OCE 1001 Chapter 1
Iceland
(a) this was the first new land conquered by the Vikings
Vinland
(b) this is the land discovered by leif eriksson
Greenland
(c) when Eric the Red was banished from Iceland, he discovered his land, where he later started a colony
baffin island
(d) it is believed that Eric the Red may have discovered this area
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water
hydrogen
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a
hypothesis
theory
in science, a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, logical inferences, and tested hypotheses
Oceanic crust is primarily
basalt
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?
lithosphere
Rocks in which layer of Earth are rigid
lithosphere inner core mesosphere
Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?
observation
Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?
outer core
Earth's second atmosphere formed from
outgassing
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:
theories
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?
they utilize the energy in sugar
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally _______
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?
trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
What are the reaction products of respiration?
water and carbon dioxide gas
current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
Which of the following statements are true regarding Earth's core?
-the core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur -earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties -the outer core is liquid because it is so hot
Which of the following statements are true regarding the scientific method?
-the scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations -the scientific method is an ongoing cycle -scientists make predictions based on established theories
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans
What is the chemical formula for sugar?
C6H12O6
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
Cambrian
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography
Geological
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Juan Sebastian del Cano
Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?
Lithosphere
Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth?
Pacific Ocean
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest known life forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 _____ years ago
billion
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ______ years ago
billion
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ______ years ago
billion
layers of earth
c lithosphere, b mantle, d crust, e inner core, f asthenosphere, a outer core
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's early atmosphere most likely included
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its _____ must have changed
chemical composition
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the _____
Phoenicians
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ______ oceanography
Physical
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because _____
Plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Observation
collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern
Ptolemy
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by
Pytheas
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?
The Pacific Ocean
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
The Pacific Ocean
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?
Weak sphere
How did our Solar System begin to form?
a large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity
What is a nebula?
a large, diffuse cloud of and gas in space
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was ______
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
hypothesis
a tentative, testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations
What is a scientific theory?
a well substantiated explanation that is supported by facts. tested hypothesis, and logical inferenes
radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the
age of rocks
The nebular hypothesis suggests that
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
What elements are found in high concentrations in continental crust?
aluminum silica
which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?
arctic
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the _______ below which is denser and plastic like.
asthenosphere
Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth?
-Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time -as life evolved it significantly change Earth's environment -primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen -the "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop
Of the following statements about the asthenosphere which is true?
-The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock -the asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere
Which statement below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust?
-continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust -continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust -continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt
Of the following statements about density stratification, which is true?
-density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered -density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core -outgassing is a direct result of density stratification -the origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification
which of the following statements are true regarding earth's oceans?
-earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water -the southern ocean is one of the least studied areas on planet earth -nasa satellites fly over antarctica
Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hands. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry?
-hypothesis formulation -observation
What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?
-phytoplankton -primary producers -autotrophs
a container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?`
100 atoms
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a halflife of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?
25 atoms
Which rock in the figure above is likely high in iron and magnesium?
3
if you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure above, which would feel the heaviest?
3
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately
3,682 meters (12,080)
earth is about
4.6 billion years old
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ______ years ago
40,000
When did our Solar System begin to form?
5 billion years ago
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?
Easter Island
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt was
Eratosthenes
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?
It was blown away by the solar wind
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements was _______
James Cook
What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the silly putty with his hammer?
The material fractured like a solid
How did the Moon form?
The moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B?
continental crust
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins
crust: -is Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky, shell -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition Mantle: -contains a weak layer below the lithosphere -contains rock rich in magnesium and iron core: -contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer -contains iron and nickel
testing
development of observations, experiments, and models to test the hypothesis
What elements are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?
magnesium iron
What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?
material density, with the least dense material on the surface and the most dense material in the center
What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?
oxygen gas and sugar
Which of the following has the deepest waters?
pacific ocean
Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the southern ocean?
pacific, atlantic, indian
What happens during radioactive decay?
parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ______ of the ocean basins and the ______ of the continents
shapes;position
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?
silly putty
as shown in this video, silly putty will flow when stress is applied _______ and silly putty will fracture when stress is applied ___________.
slowly, rapidly
Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you away but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry?
testing
The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is
the Pacific Ocean
What is the scientific definition of half-life?
the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?
the rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B
