OB/GYN Penny
Arcuate a
The peripheral arteries of the uterus are the:
Cervix
The rigid region of the uterus located b/w the vagina and the isthmus is the:
AO
The rt ovarian a branches off of the:
b/w the bladder and pubic bone
The space of Retzius is located:
Linea terminalis
The true pelvis is delineated from the false pelvis by the:
inferior
The vagina's located ____________ to the uterus.
When your hands are visibly soiled * After performing a sonogram. Before performing a sonogram. Between patients.
When does the Centers for Disease Control recommend that alcohol-based handrub not be used by the sonographer?
Submucosal
Which of the following fibroid locations would most likely result in abnormal uterine bleeding because of its relationship to the endometrium?
Mirror image
Which of the following is best described as an artifact that is produced by a strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location?
Hirsutism
Which of the following is defined as excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible?
Evaluation of pelvic anatomy immediately following a motor vehicle accident. *Evaluation of congenital anomalies Localization of an intrauterine contraceptive device Postmenopausal bleeding
All of the following are common indications for a pelvic sonogram exept:
A probe cover should be placed on the transducer for transabdominal imaging to prevent the spread of infection. * All transducers and their cords should be cleaned before performing a pelvic sonogram. Endovaginal transducers should be cleaned with a high-level disinfectant. Sterile jelly should be used as a lubricant for endovaginal imaging.
All of the following are proper techniques for providing patient care for patients during a pelvic sonogram except
Endovaginal imaging requires a full urinary bladder *Endovaginal imaging leads to reduced waiting time for the patient and quicker medical management. Offers improved resolution of the endometrium, uterus, and ovaries, especially in the obese patient. Contraindicated for pediatric patients, and for those with an intact hymen.
All of the following statements are true of endovaginal imaging except:
Lipase *Human chorionic gonadotropin, Hematocrit, White blood cell count
All of the following would be relevant laboratory tests to evaluate before performing a routine pelvic sonogram except:
Dyspareunia
Difficult/painful intercourse is referred to as:
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Leukocytosis would most likely be associated with:
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous material, and this condition is known as:
Hypoechoic
Pelvic muscles appear?
Vesicouterine puch
The anterior cul-de-sac is also referred to as the
spiral a
The arteries that directly supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium are the:
Use a trained medical interpreter
The best way to communicate with a patient who speaks a language other than your owns is to:
Piriformis muscles
The bilateral muscles that are located posterior to and extend from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter are the:
Tamoxifen
The breast cancer drug that inhibits the effects of estrogen in the breast is:
External os
The inferior portion of the cervix closest to the vagina is the:
Endometirum
The inner mucosal lining of the uterus is the:
Ischium, ilium, and pubic bones
The innominate bones of the pelvis consist of the:
Adenomyosis
The invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus is referred to as:
Functional layer
The layer of the endometrium that's significantly altered as a result of hormonal stimulation during the menstrual cycle is the:
Cardinal ligament
The ligament that houses the vasculature of the uterus is the:
True pelvis
The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located w/in the:
Rectum *Fallopian tubes, Ovaries, Uterus
The uterine arteries supply blood to all of the following except:
Internal iliac a
The uterine artery branches off of the:
Anteflexion
The uterine position in which the corpus tilts forward and comes in contact w/the cervix describes:
Ovarian torsion
What abnormality results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection?
Shadowing
What artifact would be seen posterior to a tooth within a cystic teratoma?
Pouch of Douglas
What is considered the most dependent part of the peritoneal cavity?
Hematocrit
What laboratory value would be most useful to evaluate in patient with suspected internal hemorrhage?
Retropubic space
What other term's used to describe the space of Retzius?
Isthmus
What section of the uterus is also referred to as the lower uterine segment?
Uterus
What structure w/in the female pelvis lies posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum?
Anechoic
What term describes the echogenicity of a simple ovarian cyst?
Gravida
What term relates to the number of pregnancies a patient has had?
Rectus abdominis muscles
Which of the following are the paired anterior abdominal muscles that extend from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic bone?
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Which of the following could be described as an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or fallopian tubes?
The area located posterior to the broad ligaments and adjacent to the uterus.
Which of the following definitions best describes the term adnexa?
Dysmenorrhea
Which of the following is best defined as difficult or painful menstruation?
Metrorrhagia
Which of the following is best defined as intermenstrual bleeding?
Dyspareunia
Which of the following is defined as pain during intercourse?
Lactate dehydrogenase
Which of the following laboratory tests may be used as a tumor marker for an ovarian dysgerminoma?
Hypomenorrhea
Which of the following would be best defined as regularly timed menses but light flow?
Riverberation
Which of the following would be caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes?
Septate uterus
Which of the following would be considered the more common uterine anomaly?
Rapid growth
Which of the following would be most indicative of leiomyosarcoma?
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Which of the following would most likely be associated with hirsutism?
Adenomyosis * Asherman syndrome Polycystic ovarian disease Pregnancy
Which of the following would typically not be associated with amenorrhea?
Radial arteries
Which vessels supply blood to the deeper layers of the myometrium?
choroid plexus
12 wk, bilateral echogenic structures in lateral ventricles of fetal cranium
normal amniotic fluid level
18 wk sonogram, multiple cysts of varying sizes in renal fossa of male fetus. other kidney normal. associated finding?
Trisomy 21
22 wk fetus with clinodactyly, an echogenic intracardiac focus, and hyperechoic bowel is noted during a screening obstetrical sonogram. These findings are most consistent with:
Hydrocolpos
A simple fluid accumulation w/in the vagina secondary to an imperforate hymen is:
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
Amenorrhea, hirsutism, and obesity describe the clinical finding of:
Pouch of Douglas
Another name for the rectouterine pouch is the:
Asherman syndrome *Heterotropic pregnancy, Multiple gestations, OHS
Assisted reproductive therapy can result in all of the following except:
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
excessive hair growth in woman in areas where hair growth is normally negligible is seen with:
renal agenesis
failure of kidneys to form
unknown cause
idiopathic is:
hypertelorism
increase distance b/w orbits:
autosomal dominant
inheritance, at least one parent carrier of abnormal gene:
amnion
inner membrane surrounding fetus
High AFP *Low estriol, high hCG, Low PAPP-A
lab finding not consistent w/trisomy 21
MSAFP
lab values sig in detection of abdominal wall defect
lissencephaly
lack of sulci w/in fetal cerebrum is indicator of:
cystic hygroma
large, mostly cystic mass containing thick, midline septation in cervical spine. most likely represents:
recipient
larger twin in TTTs
fetal urine
majority of amniotic fluid composed of
decreases w/advancing gestation
normally, S/D ratio
the mitral valve is positioned closer to the cardiac apex than the tricuspid * The ventricular septum should be uninterrupted and of equal thickness to the left ventricular wall. There's a normal opening w/in the arterial septum. B/w rt ventricle and rt atrium, one should visualize the tricuspid valve.
not true about fetal heart?
anembryonic pregnancy
not typically produce hCG elevation
Pouch of Douglas
Fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located w/in the:
b/w 15-21 wks
nuchal fold measurement typically obtained:
Chorionic cavity
In the early gestation, where's the secondary yolk sac located
abnormal attachment of placenta to myometrium
placenta accreta denotes
human chorionic gonadotropin
placenta releases ________ to maintain corpus luteum
The inability to conceive a child after 1 yr of unprotected intercourse
Infertility is defined as:
cystic fibrosis (meconium ileus)
Inherited disorder, mucus secreting organs like lungs, pancreas, and digestive organs produce thick and sticky secretions instead of normal
Anterior pituitary gland
LH is produced by the:
> 4 cm
placenta too thick when
Measurement from basal to basal
Measurement of the endometrium should include:
Endometrial atrophy
Most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding?
down syndrome
Nuchal thickening associated with:
Ovarian torsion
OHS are at increased risk for:
Theca lutein cysts
OHS can cause multiple large follicles to develop on the ovaries termed:
8
Precocious puberty is defined as the development of pubic hair, breasts, and the genitals before the age of:
Brain tumor * Ovarian, adrenal, liver tumors
Pseudoprococious puberty may be associated w/all of the following except:
Supine hypotensive syndrome
Reduction in blood return to the maternal heart caused by gravid uterus compressing maternal IVC describes:
RBC
Rh isoimmunization, maternal antibodies cross placenta and destroy fetal
live births
TPAL designation, the L refers to:
GnRH
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:
hCG
The hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is:
Corpus
The largest part of the uterus is the:
Decreased hCG, alpha-fetoprotein, and estriol
The maternal serum screening of a mother with a fetus with trisomy 18 will reveal
4-8 mm
The measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from:
Cystic teratoma
The most common benign ovarian tumor is the:
Vaginitis
The most common initial clinical presentation of PID is:
Infundibulum
The most distal part of the fallopian tube is the:
Cervix
The most superior and widest portion of the uterus is the:
Obturator internus muscle
The muscle located lateral to the ovaries is the:
Piriformis and iliopsoas muscles
The muscles that may be confused w/the ovaries on a pelvic sonogram include the:
Anteverted
The normal position of the uterus is:
Basal layer
The outer layer of the endometrium is the:
Theca lutein cysts
The ovarian cysts that are most often bilateral and are associated w/markedly elevated levels of hCG are the:
Dermoid
The ovarian mass that contains fat, sebum, and teeth is the:
Dysgerminoma
The ovarian tumor associated w/an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is the:
ovarian a and uterine a
The ovary's supplied blood by the:
Mullerian ducts
The paired embryonic ducts that develop into the female urogenital tract are the:
Iliopsoas muscles
The paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are the:
Broad ligament
The pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis is the:
Ovarian ligament
The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus is the:
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary to the pelvic side wall is the:
Levator ani muscles
The pelvic muscle group that's located b/w the coccyx and the pubis is the:
Late proliferative phase
The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the:
Polycystic ovary syndrome
The sonographic "string of pearls" sign is indicative of:
Variable depending upon the menstrual cycle
The sonographic appearance of a 59 yr old woman on HRT is:
Tip of the iceberg sign
The sonographic appearance of an ovarian dermoid tumor in which only the anterior elements of the mass can be seen, while the greater part of the mass is obscured by shadowing is consistent with:
Salpingitis
The sonographic evidence of a hyperemic fallopian tube is consistent with:
Holoprosencephaly
What cerebral abnormality atypical facial features most commonly associated with:
Estrogen
What hormone plays a major role in the symptoms associated w/menopause?
Graafian follicle
What structure may be noted on the ovary just prior to ovulation?
Adenocarcinoma
What's the most common form of endometrial carcinoma?
CA-125
What's used as a tumor marker for endometrial carcinoma?
hCG
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
Estrogen
Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimumales endometrial thickening?
intracranial calcifications
Which is most likely fetal cranial finding w/TORCH infections?
Lungs
Which of following is most likely metastatic location for GTD?
Metrorrhagia
Which of the following could also be described as intermenstrual bleeding
Progesterone
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
Endometrioma
Which of the following is a tumor of ectopic endometrial tissue?
Endometrioma
Which of the following is also referred to as a chocolate cyst?
Thecoma
Which of the following is an estrogen-producing ovarian tumor?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Which of the following is the most common malignancy of the ovary?
Anechoic components with acoustic enhancement * Septation measuring >3 mm in thickness, irregular borders, solid wall nodule
Which of the following sonographic findings would not increase the likelihood of an ovarian malignancy?
Transabdominal imaging is contraindicated for pediatric patients. * Provides a global view of the entire pelvis, lacks the detail of endovaginal imaging. Obese patients and patients w/a retroverted/retroflexed uterus present a unique challenge to the transabdominal techniques.
Which of the following statements is not true concerning transabdominal pelvic imaging?
Endovaginal imaging has limited field of view
Which of the following statements would be considered an acceptable disadvantage for transvaginal imaging?
menorrhagia
Which of the following would be best defined as abnormally heavy menstrual flow?
allantoic cyst
anechoic mass noted w/in umbilical cord
nuchal translucency
anechoic space along posterior aspect of fetal neck is:
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
anomalies characterized by small lt ventricle:
hypoplastic rt heart syndrome
anomalies characterized by small/absent rt ventricle:
hemivertebra
anomaly of spine, absence of all/part of vertebral body and posterior element?
gestational sac
another name for chorionic sac:
trisomy 13
another name for patau syndrome
hydronephrosis
another name for pelvocaliectasis
cystic fibrosis
associated w/echogenic bowel
imperforate anus
"I" in OEIS complex
Agenesis of corpus callosum
"Sunburst" of cerebral sulci is finding of:
Hematocolpos
A 13 yr old girl presents to the sonography department w/a history of cyclic pain, abdominal swelling, and amenorrhea. Sonographically, you visualize an enlarged uterus and a distended vagina that contains anechoic fluid w/debris. What's the most likely diagnosis?
Ovarian torsion
A 24 yr old female patient presents to the emergency department w/severe right lower quadrant pain, nausea, and vomiting. The sonographic examination reveals an enlarged ovary with no detectable Doppler signal. What's the most likely diagnosis?
Gartner duct cyst
A 24-yr-old female ptnt presents to the sonography department for a pelvic sonogram w/an indication of pelvic pain. Upon sonographic interrogation, the sonographer notes an anechoic mass w/in the vagina. This mass most likely represents a:
Endometrial atrophy
A 60 yr old ptntn presents to the emergency department w/sudden onset of vaginal bleeding. The sonographic examination reveals an endometrium that measures 4 mm. There are no other sig sonographic findings. What's the most likely diagnosis.?
Endometrial hyperplasia
A 67 yr old patient on HRT presents to the sonography department w/abnormal uterine bleeding. Sonographically, the endometrium's diffusely thickened, contains small cystic areas, and measures 9 mm in thickness. The most likely cause of her bleeding is:
sandal gap
A large space b/w first and second toes is termed
Menometrorrhagia
Abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual flow between periods is termed:
5 mm
An 84 yr old ptnt presents to the sonography department w/sudden onset of vaginal bleeding. Her endometrium shouldn't exceed:
8mm
An asymptomatic 65 yr old ptnt presents to the sonography department w/pelvic pain but no vaginal bleeding. Her endometrial thickness shouldn't exceed:
Mostly cystic mass w/low-level echoes
An edometrioma most likely appears as a:
Endometrial hyperplasia
An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:
Trisomy 13
Cleft lip, hypotelorism, and microphthalmia are all sonographic features of:
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Cloverleaf-shaped skull:
Pyosalpinx
Complex-appearing fluid w/in the fallopian tubes seen with PID is most likely:
Subseptate uterus
Congenital malformation of the uterus that results in complete duplication of the genital tract is:
trisomy 13
Cyclopia associated with
Ventriculomegaly
Dangling choroid sign is associated wtih:
Schizencephaly
Development of fluid-filled cleft w/in cerebrum:
can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia
Doppler assessment of middle cerebral artery
Falx cerebri
Double fold of dura mater that divides cerebral hemispheres:
Paraovarian cyst
During a pelvic sonogram, you visualize a small cyst located adjacent to the ovary. What's the most likely etiology of this cyst?
Late proliferative
During which phase of the endometrial cycle would the endometrium yield the three line sign?
lt ventricle
EIF seen with:
glutaraldehyde
Endovaginal transducers may be cleaned by submerging in a(n) _____________ based solution.
Colpocephaly
Enlargement of frontal horns and narrowing of occipital horns:
Anterior pituitary gland
FSH is produced by the:
Trisomy 13
Fetus w/fusion of thalami and monoventricle
Patau syndrome
Fusion of the orbits and holoprosencephaly are associated with:
Apert Syndrome
Genetic disorder includes craniosynostosis, midline facial hypoplasia, and syndactyly?
physiologic bowel herniation
Migration of embryologic bowel into base of umbilical cord at 9 weeks
triploidy
Molar pregnancy, omphalocele, and small low-set ears are found most often with
Turner syndrome
Monosomy x refers to
ectopic pregnancy
Most common cause of pelvic pain with pregnancy
14
Ovulation typically occurs on day ____ of the menstrual cycle.
Pubertal development before 8
Precocious puberty's best defined as
Edwards syndrome
Strawberry-shaped skull is associated with:
Tamoxifen
The breast cancer treatment drug that may alter the sonographic appearance of the endometrium is:
Trisomy 18
The choroid plexus cyst could be associated w/an increase risk of:
Left renal vein
The left ovarian vein drains directly into the:
Theca lutein cyst
The ovarian cyst associated with gestational trophoblastic disease is the:
CSP
Typically absent w/agenesis of corpus callosum?
Septate uterus
What congenital malformation of the uterus is common and has a clear association w/an increased risk for spontaneous abortion?
hCG
What hormone maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy?
Hysteroscopy wtih polypectomy
What's a gynecologic procedure to remove an endometrial polyp?
Synechiae
What's another name for adhesions w/in the endometrial cavity?
Hyperandrogenism * Pelvic pain, Dysmenorrhea, Painful bowel movements
Which of the following would be the least likely clinical finding for a patient w/endometriosis?
velamentous insertion
abnormal insertion of umbilical cord into membranes beyond placental edge
anophtalmia
absence of eyes:
Patau syndrome
also referred to as trisomy 13
Synechiae * Amputation of fetal parts, Anencephaly, Facial clefting
amniotic band syndrome except:
monosomy X
another name for turner?
adnexa
area located posterior to broad ligaments and adjacent to uterus, contains ovaries and fallopian tubes?
unilateral renal agenesis *bilateral MCDK disease, bilateral renal agenesis, ARPKD
associated w/oligohydramnios except
fetal hydrops
associated w/thin placenta except
DWM
cerebral malformation result of agenesis or hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis?
low hCG GTD is elevated *
compared w/normal IUP; ectopic will have
high birth weight * preterm delivery, maternal anemia, maternal preeclampsia
complications associated with multiple gestations except:
vasa previa
doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over internal os of cvx
Polyhydramnios
duodenal atresia and esophageal atresia associated with
macrosomia *absent stomach, polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction
esophageal atresia except:
10 wks
fetal heart fully formed by:
yolk sac
first structure noted in gestational sac
colpocephaly (seen w/agenesis of corpus callosum)
frontal horns small, occipital horns enlarged
Hirschsprung disease
functional bowel disorder w/in fetus caused by absence of intestinal nerves:
Beckwith-Wiedemann Hirschsprung (no innervation [nerve supply] in bowel, rectum has mega colon)
hepatomegaly seen with:
Physiologic herniation
herniation of bowel into base of umbilical cord before 12 wks
cystic hygroma
holoprosencephaly except:
progesterone
hormone produced by corpus luteum, maintains thickened endo
ethmocephaly
no nose and proboscis separating two close set orbits
Turner syndrome
nonimmune hydrops and ovarian dysgenesis found in fetuses affected by:
RH isoimmunization
nonimmune hydrops associated with all of following except:
corpus luteum cyst
normal 7 week IUP. in adnexa, ovarian cystic structure with thick, hyperechoic rim. what's the ovarian mass?
heterotropic pregnancies
ovulation induction drugs not only increase likelihood of multiple gestations, but also increase likelihood of
preeclampsia
pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in urine after 20 wks
pulmonary sequestration
separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue
micrognathia
small mandible:
Aqueduct of sylvius
third ventrircle communicates w/fourth ventricle:
conjoined
twins bodies connected
adpkd
type of renal cystic disease associated w/adult liver and pancreatic cysts
pleural effusion
"batwing"
duodenal atresia
"double bubble" sign
enlarged bladder and dilated urethra
"keyhole" sign describes
autosomal dominant polycystic renal disease *urethral atresia, prune belly syndrome, posterior urethral valves
"keyhole" sign except:
renal agenesis
"lying down" adrenal sign describes finding of:
Cystic mass w/low level echoes
A 25 yr old ptnt presents to the sonogaphy department complaining of pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and oligomenorrhea. An ovarian mass, thought to be a chocolate cyst, is noted during the examination. Which of the following is consistent w/the sonrogaphic appearance of a chocolate cyst?
Endometrial atrophy
A 68 yr old ptnt presents to the sonogaphy department complaining of vaginal bleeding. The most likely cause of her bleeding is:
Lack of menstrual flow
Amenorrhea's defined as:
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
EIF associated with:
Adenomyosis
Ectopic endometrial tissue w/in the uterus that leads to AUB is termed:
Coronary heart disease * Intermenstrual bleeding, Tamoxifen therapy, Prolapse through the cervix
Endometrial polyps are associated w/all of the following except:
Clinical findings of GB disease as a result of PID
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome could be described as:
Vesicouterine pouch
Fluid noted anterior to the uterus would most likely be located w/in the:
11-14
NT measures obtained b/w:
Trisomy 18
Strawberry-shaped skull:
microphthalmia
The term for small eyes is
Hyperandrogenism
Which of the following would be the least likely clinical finding for a ptnt w/endometriosis?
Polycystic ovarian disease *Ascites Multiple leiomyoma Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Which of the following would be the least likely to cause abdominal distension?
Unopposed ERT
Which of the following would increase the risk of a patient developing endometrial cancer?
D&C
Which of the following would most likely lead to the development of endometrial adhesions?
Ovarian torsion * Endometrial hyperplasia, Hypothyroidism, Adenomyosis
Which of the following would not be a cause of AUB?
corpus albicans
Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed?
Down syndrome
Widened pelvic angles and duodenal atresia most consistent with
5 mm
With endometrial atrophy, the endometrial thickness shouldn't exceed:
Fibroma
With what ovarian tumor is Meigs syndrome most likely associated?
Endometrioma
a ptnt presents to the sono department w/complaints of infertility and painful menstrual cycles. Sono, you discover a cystic mass on the ovary consisting of low-level echoes. Bases on the clinical and sono findings, what's the most likely diagnosis?
kidneys
abdominal circumference should include all except:
achondroplasia
abnormal bone growth and dwarfism:
discordant growth
asymmetry in fetal weight b/w twins
Corpus callosum
band of tissue that allows communication b/w rt and lt cerebral hemispheres
pelvis
before 9 wks, fetal kidneys located w/in
Osteogenesis imperfecta
bell shaped chest and multiple fractures
branchial cleft cyst
benign congenital neck cysts found near angle of mandible
monochorionic diamniotic, monochorionic monoamniotic, dichorionic diamniotic
can occur as result of monozygotic twinning
posterior urethral valves
cause bladder outlet obstruction
3 cm
cervix should measure at last
multiple dislocated joints * Micromelia, Absent mineralization of pelvis, Polyhydramnios
characteristics of achondrogenesis except:
normal MSAFP * Banana, lemon sign, Enlarged massa intermedia
characteristics of spina bifida cystica except:
cystic dilatation of common bile duct
choledochal cyst
Trisomy 13
chromosomal aberration most often associated w/holoprosencephaly?
esophageal atresia
congenital absence of part of esophagus
duodenal atresia
congenital maldevelopment of proximal portion of small intestine
anorectal atresia
congenital maldevelopment of rectum and absence of anal opening
pyopagus
conjoined twins attached at sacral
omphalopagus
conjoined twins, attached at abdomen
Vitelline duct
connects embryo to yolk sac
advanced paternal age * pelvic inflammatory disease, assisted reproductive therapy, IUCD
contributing factors for ectopic pregnancy except:
zygote
created by union of sperm and egg
undescended testicles
cryptorchidism desribes
abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid w/in soft tissue
cystic hygroma result of:
twin embolization syndrome
demise of twin can lead to development of neurologic complications in living twin as result of
twin embolization syndrome
demise of twin during second or third trimester can lead to:
metatarsals and toes in same plane as tibia and fibula
diagnosis of clubfoot?
hydronephrosis
dilatation of renal collecting system secondary to obstruction of normal urine flow:
epignathus
doesn't affect orbits
graafian
domiannt follicle prior to ovulation
down syndrome
echogenic small bowel associated with
2 tubes
embryonic heart begins as:
lack of muscle in dome of diaphragm eventration = paralyzed
eventration of diaphragm best described as:
Sandal gap
exaggerated distance b/w first toe and second toe:
porencephaly
following intracranial hemorrhage, cyst in cerebrum that communicates w/lateral ventricle:
at least 1 cm in two perpendicular planes
for normal bpp, the amniotic fluid pocket should measure
monochorionic monoamniotic
form of monozygotic twinning least common
anterior to cerebellar vermis
fourth ventricle located:
turner syndrome
least likely associated with MSAFP elevation
abnormal shape of fetal skull
lemon sign:
HC
most accurate measurement for estimating gestational age:
hepatomegaly
most common abnormality of fetal liver
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
most common cardiac defect?
Turner syndrome
most likely involve development of cystic hygroma?
Alobar
most severe form of holoprosencephaly:
macrosomic (heavy weight)
mothers w/gestational diabetes run risk of having fetuses that are
46 chromosomes
normal diploid cells
1 mm/day
normal gestational sac will grow:
1/3
normal heart will fill approximately _______ of fetal chest
chorionic sac
normal preg, first structure in decidualized endometrium
gravidity
number of pregnancies:
MCDK disease
numerous noncommunicating anechoic masses in left renal fossa of 20 wk fetus. etiology?
fetal circulation
observed during bpp except:
renal pelvis and calices
obstruction at level of UPJ would lead to dilatation of the
ureter and renal collecting system
obstruction at ureterovesicular junction lead to dilation of
methotrexate
often used to medically treat ectopic
normal cord insertion * multiple chromosomal abnormalities, elevated msafp, periumbilical mass
omphalocele except:
fetal liver, ascites, fetal colon
omphalocele may contain
maconium aspiration syndrome * pentalogy of cantrell, trisomy 18, patau syndrome
omphalocele's associated w/except:
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
opening w/in septum, separates rt and lt ventricles
sagittal
optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia:
epignathus
oral teratoma:
chorion
outer membrane of gestation
placenta previa
painless second tri vaginal bleeding most often associated with:
trisomy 13
patau syndrome:
dilation of renal pelvis and calices
pelvocaliectasis
placenta percreta
penetration of placenta beyond uterine wall
gastroschisis *omphalocele, cleft sternum, diaphragmatic defect
pentalogy of cantrell except:
corpus luteum
phsyiologic ovarian cyst, develops after ovulation
12 wks
physiologic bowel herniation resolves by:
brachycephaly
rounded head shape
45,X
sex chromosome anomaly
Klinefelter syndrome
sex chromosome anomaly associated with hypogonadism and subnormal intelligence in males
fourth ventricle
should not be included in correct level for HC measurement
TTTs
shunting of blood from one twin to the other
ductus venosus
shunts blood into IVC from umbilical vein
narrowing of aortic arch * enlarged rt atrium, fetal hydrops, malpositioned tricuspid valve
signs of Ebstein anomaly except:
Dorsal cyst * Cyclopia, Monoventricle, Fused thalamus
sono features alobar holoprosencephaly except:
normal pulmonary artery anterior to aorta and crossing over it
true concerning fetal outflow tracts?
chamber closest to fetal spine is left atrium
true statement about fetal heart?
stuck twin
twin fetus suffering from TTTS, experiences severe oligohydramnios and closely adhered to uterine wall
monochorionic monoamniotic
twins have one placenta and one amniotic sac
this doesn't occur
twins having two placentas and one amniotic sac
dizygotic
twins result from fertilization of two separate ova
Monochorionic monoamniotic
twins that have threat of being conjoined
dichorionic diamniotic
twins, two placentas and two amniotic sacs
dichorionic diamnioitc
twins. triangular extension of placenta at base of membrane
pulmonary hypoplasia
underdevelopment of lungs:
macroglossia
unusual protuberance of tongue
vasa previa
velamentous cord insertion associated with
diaphragmatic hernia
visualization of fetal stomach w/in chest:
syndactyly
webbed fingers and toes are termed
isolated cleft palate
cleft palate most difficult to detect?
Previous intrauterine device use * Polycystic ovary syndrome, Asherman syndrome, Endometriosis
Causes of female infertility include all of the following except:
Alpha-Fetoprotein
protein not produced by developing placenta
afp
protein produced by yolk sac and fetal liver found in excess in maternal circulation in presence of neural tube defect:
afp
protein produced by yolk sac, fetal gastrointestinal tract, and fetal liver:
enlarged bladder
prune belly syndrome caused by
pyometra
pus in the uterus
dilatation of renal pelvis
pyelectasis
PAPP-A * hCG, alpha-fetoprotein, inhibin A
quadruple screen includes analysis of all of the following except:
hypotelorism
reduction in distance b/w orbits:
autosomal dominant polycystic disease
renal cystic disease, results in development of cysts late in adulthood
unilateral renal agenesis
result in compensatory hypertrophy
dichorionic diamniotic twins
result of dizygotic twinning
shorteneing of proximal segment of limb
rhizomelia denotes:
Foramen of Morgagni
right anteromedially w/in diaphragm
mermaid syndrome
sirenomelia:
enlarged posterior fossa *Splaying of laminae, lemon, banana
spina bifida except:
elevated MSAFP * Closed defect, sacral dimple, hemangioma
spina bifida occulta except:
blastocyst
stage of conceptus that implants w/in decidualized endo?
Phocomeningocele * SCT, Meningocele, Meningomyelocele
visualize mass extending from distal spine. except:
cavum septum pellucidum
what level is nuchal fold measurement obtained?
pyelectesis *unilateral renal agenesis, bilateral renal agenesis, potter syndrome
"lying down" adrenal sign except:
Osteogenesis imperfecta
28 wk pregnancy, pressure applied to skull easily distorted:
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant form of GTD is:
Amenorrhea
Absence of a menstruation is referred to as:
Pedunculated
Leiomyomas that project from a stalk are termed:
mesoblastic nephroma
Most common fetal renal tumor
Gastroschesis * Cardiovascular and Diaphragmatic malformations, Omphalocele.
Pentalogy of Cantrell includes all of the following findings except:
Adnexa
Peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligament are referred to as the:
Pyosalpinx
Pus w/in the fallopian tube is termed:
acardiac twinning
TRAP syndrome also referred to as
Fornices
The recesses of the vagina are the:
Endometrial carcinoma
Unopposed estrogen therapy has been shown to increase the risk for developing:
Subserosal
Upon sonographic evaluation of a patient complaining of abnormal distention, you visualize a large, hypoechoic mass distorting the anterior border of the uterus. What's the most likely location of this mass?
Ovarian torsion
Which of the following is associated with the "whirlpool sign"?
radial ray defect
absence of radius:
ectopic cordis
heart's located outside chest
malformation
structural abnormality that results from abnormal development describes:
13-26
the second tri refers to weeks:
triploidy
theca lutein cysts linked w/molar pregnancy and
placental insufficiency
thick placenta except
Ectopic
35 ptnt, history of tubal ligation and positive preg test. Condition?
Down Syndrome
38 yr old pregnant woman w/abnormal maternal serum screening. Alpha-fetoprotein and estriol low, hCG elevated. consistent with:
PCOS
A 26 yr old ptnt presents to the sonography department w/a history of infertility and oligomenorrhea. Sono, you discover that the ovaries are enlarged and contain multiple, small follicles along their periphery, w/prominent echogenic stromal elements. What's the most likely diagnosis?
Submucosal leiomyoma
A 31 yr old ptnt presents to the sono department for a saline infusion sonohysterogram, complaining of intermenstrual bleeding and infertility. Sonographically, a mass is demonstrated emanating from the myometrium and distorting the endometrial cavity. What's the most likely diagnosis?
Endometrial polyps
A 34 yr old ptnt presents to the sonography department for an endovaginal sonogram, complaining of intermenstrual bleeding. The sonographic findings include a focal irregularity and enlargement of one area of the endometrium. The most likely diagnosis is:
Nabothian cyst
A 38 yr old female patnt presents to the sonography department for a pelvic sonogram w/an indication of pelvic pain. Upon sonography interrogation, the sonographer notes an anechoic mass w/in the cervix. This mass most likely represents a:
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
A 55 yr old presents to the sonography department w/a history of pelvic pressure, abdominal swelling, and abnormal uterine bleeding. A pelvic sonogram reveals a large, multiloculated cystic mass with papillary projections. What's the most likely diagnosis?
AUB
A change in menstrual bleeding associated with lesions w/in the uterus relates to?
Myometrial cysts w/enlargement of the posterior uterine wall.
A patient presents to the sonography department for a pelvic sonogram w/a history of adenomyosis that was diagnosed following an MRI of the pelvis. What are the most likely sonographic findings?
A condition that results from the weakening of the pelvic diaphragm muscles and allows for the displacement of the uterus, often through the vagina.
A patient presents to the sonography department w/a history of uterine prolapsed. Which of the following best describes this disorder?
Yolk sac tumor
A patient w/an ovarian mass presents with an elevated serum AFP. Which of the following would be the most likely?
Thickened, irregular endo, cul-de-sac fluid, and complex adnexal mass
A ptnt presents to the sonogaphy department w/a history of Chlamydia and suspected PID. Whichof the following would be indicative of the typical sono findings of PID?
Uterine adhesions *Cul-de-sac fluid, Dilated uterine tubes, Ill-defined uterine border
A ptnt presents to the sonography department w/a fever, chills, and vaginal discharge. sonographically, what findings would you most likely not encounter?
Subchorionic hemorrhage
A sono examination was performed on pregnancy ptnt who complained of vaginal bleeding. Sono, crescent-shaped anechoic area adjacent to gestational sac. Gestational sac contained 6 wk single live IUP. Diagnosis?
acrania
Absence of skull:
Molar preg * Ectopic preg, Blighted ovum, Spontaneous abortion
All of following associated w/lower than normal hCG except:
Small for dates * Vaginal bleeding, Hypertension, Uterine enlargement
All of following clinical findings consistent w/complete molar preg except:
Low beta-hCG * Pseudogestational sac, Corpus luteum cyst, Adnexal ring
All of following may be sono findings in ectopic preg except:
Parovarian cyst * Thecoma, Fibroma, Granulosa cell tumor
All of the following adnexal masses may appear sonographically similar to a uterine leiomyoma except:
Asherman syndrome * Pelvic inflammatory disease Ruptured ovarian hemorrhagic cyst Perforated intrauterine contraceptive device
All of the following are associated with acute pelvic pain except:
Adnexal ring *Pain, Vaginal bleeding, Shoulder pain
All of the following are clinical features of an ectopic preg except:
Myometrial cysts * Infertility, Palpable pelvic mass, Menorrhagia
All of the following are clinical findings associated w/leiomyoma
Thickened endometrium * Obesity, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Abnormal uterine bleeding
All of the following are clinical findings w/endometrial hyperplasia except:
Post childbirth * IUD, Multiple sexual partners, Uterine leiomyoma
All of the following are considered risk factors for PID except:
low hCG * Heterogeneous mass in endo, Bilateral theca lutein cysts, Hyperemesis gravidarum
All of the following are consistent w/a complete hydatidiform mole except:
Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts *Decidual thickening. Complex free fluid in pelvis. Complex adnexal mass separate from ipsilateral ovary.
All of the following are sono findings consistent w/ectopic preg except:
Complex adnexal mass. * Diffuse, enlarged uterus. Myometrial cysts. Hypoechoic areas adjacent to the endometrium
All of the following are sonographic findings consistent w/adenomyosis except:
The presence of 10+ small cysts along the periphery of the ovaries * Cul-de-sac fluid, Thickened, irregular endo, Fusion of the pelvic organs as a conglomerate mass
All of the following are sonographic findings of a tubo-ovarian abscess except:
PID is typically a unilateral condition * PID can be caused by douching and lead to a tubo-ovarian abscess. Dyspareunia is a clinical finding in acute PID.
All of the following statements concerning PID are true except:
Hydrometrocolpos
Anechoic fluid noted distending the uterus and vagina w/in a pediatric ptnt is termed:
CSP
Anechoic midline brain structure located b/w frontal horns of lateral ventricles:
Endometrial adhesions
Asherman syndrome is associated with
clinodactyly
Bending of fifth digit toward fourth
Hematometra
Blood accumulation w/in the uterus is termed
Hematosalpinx
Blood w/in the fallopian tube's termed:
Radial artery
Both the straight and spiral arteries are branches of the:
Asherman syndrome *Endometrial atrophy and hyperplasia. Intracavitary fibroids.
Causes of postmenopausal bleeding include all of the following except:
menopause
Cessation of menstruation with advanced age is termed
10 mm
Cisternal magna shouldn't exceed _________ in transcerebellar plane:
Endometrial atrophy * HRT, ERT, Tamoxifen
Endometrial hyperplasia may be caused by all of the following except:
Cilia
Hairlike projections w/in the fallopian tube are called:
Isoechoic
Having the same echogenicity means:
gastroschisis * Beckwith-Wiedemann, Fetal anemia, Intrauterine infections
Hepatomegaly least likely associated with:
below 10th percentile
IUGR evident when EFW is
the malignant counterpart of a fibroid
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus denotes:
Lateral ventricles
Located on both sides of the midline?
neural tube defects
Mothers with pregestational diabetes, opposed to gestational diabetes, have increased risk of fetus with
spina bifida
Myelomeningocele associated with:
coarctation of aorta
Narrowing of aortic arch:
foramen ovale formane of monroe (b/w lateral and 3rd ventricle)
Normal opening in lower middle third of atrial septum?
High resistant during menstruation and low resistant at the time of ovulation
Normal ovarian flow is said to be:
cloacal exstrophy
OEIS complex also referred to as
Polycystic ovarian disease * Infertility, Ectopic pregnancy, Scar formation in fallopian tubes
PID can lead to all of the following except:
Dysmenorrhea
Painful and difficult menstruation is termed:
Hyperechoic
Pelvic bones, when visualized on sonography, will appear:
Posterior enhancement
Pelvic bones, when visualized on sonography, will produce:
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
Polycystic ovarian syndrome may also be referred to as:
Reduction of endometrial cancer * Reduction in osteoporosis, colon cancer, and heart disease risk
Possible benefits of ERT include all of the following except:
Levator ani and coccygeus muscles
Prolapse of the pelvic organs most often involves the:
Strawberry sign (trisomy 18) * Enlarged massa intermedia, Hydrocephalus, Obliteration of cisternal magna
Sono findings of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except:
Thin, hyperechoic endometrium * Ring-down artifact posterior to endo, endo fluid, Thickened and irregular endo.
Sono findings of the endometrium in a patient w/a history of PID, fever, and elevated white blood cell count would include all of the following except:
Oliguria (no urine) * Cystic enlargement of the ovaries, Ascites, Pleural effusions
Sonographic findings of OHS include all of the following except:
Fibroma
Sonographically, which of the following would most likely be confused for a pedunculated fibroid tumor because of its solid appearing structure?
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome * Infertility, Anovulatory cycles, Hirsutism
Stein-Leventhal syndrome is related to all of the following except:
Cystic changes w/in a thickened endometrium
Tamoxifen effects on the endometrium will sonographically appear as:
Endometrial leiomyoma * Endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and carcinoma
Tamoxifen has been linked w/all of the following except:
Smooth walls
The "S" in the STAR criteria stands for:
common iliac arteries
The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the:
Amenorrhea
The absence of menstrual bleeding is termed:
Cornua
The area of attachment of the fallopian tubes to the uterus is the:
Spiral arteries
The arteries w/in the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed w/menstruation are the:
28 days
The average menstrual cycle lasts:
Benign nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue
The best description for endometrial polyps is:
Progesterone
The corpus luteum primarily releases:
Corpus luteum
The cystic mass commonly noted w/a pregnancy is the:
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
The development of adhesions b/w the liver and diaphragm as a result of PID is termed:
Asherman syndrome
The development of adhesions w/in the uterine cavity termed
Graafian follicle
The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the:
Graffian follicle
The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the:
CVS
The earliest invasive fetal karyotyping technique that can be performed is:
Fimbria
The fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube are called:
Menarche
The first menstrual cycle is termed:
Proliferative phase
The first phase of the endometrial cycle is the:
Follicular phase
The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the:
FSH
The hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is:
LH
The hormone that surges at ovulation is:
Mucosal layer
The inner layer of the wall of the fallopian tube is the:
Third ventricle
The interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the:
intramural
The location of a fibroid w/in the myometrium is termed:
Ampulla
The longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube is the:
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
The malignant ovarian mass that's associated w/pseudomyxoma peritonei is the:
Krukenberg tumor
The malignant ovarian tumor w/gastrointestinal origin is the:
Endometrial carcinoma
The most common female genital tract malignancy is:
Endometriosis
The presence of functional, ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus is termed:
Curettage
The removal of tissue from the endometrium by scraping is termed:
Secretory phase
The second phase of the endometrial cycle:
Luteal phase
The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the:
Ampulla
The segment of the fallopian tube where fertilization typically occurs is the:
Isthmus
The short and narrow segment of the fallopian tube distal to the interstitial segment is the:
Hydrosalpinx
The sonographic finding of a tubular, simple-appearing, anechoic structure w/in the adnexa is most consistent with:
Diffuse thickening of the endometrium
The sonographic findings of an endometrial polyp may include:
Broad ligaments
The sonographic pelvic examination of a female patient reveals an extensive amount of ascites. In the transverse plane, you visualize two echogenic structures extending from the side walls of the uterus to the pelvic side walls bilaterally. These structures are most likely the:
Cumulus oophorus
The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:
Internal os
The superior portion of the cervix is the:
Myomectomy
The surgical removal of a fibroid is termed:
Corpus luteum
The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle is the:
LH and FSH
The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are:
Limb
VACTERL, L:
Cardiac
VACTERL, letter C
Aliasing
What Doppler artifact occurs when the Doppler sampling rate's not high enough to display the Doppler shift frequency?
Chorionic villi
What are the fingerlike projections of gestational tissue that attach to the decidualized endometrium?
Ring-down
What artifact could be noted emanating from air/gas within the endometrium in a patient with endometritis?
Essure devices
What form of permanent birth control would be seen sono as echogenic, linear structures w/in the lumen of both isthmic portions of the fallopian tubes
Progesterone
What hormone maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation?
Pedunculated
What leiomyoma location would have an increased risk to undergo torsion?
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
What ovarian mass is associated with virilization?
Krukenberg tumor
What ovarian tumor will most likely have a moth-eaten appearance on sonography?
Ovary
What structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thicknesses and sonographic appearances?
Radiographic contrast
What substance does hysterosalpingography utilize for the visualization of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes?
Dyspareunia
What term's used to describe painful intercourse?
Ovarian mass
What would be a predisposing condition that would increase the risk for suffering from ovarian torsion?
ERT
What would increase a patient's likelihood of suffering from thromboembolism?
Chocolate cyst
What's another name for an endometrioma?
Polymenorrhea
What's defined as frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart?
Parity
What's described as the number of pregnancies in which ptnt has given birth to a fetus beyond 20 wks or infant weighing more than 500 g?
Low-impedance flow
What's the most likely pulsed Doppler characteristic of endometrial cancer?
Hysterosalpingography
What's the radiographic procedure used to evaluate the patency of the fallopian tube?
Hyperechoic and thick
What's the typical sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase?
Secretory
When the ovary's in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the:
Hypoechoic
When the sonographic three-line sign is present, the functional layer of the endometrium typically appears:
Cystic enlargement of the ovaries
Which of the following does not occur as a result of menopause?
Asherman syndrome * Tamoxifen, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Ovarian thecoma
Which of the following is not associated w/endometrial hyperplasia?
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB?
length x width x heigh x .5233
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating ovarian volume?
Amenorrhea * Dysmenorrhea, Dyspareunia, Menometrorrhagia
Which of the following is typically not a clinical complaint of women who are suffering from adenomyosis?
Pyelonephritis
Which of the following isn't a potential cause of PID?
Thecoma
Which of the following ovarian tumors wold be most likely to cause postmenopausal bleeding?
Tracheoesophageal fistula
abnormal connection b/w esophagus and trachea
cleft lip
abnormal division in lip:
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of spine:
colpocephaly
abnormal lateral ventricle shape, small frontal horn, enlarged occipital horn:
parasitic twin
abnormal twin in acardiac twinning
amniotic band syndrome
abnormalities associated w/entrapment of fetal parts and amputations:
arthrogryposis
abnormality results in limitation of fetal limbs, result of joint contractures
pulmonary atresia
absence of pulmonary valve, prohibits blood flow from rt ventricle into pulmonary artery and to lungs?
phocomelia
absent long bones w/hands and feet arising from shoulders and hips:
trisomy 21
absent nasal bones and an increased nuchal fold measurement are most consistent with the sonogaphic markers for:
trisomy 21
absent or hypoplastic nasal bone:
caudal regression syndrome
absent sacrum and coccyx:
abnormal links b/w placental vessels
acardiac twinning results from
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid around lungs
absent mineralization of skull * frontal bossing, flattened nasal bridge, trident hand
achondroplasia associated with except:
> 35
advanced maternal age considered
falx cerebelli * third ventricle, thalamus, cavum septum pellucidum
all are visualized at correct level of head circumference except:
S-shaped spine * Banana, lemon, Colpocephaly
arnold-chiari ii except:
posterior shadowing
artifact caused by attenuation of sound beam
acoustic shadowing
artifact posterior to solid structures like fetal bone:
acoustic enhancement
artifact produced when sound beam barely attenuated through fluid
Trisomy 16 * Trisomy 21, 18, Turner
associated w/abnormal NT except:
caudal regression syndrome
associated w/absence of sacrum and coccyx:
sirenomelia
associated w/bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and fusion of lower extremeties
Turner syndrome *Trisomy 21, Esophageal atresia, VACTERL association
associated w/duodenal atresia except:
ARPKD
associated w/enlarged echogenic kidneys and microscopic renal cysts
Oligohydramnios * Down syndrome, VACTERL, Edwards
associated w/esophageal atresia except:
amniotic band syndrome
associated w/fetal amputations:
multiple chromosomal abnormalities * normal cord insertion, elevated MSAFP, Periumbilical mass
associated w/gastroschisis except:
bilateral renal agenesis
associated w/oligohydramnios
Hirschsprung disease * Trisomy 18, Pentalogy of Cantrell, Intrauterine growth restriction
associated w/omphalocele except:
duodenal atresia *bilateral renal agenesis, infantile polycystic kidney disease, premature rupture of membranes
associated with oligohydramnios except
bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease *omphalocele, gastroschisis, esophageal atresia
associated with polyhydramnios except
abnormal ventral curvature of penis
best describes hypospadias
when the long axis of femoral shaft's perpendicular to sound
best describes optimal distance to take the femur length?
trisomy 18
bilateral choroid plexus cysts, micrognathia, and rockerbottom feet are sonographic findings of a 27 wk fetus w/omphalocele. consistent with:
ambiguous genitalia
birth defect, sex of fetus can't be determined
external position of bladder
bladder exstrophy
left atrium
blood returning from lungs through pulmonary veins enters into:
Heterotropic pregnancy
both intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy
for 30 mins
bpp scoring is conducted:
trisomy 21 (30%) (double bubble sign)
chromosomal abnormality most often associated w/duodenal atresia?
trisomy 21
chromosomal anomaly, echogenic bowel
mega cisterna magna if cerebellum isn't normal and vermis is absent with dorsal cyst (cysterna magna cyst) is ? DWM (4th ventricle)
cisterna magna measures 15 mm and normal appearing cerebellum is:
funneling of cvx *vaginal bleeding, uterine tenderness, abdominal pain
clinical features of placental abruption except
decreased msafp * ventral wall defects, marked scoliosis, shortened umbilical cord
clinical findings with LBWC except:
proteinuria * tachycardia, nausea, pallor
clinical manifestations of supine hypotensive syndrome include all except:
encephalocele *omphalocele, spina bifida, imperforate anus
cloacal exstrophy associated w/except:
cebocephaly
close-set eyes and nose w/single nostril:
Thanatophoric dysplasia
cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus:
fetal hydrops (immune - rh incompatibility [+ and -]. mother begins to make immunity, mother takes antidote in third tri, if doesn't take, second baby will get hydrops [fluid accumulation everywhere, thick walls/edema) (non-immune - cardiovascular disease)
coexisting pericardial effusion and pleural effusion, diagnosis:
gastrointestinal system
evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant investigation of
duodenal atresia
excessive amount of amniotic fluid
polyhydramnios
excessive amount of amniotic fluid
holoprosencephaly
facial anomalies should prompt to analyze brain for signs of:
OHS clomid is to get pregnant
female ptnt, history of Clomid treatment. Nausea, vomting, abdominal distension. Circumstance?
24 hrs
fertilization occurs w/in ______ after ovulation
intracranial calcifications
fetal TORCH frequently associated with
chorion frondosum
fetal contribution of placenta
Centralgut *midgut, foregut, hindgut
fetal gut develops at end of fifth menstrual week and can be divided into all except:
Arnold-Chiari II malformation
fetal head and brain abnormalities coexist w/spina bifida:
8 wks
fetal lip closes by:
LS ratio
fetal lung maturity assessed using:
blood *skin, hair, bile
fetal meconium consists of except:
internal os of cervix
fetal presentation determined by identifying the fetal part that's closet to the:
frank breech
fetal presentation when butt closest to cvx:
tuberous sclerosis
fetal rhabdomyomas associated with?
ductal arteriosis
fetal shunt connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch?
14 wks
fetal stomach visualized by:
meconium
fetal stool
Metopic suture
fetal suture w/in frontal bone along midline of forehead:
triploidy
fetus w/a karyotype revealing it has 69 chromosomes and sonogaphic findings of webbed fingers and intrauterine growth restriction most likely has:
discordant fetal growth
first manifestation of TTTs (twin to twin transfusion)
decidual reaction (thick endo)
first sono identifiable sign of preg:
double every 48 hrs
first tri, normal hCG will:
Rhombencephalon
first trimester, you note a round, cystic structure w/in the fetal head.
Hydranencephaly
fluid filled cranium with absence of cerebral tissue:
hydrocele
fluid surrounding fetal testicle
dizygotic twinning
fraternal twins from
Theca lutein cysts (abnormal levels of hCG) normal elevated levels would be corpus... you see theca with trophoblastic disease...
functional cysts found with elevated hCG
syndactyly
fusion of digits:
horseshoe kidneys
fusion of lower poles of kidneys
cyclopia
fusion of orbits:
elevated
gastroschisis, the MSAFP will be:
beckwith-wiedemann syndrome
growth disorder syndrome synonymous w/organ, skull, and tongue enlargement
monozygotic twinning
identical twins result from
rt lateral of cord insertion
in what location does gastroschisis occur more often?
previous cesarean section
increase likelihood of developing placenta previa
poor nutritional state
increase likelihood of having multiple gestations except:
preexisting maternal diabetes
increase likelihood of sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome?
allantoic cyst *IUGR, Placental insufficiency, Perinatal mortality
increased S/D ratio associated with all except
trisomy 21
increased nuchal fold associated:
dichorionic
indicates presence of two separate placentas
evaluate NT
indication for third-tri sono except:
marginal cord insertion
insertion of umbilical cord at edge of placenta
fetus below 10th percentile for gestational age
intrauterine growth restriction
fetal goiter
isolated enlargement of fetal thyroid:
Anorectal atresia *Pentalogy of Cantrell, Gastroschisis, Omphalocele
least likely associated w/elevated MSAFP
leiomyoma
least likely associated w/immune hydrops
gender identification
least likely indication for first tri sono?
Arnold-Chiari II malformation
lemon-shaped skull:
Down syndrome
link b/w microtia and what syndrome?
b/w two lobes of thalamus
location of third ventricle:
beckwith-wiedemann syndrome
macroglossia most commonly found with:
trisomy 21
macroglossia most often associated with
decidua basalis
maternal contribution to the placenta is the:
folate
maternal diatary supplement, reduce neural tube defect?
binocular diameter
measurement obtained b/w lateral walls of orbits is:
AC
measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR
trisomy 18
micrognathia found in:
right ventricle
moderator band in:
single zygot that splits
monozygotic twins result from
polydactyly
more than normal number of digits
diaphragmatic hernia
most common cause of cardiac malposition:
aqueductal stenosis
most common cause of hydrocephalus:
UPJ obstruction
most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonate and most common form of fetal renal obstruction
anterior cephalocele
most common cause of hypertelorism:
placenta previa
most common cause of painless vaginal bleeding in second and third tri
Down syndrome
most common chromosomal abnormality
hydronephrosis
most common fetal abnormality noted during obstetric sonogram
rhabdomyoma
most common fetal cardiac tumor:
cephalic
most common fetal presentation:
complete moral pregnancy (grape like cyst all over uteris) * partial is baby with sac next to it. invasive not common, invades uterine wall quickly. choriocarcinoma is least common, it's the malignant form of moral pregnancy.
most common form of GTD? (beta higher than expected)
foramen of bochdalek (lt)
most common form of diaphragmatic hernia
monochorionic diamniotic
most common form of monozygotic
neck
most common location of cystic hygroma:
pelvis
most common location of ectopic kidney
ampullary portion of uterine tube
most common location of ectopic:
congenital adenomatoid malformation of lung type one macrocyst (multiple big cysts) 2 (mixed micro and macro) 3 (micro - won't see) - differential diagnosis is sequestrated lung
most common lung mass in fetal life
neuroblastoma
most common malignant adrenal pediatric tumor
achondroplasia
most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia
corpus luteum cyst
most common pelvic mass associated w/pregnancy
chorioangioma (cos it's filled with blood vessels) choriocarcinoma = uterus
most common placental tumor
duplex collecting system
most common renal anomaly
ampulla
most common site of fertilization:
triangular, echogenic mass w/in chest
most common sono appearance of pulmonary sequestration is:
anorectal atresia
most common type of colonic atresia
trisomy 13
most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly:
ARPKD
most likely cause of bilateral, enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys and oligohydramnios
myometrial contraction
most likely confused for uterine leiomyoma
mesocephaly
normal shaped skull:
two arteries and one vein
normal umbilical cord has
central
normal umbilical cord insertion point into placenta
abdominal muscle hypertrophy *megacystis, undescended testis, dilated urinary bladder and urethra
not component of prune belly syndrome
hypoplastic mandible *pleural effusion, ascites, subcutaneous edema
not consistent with nonimmune hydrops
all would be decreased - estriol, hCG, alpha-Fetoprotein (edwards is trisomy 18) (hcg stays same in trisomy 21)
not decreased in presence of Edwards syndrome?
gestational diabetes
not increase likelihood of multiple gestations
lobes of thalamus
not normally located w/in midline of brain?
fetal swallowing * flexion, amniotic fluid, breathing
not part of the biophysical profile
T sign *Twin peak sign, Lambda sign, Delta sign
not sign of dichorionic diamniotic
amnionicity
number of amniotic sacs
chorionicity
number of placentas
low-lying placenta
placental edge extends into lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from internal os
maternal lakes
pools of maternal blood w/in placental substance
preeclampsia eclampsia = convulsions
pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in urine after 20 wks
placental abruption
premature separation of placenta from uterine wall before birth:
diamniotic
presence of two separate amniotic sacs
afp * hcg, PAPP-A, Inhibin-A
produced by placenta except:
cerebellar vermis
structure b/w two lobes of cerebellum
yolk sac
structure in extraembryonic coelom?
accessory lobe
succenturiate lobe of placenta refers to
Meckel-Gruber syndrome
syndrome associated w/occipital cephalocele, cystic renal disease, and polydactyly
clubfoot
talipes equinovarus associated with:
megacystis
term for enlargement of urinary bladder
cephalic
term for fetal presentation that's head down?
microtia
term for smaller than normal ear?
left ventricular hypertrophy * overriding aortic root, VSD, pulmonary stenosis
tetralogy of fallot consists of except:
massa intermedia
thalamic tissue located w/in third ventricle can become enlarged with arnold-chiari II malformation:
6 mm
thickness of nuchal fold in 2nd tri shouldn't exceed:
aorta arises from rt ventricle, pulmonary artery from lt ventricle
transposition of great vessels:
endoscopic-guided laser photocoagulation
treatment that separates abnormal placental vascular connections b/w twins that are suffering from TTTs
b/w rt ventricle and rt atrium
tricuspid valve located:
alpha-fetoprotein, estrio, hcg
triple screen
hCG, AFP, estriol
triple screen includes analysis of
down syndrome
trisomy 21
hCG (Trophoblastic disease is very high hcg)
trophoblastic cells produce:
turner syndrome
webbing of neck and short stature found in infertile female patients with history of:
7 mm
what measurement should renal pelvis not exceed prior to 20 wks
fetal kidneys
what organ(s) produces amniotic fluid after 12 wks
total previa
when placenta completely covers internal os
ovary
which of the following locations for ectopic is least likely?
pulmonary hypoplasia
which would newborn most likely suffer from if she were born prior to 32 wks as result of multiple gestation complications
elevated
with anencephaly, the MSAFP will be:
decreased
with miscarriage, serum hCG will be:
CVS (chorionic villus sampling)
with what procedure is placental tissue obtained
Fourth ventricle
with what structure does the posterior fossa cyst associated w/DWM communicate?
down syndrome
with which syndrome is brachycephaly associated most often?
IVC
The right ovarian vein drains directly into the:
Nuclear medicine
Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to evaluate emitted radiation from the patient to assess the function of organs?
