observational and involves
either case control study or cohort study designs ( treatment and control group)
Not all energy dense foods are high in
empty calories
dietary reference intakes (DRI)
encompass a variety of daily energy and nutrient intake standards that nutrition experts in the US use as references when making dietary recommendations
Nuts
energy dense due to high in healthy kinds of fat nutrient dense due to protein vits minerals and fiber
macronutrients supply
energy for cells whereas micronutrients do not
although alcohol is not a nutrient it does provide
energy; a gram of pure alcohol furnishes 7 kcals
cohort study
epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information (variables) about a large group of people over time
by using methods discussed, scientist have been able to
estimate the amount of many nutrients required by the body
laboratory experiments
experiment is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis
two types of research that involve human subjects are
experimental (intervention) studies and observational studies
treatment group
fed certain amount of chemical X daily
scientific method
figure 2.1 chap 2 concept one
in 2012 the most popular nonvitamin nonmineral dietary supplement among American adults were
fish oil or omega 3 glucosamine and or chondroitin probiotics prebiotics and melatonin
USDAs original Food Guide Pyramid inspired the development of other food pyramids for people who
follow cultural and ethnic food traditions that differ from the mainstream American (western) diet
wealthy countries can provide
food aid to keep impriverished people form starving to death. Families and small farmers in underdeveloped nations need to learn new and more efficient methods of growing processing preserving and distributing nutritious regionally produced foods
nutrient dense
food supplies more key beneficial nutrients such as potassium and calcium in relation to its total calories per serving table 1.7 ch 3 concept 4
information such as personal and family medical histories eating habits and other lifestyles behaviors are collected
from each participant in the study
MyPlate's five food groups
fruits veggies protein grains and dairy and does not have a portion of the plate for oils according to the USDA oils is not a food group
major food groups
grains diary fruits veggies and protein
first amendment to the US constitution
guarantees freedom of the press and freedom of speech so people can provide nutrition information that is not true. Thus, the First Amendment does not protect consumers with freedom from nutrition misinformation or false nutrition claims.
Although an average healthy young man and women have similar amounts of vits, minerals and carbs in their bodies the young women
has less water and proteins and considerably more far than man Figure 1.3 ( the amount of vitamins is so small it is now shown)
nutrition scientist often conduct experimental studies to obtain information about
health conditions (outcome) that may result from specific dietary practices
some foods contain nonnutrients- substances that are not nutrients yet they may have
healthful benefits
results of one major study indicate that
healthy people do not befit from takin dietary supplements and in some cases using these products may be harmful to health
In the US poor eating habits contribute to several leading causes of death including
heat disease some types of cancer stroke and type 2 diabetes (figure 1.2) chapter one
DRI are intended to
help people reduce their risk of nutrient deficiencies and excess, prevent disease, and achieve optimal health
excess dietary sodium intake increase the risk of
high blood pressure and heart disease. According to the CDRR for sodium, adults should limit their sodium intake to less than 2300 mg a day to reduce the risk of chronic disease
if a persons energy intake is more than needed especially for physical activity
his or her body fat increases
observations and generated questions lead to
hypotheses
In Africa, the AIDS epidemic has left millions of people
impoverished and living in uncertainty
The USDA released several updated food guides after the basic four
in the late 1980s the USDA determined that a new food guide design was needed to promote diet related messages of variety of proportion and moderation and chose a pyramid design
a patient who expects a medical treatment will be harmful may not report unwanted effects of the therapy even though the treatment was harmless
in this case the reported side effect indicate a nocebo effect
an experiment that uses whole living organisms such as mice is called
in vivo
2.5 centimeters per
inch; to obtain your approximate height in centimeters multiply your Hight in inches by 2.54
protein rich foods
include beef, pork, lamb, fish, shellfish, and poultry. Beans, eggs, nuts, and seeds are included with this group because these protein-rich foods can substitute for meats. A serving of food from this group generally equals 1 ounce of meat, poultry, or fish; ¼ cup cooked dry beans or dry peas; 1 egg; 1 tablespoon of peanut butter; or ½ ounce of nuts or seeds.
fruit
include fresh, dried, frozen, sauced, and canned fruit, as well as 100% fruit juice. One serving of food from this group generally equals 1 cup of fruit or fruit juice, or ½ cup of dried fruit, such as raisins or dried apricots.
grains
include products made from wheat, rice, and oats. Pasta, noodles, and flour tortillas are members of this group because wheat flour is their main ingredient. A serving of a grain food is equivalent to 1 slice of bread, 1 cup of ready-to-eat cereal, or ½ cup of cooked rice, pasta, or cereal such as oatmeal.
conventional medical care
include surgical procedures that remove diseased tissues FDA approved medications that reduce high blood pressure levels and dietary patterns that provide enough nutrients to promote good health
MyPlate
included a variety of food, nutrition, and physical activity resources for consumers that are based on the recommendations of Dietary Guidelines
case control study
individual's with a health condition (cases) such as heart disease or breast cancer are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition (controls)
since 1999 National Nutrition and health examinations survey (NHANES) researchers have used
interviews, physical examinations and blood tests to assess the health and nutritional status of a nationally representative sample of Americans
nutrition facts and dietary practices were often based on
intuition "common sense" "conventional wisdom" (traditional) or anecdotes
sustainable agriculture
involves farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources and harming the environment. The challenge is finding ways for farmers and ranchers to make the conversion from primarily conventional farming techniques to sustainable agriculture
quackery
involves promoting useless medical treatments such as copper bracelets to treat arthritis
malnutrition
is a state of helth that occurs when the body is improperly nourished.
The Framingham Heart Study that began in 1949 in Framingham, Massachusetts
is one of the most well known prospective studies
Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes (CDRRs)
is the newest DRI category. CDRRS are the nutrient intake levels that educe chronic disease risk within a healthy population
Chemistry
is the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it
MyPlate differs form the MyPyramid plan int aht
it no longer has six food groups shown in boxes or stripes within a pyramid. MyPlate focuses on five different foo groups
calorie is such a small unit of measurement the amount of energy in food is reported in 1000 calorie units called
kilocalories or Calories
Heart disease is the
leasing cause of death for all Americans and cancer is the second leading cause of death
scientist generally use metric values to report
length (meter), weight(gram), and volume (liter)
the body can synthesize (make) many nutrients such as
lipids cholesterol and fat but about 50 nutrients are dietary essentials
overnutrition
long term excess of energy or nutrient intake is also a form of malnutrition
retrospective
look back
when grains undergo processing they can
lose nutrients such as vit and minerals and fiber
people at risk for malnutrition
low income people in long term care facilities addicted to drugs chronic medical conditions that reduce the body's ability to absorb or use nutrients
experiments generally involve the basic steps
make observations that generate questions formulate hypotheses to explain events review current scientific literature that relate to the questions design studies perform tests and collect data analyze date and draw conclusions based on the results share results with peers conduct more research the results of which may confirm or refute previous findings
the air you breathe and even your body consists of
matter ( food is matter therefore it contains chemicals some of which are nutrients
many phytochemicals are antioxidants that
may reduce risk of heart disease and certain cancers
physicians often prescribe special diets sometimes referred to as
medical nutrition therapies for people with chronic health conditions such as diabetes
overall MyPlate can be helpful for planning
menus bc it promotes food variety nutritional adequacy and moderation
most naturally occurring foods are
mixtures of nutrients
physicians are not the best courses of nutrition information because
most doctors do not have extensive college coursework in the subject
essential nutrient
must be supplied by food bc the body does not synthesize the nutrient or make enough to meet its needs WATER is the most essential nutrient
human experimental studies are usually double blind studies
neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subjects group assignment. Codes are used to identify a subjects group membership and this info is not revealed until the end of the study
many dietary supplements are often referred to as
nutraceuticals nut there is no legal definition for this term
dietary supplements include
nutrient pills protein powders and herbal extracts
although specific nutrient deficiency diseases such as scurvy can be cured by eating foods that contain the nutrient that is missing
nutrients DO NOT cure other ailments. diet is only one aspect of a person that influences his or her health
no natural food is perfect in that it contains all
nutrients in amounts that are needed by the body
Healthy People 2030 has several
nutrition related objectives some of which are listed in table 1.4 (chapter one concept 2)
Overnutrition is characterized by
obesity obese people may also be undernourished if they consume diets that lack adequate amounts of essential nutrients especially micronutrients
Dietary moderation involves
obtaining nutrients from food to meet ones needs and balancing calorie intake with calorie expenditure, primarily by physical activity. This can be accomplished by choosing nutrient dense foods limiting serving sizes of energy dense foods and incorporation moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity into your daily routine
taking megadose of micronutrients can also cause
over nutrition especially in people who have no physiological need for the extra nutrients
analysis of government food consumption date indicates
overall diet quality of Americas is improving but many Americans do not follow the Dietary Guidelines
testimonial
personal endorsement of a product. usually biased
The EER takes into account the
persons physical activity level, height, and weight as well as sex and life stage
variables include
physical activity, air temp, blood pressure, and sodium intake
subjects in the control group are usually given a
placebo
28 g in one ounce and 454 g in a
pound
factors of chronic undernutrition
poverty civil unrest wars and lack of access to nutritious foods this usually happens in Africa, and certain regions in South America and Asia
look for red flags for unreliable sources
promised of quick and easy remedies for complex health related problems claims that sound too good to be true scare tactics that include sensational frightening false or misleading statements about good dietary practice or health condition
alternative health care
promotes and uses practices that may or may not have been tested scientifically for both safety and effectiveness
antioxidant
protects cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by exposure to certain harmful environmental and internal factors
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
ranges of carbs fat and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet related chronic diseases Table 3.1
correlation
relationship between variables
anecdotes
reports of personal experiences
by analyzing the results of case control studies
researchers identify factors that may have been responsible for the illness. Scientists for example may be able to identify dietary practices that differ between the two groups such as long term fruit and vegetable intakes
when an experiment or study is completed and the results analyzed
researchers summarize the findings and seek to publish articles with information about their investigation in scientific journals
when conducting an experimental study involving human subjects
researchers usually randomly divide a large group of people into treatment and control groups this is called randomized controlled trial (RCT)
dietary practices and recommendation undergo
revision as new scientific evidence becomes available and is reviewed and accepted by nutrition experts
Nutrition is the
scientific study of nutrients chemicals necessary for proper body functioning and how the body uses them
the use of botanical products can also evoke allaric or inflammatory responses that often result in
signs and symptoms of skin sinus or respiratory illness
random assignment helps ensure that the members of the treatment and control groups have
similar variables such as age weight and other characteristics
cell
smallest living functional unit in an organism such as a human being. There are hundreds of different types of cells in your body
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
standards for recommending daily intakes of several nutrients
Epidemiology
study of the occurrence, distribution and cause of health problems in populations
popular sources of nutrition information such as magazines and the internet generally do not
subject articles or blogs to peer review or other scientific scrutiny and as a result they may feature faulty biased information
a drug is a
substance natural or human made that alters body functions as a result drugs can produce beneficial and harmful effects on the body
when undernutrition occurs during periods of rapid growth
such as pregnancy's, infancy, and childhood the long term effects can be devastating
matter is anything that
takes up space and has mass or weight on earth
much of the information form such popular sources is not evidence based
that is it is not supported by scientific evidence
chronic undernutrition is a condition
that occurs when a persons long term energy and nutrient intakes are insufficient to meet his or her needs
to establish an EAR for a nutrient
the FNB identifies a physiological marker a substance in the body that reflects proper functioning and can be measured this marker indicates weather the level of nutrient in the body is adequate
sugary foods and beverages typically supply energy but few or no micronutrients
the alcohol containing beverages is another source of empty calories
the scientist add a "margin of safety"
the amount to the EAR that allows for individual variations in nutrient needs and helps maintain tissue stores
energy dense
the energy value of food in relation to the foods weight
the recommendations of the basic four provided
the foundation for an adequate diet although the food guide supplied only about 1200 to 1400 kcals a day people could add extra serving of food to the basic diet plan if they had higher energy needs
Kilocalorie or Calorie is
the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g ( a liter) of water 1 degrees Celsius
The government agency notes
the need for fat in the diet because some kinds of fat are dietary essentials
the placebo pill has inert ingredients
the pill contains substances that do not produce any measurable physical changes
pseudoscience
the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
if researchers design an experiment in which they fail to control variables that are not being tested
their findings are likely to be unclear or inaccurate
According to a report published by National Academy of Sciences in 2016
there is no scientific evidence that indicated genetically modified crops are unsafe for humans to consume or harmful to the environment
in some instances nutrition scientist are unable to develop RDAs for nutrients because
there is not enough information to determine bow much is required by people
placebos are not simply sugar pills
they are fake treatment such as a sham pill, injections or medical device the placebo mimics the treatment
although cream cheese cream and butter are made from cows milk
they are not included in the dairy group because they have little to no calcium and are high in fat
before articles are accepted for publication they undergo PEER review
this is a critical analysis conducted by a group of "peers"
Adequate Intakes (AIs)
to establish an AI, scientist record eating patters of a group of healthy people and estimate the groups average daily intake of the nutrient (AIs are taken when RDAs cant be found)
Healthy People 2030
to improve health by promoting healthy eating and making nutritious foods available
prospective means
to look forward
dietary guidelines are deigned
to promote good health and reduce the risk of major nutrition related chronic health conditions such as obesity and CVD. These guidelines are updated every 5 years
Metabolism
total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells including chemical reactions (changes) involved in generating energy making proteins and eliminating waste products
herbal supplements are made from plants that may have
toxic parts
800 million people are
undernourished
chronically undernourished people are
underweight and often hungry
regional food shortages
unfavorable weather conditions and crop failures
consumers need to be aware that medical herbs may contain substances that affect the
usefulness or safety of prescription or over the counter medications as well as other herbs. Such interactions can produce unwanted and even dangerous side effects (see Table 2.2). Ginkgo biloba, for example, can interact with aspirin, increasing the risk of bleeding. Garlic, ginseng, and chondroitin sulfate supplements can also increase bleeding. Kava acts as a sedative (calming agent) and can amplify the effects of anesthetics and other medications used during surgery.
nutritional needs of health people
vary during different stages of their life
governments can support programs that encourage breastfeeding's and fortify locally grown or commonly consumed foods with
vits minerals that are often deficient in local diets
2018 an estimated 149 million children who were under 5 years of age
were stented, The height of a child with stunting is much lower than normal when compared to children who are the same age but adequately nourished
according to the FDA
whole grains are the intact group cracked or flaked seeds of cereal grains such as wheat buckwheat oats corn rice rye and barley
dietary guides generally recommend choosing foods made
whole grains instead of refined grains as they naturally contain more finer than other various nutrients
milk based desserts such as ice creams pudding and frozen yogurt are often grouped
with diary products even though they often have high added sugars and far content
when your source of nutrition information is testimonial, anecdote or advertisement
you cannot be sure that the information is based on scientific facts and therefore reliable
diet is likely to be nutritionally adequate if
your average daily intake for each nutrient meets the nutrients RDA or AI value
your lifestyle reflects your health related behaviors including
your dietary practices and physical activity habits
enrichment fortification
addition of any nutrient to food to boost its nutrient content such as adding calcium to orange juice vit A and D to milk and numerous vits and minerals to ready to eat cereals and snack and energy bars
according to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) a dietary supplement is a product that
adds to a person's dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or botanicals (herbs or other plant material); is taken by mouth; and, is a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract.
American of all ages may reduce their risk of chronic diseases by
adopting nutritious diets and engaging in regular physical activity
The FDAs role in reviewing the safety of dietary supplements begins
after products enter the market place
comfrey pennyroyal sassafras kava lobelia and ma hyang are
among the plants known to be highly toxic or cancer causing
physiological dose
amount that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
the science of nutrition is constantly evolving; old beliefs and practices are discarded when they are not supported by more recent scientific evidence
and new principles and practices emerge form the new findings
websites sponsored by nationally recognized health associations such as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (www.eatright.org)
and nonprofit organizations such as the American Cancer Society (www.cancer.org) are reliable sources of nutrition information (*.org). Government agencies (*.gov) such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov) and nationally accredited colleges and universities (*.edu) that have nutrition and dietetics programs are also excellent sources of credible nutrition information.
when used properly many dietary supplements particularly micronutrient products
are generally safe
peers
are investigators who were not part of the study but are experts involved in related research
registered dietitian (RD) and registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)
are legally protected
the DSHEA defines a Dietary supplement
as a product (excluding Tabaco) that contains a vit, mineral, an herb, or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) the use of natural products such as herbs vits and minerals and other dietary supplement's is an
aspect of alternative health care
peer reviewed nutrition journals usually require
authors of articles to disclose their affiliations and sources of financial support Such disclosures may appear on the first page or at the end of the article. By having this information, readers can decide on the reliability of the findings.
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person who is maintaining his or her weight
