Nutrition Exam 2
form of undernutrition that results in a child with kwashiorkor who then starts to not consume enough energy; characterized by edema and wasting
Marasmic kwashiorkor
form of undernutrition that results from starvation; diet lacks energy and nutrients
Marasmus
water-soluble spherical lipid cluster
Micelle
lipid that has one fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
Monoglyceride
fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
change to the typical sequence of a gene's DNA components
Mutation
_____ is used to make urea
NH3
state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains
Negative nitrogen balance
balancing of nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses
Nitrogen balance or nitrogen equilibrium
group of amino acids that the body can make
Nonessential amino acids
study of how inherited genetic variations influence the body's responses to specific nutrients and nutrient combinations
Nutrigenetics
study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome
Nutrigenomics
study of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics
Nutritional genomics
_____ is a rich source of MUFAs
Olive oil
the end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group
Omega (methyl) end
Alpha-linolenic acid is a ______ fatty acid
Omega‒3
a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the third carbon from the omega end of the molecule
Omega‒3 fatty acid
Linoleic acid is a ____ fatty acid
Omega‒6 fatty acid
a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond at the sixth carbon from the omega end of the molecule
Omega‒6 fatty acid
vegetarian who eats eggs for animal protein
Ovovegetarian
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals and contributes to atherosclerosis
Oxidized LDL
the digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
Pancreatic lipase
the food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats
Partial hydrogenation
chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together
Peptide bond
small chains of two or more amino acids
Peptides
making dietary choices based on one's genetic makeup
Personalized nutrition
vegetarian who consumes fish, milk products, and eggs for animal protein
Pescavegetarian
genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine
Phenylketonuria
a type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells
Phospholipid
chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol
Plant sterols and stanols
proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids
Polypeptides
fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses
Positive nitrogen balance
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the basic structure of protein
Primary structure
a class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects in the body
Prostaglandins
measure of protein quality based on amino acid composition score and digestibility of a protein food
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) -
measure of protein quality based on the ability of a protein to support weight gain in a laboratory animal
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
cellular process of breaking down proteins and recycling their amino acids
Protein turnover
occurs when the diet lacks sufficient protein and energy
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
the structure of protein that is comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique matter
Quaternary structure
a high-quality protein against which quality of other proteins is measured
Reference protein
a fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms
Saturated fatty acid (SFA)
the coiling of a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure
a hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice
Secretin
a person who usually avoids red meat but consumes other animal foods, including fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products
Semivegetarian ("flexitarian")
_____ & ________chain fatty acids diffuse into the absorptive cells of the villi
Short and medium
______is an inherited form of anemia characterized by abnormal hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia
_______ is a reliable way to identify allergens
Skin patch testing
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least ___ days a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure each day can help people achieve and maintain healthy body weights
5
Medium-chain fatty acids have ________ carbons
6 to 12
Normal values of BUN are ___ to ___ mg/dL
6 to 20
Triglyceride Comprises _____% of lipids in food and the human body
95
a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues to the liver to be eliminated
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person
High-quality (complete) protein
a protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
_______ diet should be followed with celiac disease
A gluten-free
a series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
A lipoprotein profile
an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds; an essential fatty acid
Alpha-linolenic acid
compounds that include amino groups in their chemical structure
Amines
nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles
Amino acid derivatives
a fatty buildup in the artery, forms, interfering with circulation
Arterial plaque
a condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
Arteriosclerosis
a long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
______ are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and by repetitive behaviors or interests
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), or autism
a measure of protein quality based on how well and quickly the body converts food protein into body tissue protein
Biological value (BV) (most animal sources have a high BV)
_______ are used to diagnose celiac disease
Blood tests and intestinal biopsies
measure of the concentration of urea in blood
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
•Elevated LDL is strongly linked to increased risk of _____
CVD
remains of an amino acid following deamination and removal of the nitrogen-containing component of the amino acid
Carbon skeleton
an organic molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH) group
Carboxylic acid
a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
______ is a high-quality protein found in milk that is often the reference protein for PER
Casein
inherited condition in which the protein gluten cannot be absorbed; results in damage to the small intestine and poor absorption of nutrients
Celiac disease
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
Cholecystectomy
a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
a lipid found in animal foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
Cholesterol
a water-soluble vitamin-like compound and a component of lecithin
Choline
a type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
Chylomicron
mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal products
Complementary combinations
hereditary material that provides instructions for making proteins
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
conditions characterized by unpleasant physical reactions following consumption of certain foods
Food intolerances
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
Gallstones
the most common lipid storage disease
Gaucher disease (caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase)
portion of DNA
Gene
an amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
Homocysteine
a group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
Homocysteinuria
a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbon chain
_______ denatures food proteins and activates pepsin
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
type of protein found in many grains; provides texture and shape to baked products
Gluten
uncomfortable symptoms that develop following consumption of gluten, but the individual does not have damage to the small intestine
Gluten sensitivity
protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
Low-quality (incomplete) protein
_____ is a nitrogen-containing waste produced by muscles
creatinine
As blood concentrations of triglycerides increase, HDL levels _____
decrease
Fat malabsorption symptoms include:
diarrhea, steatorrhea, and rapid weight loss
By helping to maintain fluid balance, proteins prevent ______
edema
choline is found in ___
egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans
Arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are all essential fatty acids that are precursors to ________
eicosanoids
By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an ______
emulsifier
Substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other
emulsifier
fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet
essential
a hydrocarbon chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group
fatty acid
less than 5% of undigested fat is excreted in ____
feces
hold oxidized LDL within the arterial wall
foam cells
A _____ is an inflammatory response that results when the immune system reacts inappropriately to one or more harmless substances (allergens) in a food
food allergy
____ stores bile until needed
gallbladder
a three-carbon alcohol that forms the "backbone" of fatty acids
glycerol
HDL is "_____" cholesterol
good (conveys lipids AWAY from tissues)
bile salts return to the liver via ____
hepatic portal vein
part of a molecule that attracts water
hydrophilic
what is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride
in phospholipids, one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus
a class of nutrients that do not dissolved in water
lipids
____ produces bile
liver
Vegetarian diets are often ____ in fat and energy than Western diets that contain animal foods
lower
Long-chain fatty acids, bile, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins pack together in ______
micelles
another term for heart attack
myocardial infarction
occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to the heart muscle and the muscle dies
myocardial infarction
an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid
oleic acid
transports cholesterol into arterial lining
oxidized LDL
______ is a gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides
pepsin
proteins found in:
plants, animals, bacteria, and viruses
what are the most naturally occurring proteins
polypeptides
•Tryptophan is a precursor for ____ •Tyrosine is a precursor for ______
serotonin epinephrine
The majority of lipid absorption occurs in the ______
small intestine
the ___ is the primary site for digestion and absorption
small intestine
the pancreas secretes a mixture of enzymes, including lipase, into the ______
small intestine
a healthy artery has a ___ lining
smooth
Protein digestion begins in the _____
stomach
occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain
stroke
When micelles come close to villi:
their contents diffuse into absorptive cells
After absorption, fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides, and phospholipid fragments are reassembled into _____ & ______
triglycerides and phospholipids
list the 3 lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
T or F Protein deficiency is uncommon in the U.S.
true
Most triglycerides contain a mixture of _________ fatty acids
unsaturated and saturated
creatinine is eliminated in
urine
Phospholipids are partially ______ soluble because the phosphorus-containing portion of the molecule is __________, but it also has a _______ portion
water hydrophilic hydrophobic
Adequate Intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid is: •____ g/day for men •______ g/day for women
•1.6 g/day for men •1.1 g/day for women
how to prevent Steatorrhea
•Eat smaller, more frequent meals and avoid high-fat meals
Rich sources of cholesterol
•Egg yolk •Liver •Meat •Poultry •Dairy products
____ diets can help autism
•Gluten- and casein-free (GF/CF)
Typical Western diet that contains high amounts of red meat and processed meats has been associated with chronic diseases:
•Heart disease •Colorectal cancer •Diabetes
High-protein diets may lead to:
•Higher-than-normal urinary losses of calcium •Osteoporosis •Dehydration •Poor kidney health
Each amino acid has a carbon atom that anchors:
•Hydrogen atom •Amino or nitrogen-containing group •R group (side chain) •Carboxylic acid group
Fatty acids are identified by:
•Number of carbon atoms •The type of bond between carbon atoms
Vegetarians have a lower risk of:
•Obesity •Type 2 diabetes •Hypertension •Certain cancers
Consumption of red meats and processed meats has also been associated with cancers of the:
•Pancreas •Stomach •Esophagus
example of legumes
•Peas •Peanuts •Lentils •Soybeans
who is at risk for protein deficiency
•People suffering from alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or certain intestinal tract disorders •Individuals with low incomes, especially the elderly
Major functions of proteins in the body:
•To build new cells and many functional components of cells •As a component of hardened structures, such as hair and nails •As enzymes to speed chemical reactions
After polypeptides enter the small intestine, the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes:
•Trypsin and chymotrypsin
To make dishes that contain complementary amino acid combinations, consumers must know:
•Which plant foods are good protein sources •Which essential amino acids are limiting or low in those plant foods
____ & ______ acid are essential fatty acids
linoleic and alpha-linolenic
enzymes that break down lipids
lipases
bile salts aid in ______
lipid digestion
dietary fat & cholesterol recommendations: -Total fat: ____ to ____% of total calories -Saturated fat: Less than ____% of total calories -Linoleic acid: __ to ____% of total calories -Alpha-linolenic acid: ____ to ____% of total calories -Cholesterol: -Trans fat:
-Total fat: 20 to 35% of total calories -Saturated fat: Less than 10% of total calories -Linoleic acid: 5 to 10% of total calories -Alpha-linolenic acid: 0.6 to 1.2% of total calories -Cholesterol: As little as possible while consuming a healthy diet -Trans fat: Keep intake as low as possible
A healthy adult's RDA for protein is ___ g/kg of body weight
0.8
autism affects _____ children in the United States
1 in 68
AMDR is ____-_____% of energy from protein
10-35
Americans consume about ___% of their total daily energy from saturated fat, __% from monounsaturated fat, and ____% from polyunsaturated fats
11 12 8
Normal values of UUN are ___ to ___ g in a 24-hour urine sample
12 to 20
Long-chain fatty acids have _______ carbons
14 to 24
Protein comprises about ____% of the typical adult American's total energy intake
15
Adequate Intake (AI) for linoleic acid is: •_____ g/day for men •_____ g/day for women
17 g/day for men •12 g/day for women
Short-chain fatty acids have __________ carbons
2 to 4
There are ____ different amino acids found in the proteins of the human body
20
AMDR for total fat is ____ to ____%
20 to 35
Average cholesterol consumption is ____ mg/day for males and ____ mg/day for females
325 229
removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid
Deamination
_______ permanently alters a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation
Denaturation
lipid that has two fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
Diglyceride
a group of long-chain fatty acids with hormone like functions
Eicosanoids
a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
Embolus
a source of nitrogen from within the body
Endogenous
process that recycles bile salts in the body
Enterohepatic circulation
amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs
Essential amino acids
a source of nitrogen from outside the body (dietary protein)
Exogenous
T or F Unnecessary amino acids are stored for later use
FALSE Unnecessary amino acids undergo deamination
T or F major digestion of fat takes place in the stomach
FALSE only minor digestions of fat takes place in the stomach
T or F Most plant foods are sources of high-quality proteins
FALSE plant food are NOT good sources of high quality protein
In 2015, ______ determined that partially hydrogenated oils pose a health risk and the agency banned their use in foods
FDA
impaired fat absorption
Fat malabsorption
part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids
Hydrophobic
conditions that occur when genes undergo mutations that disrupt metabolism of specific nutrients
Inborn errors of metabolism
form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein
Kwashiorkor
vegetarian who consumes milk products and eggs for animal protein
Lactoovovegetarian
vegetarian who consumes milk and milk products for animal protein
Lactovegetarian
_____ plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds
Legumes
the essential amino acid found in the lowest concentration in a protein source
Limiting amino acid
an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds; an essential fatty acid
Linoleic acid
genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, damaging tissues
Lipid storage diseases
an enzyme in capillary walls, breaks down the triglycerides
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
_______ play major roles in the development of atherosclerosis
Lipoproteins
water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
Lipoproteins
a lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissue
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
class of prescription drugs that interfere with liver's metabolism of cholesterol, reducing LDL and triglycerides
Statins
an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid
Stearic acid
presence of lipid in the stool
Steatorrhea
lipids that have a more chemically complex structure than a triglyceride or fatty acid
Sterols
T or F Animal foods generally provide higher amounts of protein than similar quantities of plant foods
TRUE
T or F trans fat is more solid at room temperature than cis fatty acids
TRUE
the three dimensional, twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups on the chain
Tertiary structure
_______ transports chylomicrons to the thoracic duct
The lymphatic system (through the left subclavian vein)
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood
Thrombus
transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid
Transamination
a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
Triglyceride
T or F Oil is LESS dense than water, so it will rise to the top of a solution
True
a fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
Unsaturated fatty acid
measure of the concentration of urea in urine
Urine urea nitrogen (UUN)
vegetarian who eats only plant foods
Vegan
people who eat plant-based diets
Vegetarians
a lipoprotein made in the liver that carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
a drug that inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol, lowering LDL levels
Zetia
choline is used to form _____
acetylcholine
Cells that store triglycerides
adipose cells
VLDLs shuttle lipids to ______
adipose cells
Enzymes within microvilli break down di- and tripeptides into_______
amino acids
Amino acids not incorporated into proteins become part of
an amino acid pool to use for future protein synthesis
Serious drop in blood pressure that occurs when sensitive people are exposed to food allergens; can be fatal
anaphylaxis
Partial hydrogenation raises ______ cholesterol levels in the blood
bad
LDL is "____" cholesterol
bad (conveys lipids TO tissue)
proteins act as a _____
buffer
After absorption, amino acids enter _________
capillary of villus
proteins are made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
The ____ arteries convey blood to the brain
carotid
Amino acids are carried to absorptive cells by ________
carrier systems
gallstones usually consist of
cholesterol
Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are _____ fatty acids
cis
how is treatment for anaphylaxis administered
involves injecting a medication