Nutrition Final

Which of the following would provide the most effective dose of live and active bacterial cultures?

1 cup of yogurt

The average life expectancy of the poorest American is

10 to 15 years shorter that the average life expectancy of the wealthiest Americans

In 2014, approximately what percentage of the U.S. households experienced food insecurity?

14%

A desirable total blood cholesterol level, associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases is less than

200 mg/dL

How many calories does 25 grams of fat provide?

225 kilocalories

The amount of ATP produced in glycolysis can maintain exercise for no more than how many minutes

3 minutes

Lance would like to lose two pounds a week. If his present energy intake is 4,200 kcal a day and his energy expenditure does not change, how many kilocalories should he consume each day to achieve his goal?

3,200

Research studies have shown that the risk for developing type-2 diabetes and hyperextension begins to increase at a BMI greater than

30 kg/m2

Miguel's doctor has recommended that he consume less fat and saturated fat. At his favorite fast-food restaurant for lunch, Miguel chooses between a chicken club sandwich (620 Calories, 29 g of total fat, 15 g of saturated fat) and a grilled chicken sandwich (460 Calories, 16 g of total fat, 6 g of saturated fat). What is the percent daily value of total fat and saturated fat in the lower-fat grilled sandwich?

31% total fat / 11% saturated fat

On average, which of the following individuals would have the highest percentage of body water?

35-year-old lean man

A person with which of the following BMI values has the highest increased risk for premature mortality?

40 kg/m2

To achieve a moderate-intensity aerobic workout, what should be the target range for the maximal heart rate?

50-70% of maximal heart rate

Up to what percent of an adult's healthy body weight is fluid?

70%

Which of the following would be good advice for someone who is trying to gain weight?

Aim to eat an additional 500 to 1,000 kcal a day

Which of the following practices would decrease your risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency?

Consume a diet that provides at least 600 IU of vitamin D per day

Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the proper refrigeration and freezing of food?

Discard fresh eggs in shell if not consumed within 3 to 5 days.

Which of the following BEST describes how ATP provides energy to the body's cells?

Energy is released when a phosphate group is cleaved from the ATP molecule.

Which statement is FALSE regarding fat-soluble vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins need to be consumed on a daily basis

Which of the following is NOT true about the influence of learning on food choices?

Food preferences cannot be changed after childhood

Which of the following would NOT be practical advice to overcome the "I don't have enough time!" barrier to physical activity?

Force yourself to exercise at least 45 minutes at a time every day.

Dan earns $9.14 an hour as a cashier at a large grocery store chain. He is 24 years old, single, and has no dependents. Which of the following is TRUE about Dan?

He is at increased risk for food insecurity

What is the leading cause of death in the United States

Heart Disease

Consuming even moderately excessive doses of vitamin C supplements would be MOST harmful to individuals suffering from

Hemochromatosis

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the effect of alcohol abuse on the liver?

Hyperkalemia

The field of nutrigenomics has the potential to improve human health by:

Identifying foods that can regulate specific genes

Which of the following best describes minerals?

Inorganic micronutrients that are found in a variety of foods.

Which of the following has the highest glycemic index value?

Instant mashed potatoes

What is the role of lactic acid?

It plays a critical role in supplying fuel to the working muscles, heart, and resting tissues.

Meat is NOT a good dietary source of glycogen. Why?

Most of the glycogen found in meat is broken down when the animal is slaughtered.

Which statement is FALSE concerning the field of nutrition?

Nutrition is an ancient science that dates back to the fourteenth century

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding phosphorus?

On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.

Which of the following would NOT be good practice for eating out healthfully?

Order cream-based soups to increase your calcium intake.

Consuming foods contaminated with mycotoxins over an extended period can cause

Organ damage or cancer

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?

Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals

Diets rich in which of the following nutrients are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels?

Potassium

The three active forms of vitamin A in our bodies are collectively referred to as the

Retinoids

One of the earliest developments in the field of nutrition linking nutritional deficiency to illness was the discovery that eating citrus fruits prevents:

Scurvy

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral selenium?

Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.

After completing a 10K run, Bonita notices that her urine is brown and similar to the color of cola. What does this indicate about Bonita's hydration status?

She is suffering from severe dehydration and needs treatment immediately.

Which of the following BEST explains why Denise has low iron absorption?

She regularly takes antiacids

Matt has just been diagnosed with hypertension, and his physician has instructed him to reduce his sodium intake. Which of the following would be good advice for Matt?

Snack on fresh fruits and vegetables instead of salty snacks

Which of the following statements is FALSE? -The healthy body's primary energy source is carbohydrate and fat -The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves -To utilize protein for energy, the amine group is removed -Eating sufficient carbohydrate and fat will spare body protein

The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves

While shopping, Jenna decided to purchase a bag of coffee bearing the Fair Trade Certified logo. What does this mean?

The coffee was produced by a business that has been certified as paying workers a living wage and providing humane working conditions and is supported in using sustainable methods of production.

Why are dark green vegetables such as kale and spinach good sources of vitamin A?

They contain abundant beta-carotene, a precursor of retinol.

Celine visited her doctor to examine a cut that bled a lot before it clotted. Which of the following deficiencies might cause increased bleeding?

Vitamin K

Which vitamins pose the greatest risk of toxicity?

Vitamins A and D

Which of the following statements about the movement of substances through the cell membrane is true?

Water freely moves across cell membranes.

Which of the following is TRUE about essential fatty acids like omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6?

We need to obtain omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids from food

Which of the following BEST exemplifies mindful eating?

While eating a bowl of stew, Kathrin notices how it warms her mouth and how the fragrances and flavors of garlic and thyme feel comforting to her.

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the safe storage of leftovers at home?

You can safely eat leftovers during your 12:30-1:00 lunch break if you packed them in an airtight glass container before you left your apartment at 8:00 AM

If you were to consume 100 kcal more that you expend each day for the next ten years, you would most likely gain

a few pounds

Ghrelin is a

a gastric protein that stimulates appetite

According to the protein leverage hypothesis, which of the following meals best contributes to optimal physiologic functioning?

a tuna sandwich and a glass of milk

Worldwide about how many people experience hunger?

about 795 million

Which of the following actions an individual can take is LEAST likely to promote "good" food?

advocating for increased farm subsidies for industrial farms

The building blocks of proteins are called:

amino acids

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a foodborne illness

an illness caused by an allergic reaction to a food

Well-planned vegetarian diets can reduce the risk for many chronic diseased. For which of the following conditions does a diet NOT minimize the risk?

anemia

A substance -usually a protein- that the body recognizes as a foreign invader triggering an immune response is an

antigen

The psychological desire to eat stimulated by the sight, smell, or thought of food is:

appetite

How much trans fat is recommended in the diet

as little as possible

Milk is a good source of calcium but a poor source of iron. Meat is a good source of iron but a poor source of calcium. Individuals who eat from both of these food groups are incorporating what characteristic of a healthy diet into their meal plan?

balance

The three components of total energy expenditure are

basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food

When you consume more protein that you need, the surplus will

be converted and stored as fat

The accumulation of high levels of mercury in a large predatory fish is a result of

biomagnification

Where in the body do we find the greatest storage of potential energy to fuel long term activities?

body fat

Which of the following would NOT be a good strategy for increasing vitamin C in the diet?

boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in

bones and teeth

How do warm up exercises prepare the muscles for exertion?

by increasing blood flow and temperature

In the body, vitamin D is essential for

calcification of bone

Undiagnosed celiac disease increases the risk for -obesity -anaphylactic shock -high blood pressure -cancer

cancer

Which of the following terms is synonymous with the word malignant?

cancerous

The enzyme pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of -carbohydrate -protein -fat -vitamins

carbohydrate

A technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen is -ketosis -carbohydrate loading -glycogen surging -gluconeogenesis

carbohydrate loading

What is the primary source of fuel for the brain?

carbohydrates

Which of the following are the preferred fuels for MOST body functions?

carbohydrates and fats

Which of the following is LEAST likely to develop lactose intolerance? -caucasian infant -african american teenager -asain woman -hispanic man

caucasian infant

A high-fiber diet might help decrease blood cholesterol levels by -preventing ketosis -keeping stools soft -trapping cholesterol in pockets in the large intestine -causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted

causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted

Without vitamin C, collagen

chains cannot cross-link to form strong, stable strands.

Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein?

chicken

Which of the following foods contains hidden fats? -chocolate cake -olive oil -zucchini -butter

chocolate cake

The most common sterol in our diet is

cholesterol

Research studies suggest that diets rich in vitamin D are associated with a lower risk in developing

colon cancer

A research study funded by a company that stands to benefit from a positive assessment is an example of a:

conflict of interest

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for preventing cross-contamination?

cutting different kinds of raw food with the same knife

Which of the following does not contribute to satiety?

decrease blood sugar

Which of the following would NOT be a good strategy for increasing vitamin E in the diet?

deep frying foods in corn or safflower oils

In the diet, the nondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems, and seeds are known as

dietary fiber

The term used to describe the process in which foods are broken down into their component molecules is -digestion -absorption -elimination -segmentation

digestion

Which of the following is NOT associated with eating meals that have a lower glycemic load?

dramatic fluctuations in blood glucose

How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium?

eat a high-protein diet

The swelling of tissues associated with hypernatremia is known as

edema

Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of preformed vitamin A?

eggs

One of the most effective way to improve the nourishment of children worldwide is to

encourage breastfeeding

The nerves in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract are referred to as the -peptic nervous system -hepatic nervous system -enteric nervous system -gastric nervous system

enteric nervous system

Proteases are

enzymes that break down protein in the small intestine

Which component of the blood is essential in transporting oxygen to body cells?

erythrocytes

Any leisure-time physical activity that is purposeful, planned, and structured is considered

exercise

The production of endogenous very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL) is decreased by

exercise

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of purchasing Fair Trade Certified products from developing nations?

expansion of the green revolution

What is a group given a specific treatment or intervention during an experiment called?

experimental group

Free radicals are acquired by

exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke

Which of the following is NOT associated with poor vitamin D status?

fair skin

A sever food shortage affecting a large percentage of a population within a given area at a particular time is known as

famine

At rest, the body's fuel source is primarily

fat

People with a disease that can result in malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency?

fat

Which of the following nutrients is the MOST energy dense?

fat

One of your friends is trying to decrease his intake of saturated fat. Which of the following items would you recommend he choose to add to his coffee?

fat-free milk or 1% milk

What are the two groups that vitamins are classified into?

fat-soluble and water-soluble

Which of the following are substances intentionally put into foods to enhance appearance, palatability, safety, and/or quality?

food additives

Which of the follwoing weekly routines most closely follows the FITT principle recommendations to improve flexibility

full range motion yoga streches

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?

galactose

Which of the following proteins provokes an immune response in people with celiac disease? -collagen -albumin -gliadin -estrogen

gliadin

Which of the following carbohydrates is an end product of photosynthesis? -glycogen -galactose -lactose -glucose

glucose

What are the MOST common sources of glucose needed for energy during exercise?

glucose from blood and glycogen stored in muscles

According to the USDA Food Patterns, which of the following foods is NOT a food that is considered to have empty Calories?

grapes

Flash pasteurization destroys microorganisms in a beverage or other food by

heating the food to 162°F for 15 seconds.

The chemical messengers secreted from many glands of the body that trigger a physiological response are known as -hormones -tissues -minerals -organelles

hormones

The basic biological urge to eat when our body senses that we need food is:

hunger

Which of the following does NOT contribute to dehydration? -diabetes -hypernatremia -sunburn -laxative abuse

hypernatremia

The increase in muscle strength and size that occurs with strength training is known as

hypertrophy

Which of the following is the strategy MOST likely to improve an area's food/population ratio?

improve the education of girls and women

Where does the body store selenium

in amino acids in the body

Bryce is allergic to shrimp, and he accidentally consumes the shellfish prepared in a baked dish. Which of the following would NOT be an expected way for Bryce's body to react to the allergen? -constriction of the airways -dilation of the blood vessels -drop in blood pressure -increase in blood pressure

increase in blood pressure

Some athletes use caffeine to enhance their athletic performance because it has been shown to

increase the use of fat as a fuel source

Type 1 diabetes destroys the -hepatocytes of the liver -insulin producing cells of the pancreas -neurotransmitters of the brain -glomerulus cells of the kidney

insulin producing cells of the pancreas

Which component of the large intestine helps to synthesize certain vitamins? -glucagon -insulin -gastric juice -intestinal flora

intestinal flora

If copper levels are inadequate

iron can accumulate in body tissues

Which of the following is NOT a reason that foodborne illness has become a major U.S. public health threat in recent years?

lack of food safety legislation

Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the

large intestine

Which of the following organs does NOT assist in the digestion of lipids?

large intestine

Serving sizes of prepared foods purchased at grocery stores and restaurants are generally:

larger than USDA serving size standards

On food packaging, the use by date is the

last date on which a food is recommended for consumption.

Which of the following BEST describes exercise?

leisure physical activity that is purposeful, planned, and structured

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends a total daily cholesterol intake of:

less than 300 mg

MOST of the body's vitamin A is stored in the

liver

Fatty-acids provide MOST of the energy for

long term activity such as hiking

Low blood levels of folate or vitamin B12 are associated with

macrocytic red blood cells

Vitamin A plays an essential role in the human body in

maintaining healthy vision

Which of the following foods is exempt from standard food labeling regulations

meat

A water-treatment method in which water is filtered through a screen to eliminate chemical contaminants and microorganisms is known as

micron filtration

Inorganic nutrients that are NOT broken down by the human body or destroyed by heat or light are called:

minerals

What is chyme? -ulcerations of the esophageal lining -healthy bacteria of the small intestine -mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices -substances that allow for the emulsification of dietary lipid

mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices

Including fiber in your diet is beneficial to your GI tract, but consuming excess amounts of fiber can result in the loss of nutrients. This statement is an example of which of the factors to consider in planning diets?

moderation

A fatty acid that contains a chain of ten carbons and one double bond is a

monounsaturated medium-chain fatty acid

Water functions as an excellent solvent, which means that

most solutes (particles) will dissolve in water

How does the U.S. food industry need Americans to eat to remain profitable?

must encourage Americans to overeat if it is to remain profitable

What element makes proteins different from carbohydrates and fat?

nitrogen

Moderate alcohol consumption for men is defined as consuming:

no more than two drinks per day

A T-score between +1 and -1 on a DXA signifies

normal bone density

Our genetic information, in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is located in the -endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -mitochondria -nucleus -cytoplasm

nucleus

A method for eating out healthfully is to:

order any meat dish grilled or broiled and avoid fried or breaded meat dishes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the metabolic syndrome? -hypertension -osteoporosis -unhealthful levels of blood lipids and blood glucose -waist circumference in women greater than 35 inches

osteoporosis

A geographic region in which resources are insufficient to support the number of people living there is called

overpopulated

Which of the following, found in high-fiber foods, inhibits the absorption of iron and zinc?

oxalic acid

Which of the following does NOT occur in the stomach? -pancreatic enzymes working effectively to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins -protection of the human body from bacteria in food -denaturing of protein to allow its digestion -activation of pepsin

pancreatic enzymes working effectively to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A severe consequence of ingestion of the Clostridium botulinum toxin is

paralysis

Beaches are closed to swimmers during a red tide to protect the public from

paralytic shellfish poisoning

Which of the following describes vitamins A, D, E, and K?

potentially toxic

Which of the following is NOT a type of fungi

prions

Research has found that the strongest association between dietary fat intake and what type of cancer?

prostate

Which of the following allows nutrients and other substances to be transported across the cell membrane? -cholesterol -alcohol -carbohydrate -protein

protein

Which of the following nutrients is organic?

protein

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?

provides a source of energy to work and play

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body?

providing energy to the body

Which of the following comprises the vitamin B6 "umbrella" of compounds?

pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine

Which of the following is most likely to promote healthy increases in muscle mass

resistance training

Which of the following is an example of insensible water loss?

respiration (or internal bleeding)

Which of the following is the MOST effective method used in removing waterborne microorganisms from bottled water?

reverse osmosis

Insoluble fiber consumption is associated with decreased -blood cholesterol levels -blood glucose levels -risk of diverticulosis -risk of breast cancer

risk of diverticulosis

The group of cells in the hypothalamus that is stimulated by food intake is known as the _________ center.

satiety

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is

scurvy

Which of the following decreases food intake?

serotonin

Which of the following health problems is NOT associated with high protein intakes?

sickle cell anemia

Bile is released into which body organ in response to the ingestion of fat in the diet? -stomach -esophagus -large intestine -small intestine

small intestine

The absorption of proteins occurs in the

small intestine

Potatoes that have turned green likely contain the toxin

solanine

In which of the following types of exercise would creatine phosphate (CP) be an important source of energy?

sprinting in a 100-meter race

Sex hormones and adrenal hormones are substances derived from which class of lipid?

sterols

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the

stomach

Choosing organic, locally grown, or less processed foods at your grocery store

supports the production and sale of such foods.

Gluconeogenesis is the

synthesis of new glucose from amino acids

Which of the following is an example of a parasite?

tapeworm

Which of the following is NOT an example of private sector support for "good" food

the Healthy Corner Stores initiative

Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes outside of the cell is higher than in the intracellular environment?

the cell will shrink and dry up

The FDA's Health Claims Report Card helps consumers evaluate:

the health and nutrition claims on packaged foods

The American Hear Association advises consumers to choose trans fat free margarines or butter?

trans fat free margarines

Which of the following types of fat is required to be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?

trans fatty acids

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

two monosaccharides

What is the primary cause of global undernutrition?

unequal distribution of food due to poverty

Which of the following would be a good snack choice for someone trying to reduce sugar intake? -sweetened fruit "leather" -unsweetened dried cranberries -canned pineapple in light syrup -canned pears in heavy syrup

unsweetened dried cranberries

Suzie generally prepares the majority of meals for her household. Even though she always prepares meals that offer enough Calories and nutrients for her family of four, she tends to make the same meals repeatedly. Which one of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Suzie NOT incorporating into her meal planning?

variety

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in the deficiency of

vitamin A

Which of the following would cause intestinal distress for someone with lactose intolerance? -whey -peanuts -wheat bread -soybeans

whey