OCE FINAL

What is the flow rate for one Sverdrup?

1 million cubic meters per second

Estimates suggest that the global resource for wave energy lies between ________.

1-10 terawatts

The world currently produces about ________ from all sources.

12 terawatts

In which year did a large earthquake occur along the Cascadia Subduction Zone?

1700

In which year did Krakatau erupt?

1883

When was the Walker Circulation Cell first described?

1920s

In which year was the first commercial-scale wave power plant began generating electricity?

2000

When was the last El Niño event?

2015-2016

Deep ocean currents occur in the deep zone below the pycnocline, so they influence about ________ of all ocean water.

90%

What percentage of an icebergs mass is below the waterline?

90%

Which of the following North Atlantic Water Masses has the lowest temperatures?

AABW

Which of the following is NOT a gulf stream current?

Benguela current?

The false-color map of sea surface temperatures shown below is an example of which of the following features?

El Niño conditions

Which of the following is considered a warm current?

K

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: India's Southwest Monsoon provides abundant precipitation BECAUSE the air brought in from the Indian Ocean is warm and full of moisture.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica?

Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is also known as which of the following?

West Wind Drift

Conditions for the development of wave energy are most optimal along ________ shores in the ________ Hemisphere.

Western and Southern

Peru's residents are familiar with ENSO as it brings a warm current that reduces populations of which animal?

anchovies

The first wave that forms when the wind begins to blow across the ocean surface is a ________.

capillary wave

Water rises from below to replace the water moving away from shore in a process called ________.

coastal upwelling

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a ________.

cold core ring

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and caused by ________.

density differences; differences in salinity and temperature

Which type of breakers are the best waves for surfing?

plunging breaker

Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming a curling crest over an air pocket are called ________.

plunging breakers

Upwelling occurs in high-latitude regions, where there is no ________.

pycnocline

Which of the following, from earliest to latest, represents the typical wave formation?

sea, swell, surf

A tsunami is considered to be a ________.

shallow water wave

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich deep water through ________.

upwelling

________ is the upward movement of cold, deep, nutrient-rich water to the surface.

upwelling

Diverging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.

upwelling; high

Which of the following caused the tsunami at Krakatau in 1883?

volcanic eruption

Waves in the surf zone begin to behave like shallow-water waves when ________.

water depth = wavelength/20

Standing waves may be caused by ________.

wave reflection

Waves converge on headlands due to ________.

wave refraction

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.

wind; the Coriolis effect and land

Most ocean waves form as a result of ________.

winds blowing across the ocean surface

In which year was the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program initiated?

1985

El Niño conditions occur on average about every ________.

2-10 years?

How long does the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) last?

20-30 years

At least ________ megawatts of electricity could be recovered from the ocean current system along the southeastern coast of Florida.

2000

The main current in Antarctic waters is the ________ Current.

Antarctic Circumpolar

Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth?

Antarctic Circumpolar

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Areas of downwelling are associated with prolific marine life BECAUSE the necessary nutrients are continuously replenished.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Which of the following is true for downwelling?

Carries dissolved oxygen to the deep-sea floor

Which tsunami event had the greatest fatalities?

Chile?

Which conditions in the ocean promote high productivity?

Cold water, rich nutrients

What does DART stand for?

Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

The world's two main iceberg-producing regions are ________.

Greenland and Antarctica

Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of fish, from the sea, in the world?

Humboldt Current

Which of the following must endure more tsunami than any other place?

Japan?

Tsunami is a(n) ________ term for the large, sometimes destructive waves that occasionally roll into their harbors.

Japanese

What does LIMPET stand for?

Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer

Which of the following North Atlantic Water Masses has the highest temperatures?

NACSW

The Sargasso Sea is the water that circulates around the rotation center of the ________ gyre.

North Atlantic

The North Atlantic Drift is also called the ________.

North Atlantic Current

A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean.

Pacific

Where do most tsunami occur?

Pacific Ocean

What is the PTWC?

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

________ has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket.

Plunging breaker

In 2008, Pelamis Wave Power completed the world's first wave farm off the coast of northern ________.

Portugal

Between summer and winter, which of the following currents reverses its flow direction?

Somali Current

Which of the following Atlantic Subtropical gyre boundary currents is split into two by a large landmass?

South Equatorial Current

Where is the world's only commercially operated wave energy plant located?

Spain

Which type of breaker results from a gently sloped ocean bottom, which gradually extracts energy from the wave over an extended distance and produces breakers with low overall energy?

Spilling breaker

________ is a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks.

Spilling breaker

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Strong trade winds Australian drought Decreased fish stock in coastal Peru Peruvian upwelling stops Flooding rains in southeastern United States Strong trade winds

________ is analogous to riding a gravity-opened water sled by balanced the forces of gravity and buoyancy.

Surfing

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Spilling breaker Plunging breaker Surging breaker Swell Surf

Swell

Most waves generated in the sea area by storm winds move across the ocean as ________.

Swell

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Equatorial Countercurrent is much better developed in the Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic BECAUSE the Pacific Ocean basin is larger and more unobstructed than the Atlantic Ocean.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The temperatures across the Atlantic at different latitudes are much higher in Europe than in North America BECAUSE of the effects of heat transfer from the Gulf Stream.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Transform faults do not generally generate tsunami BECAUSE the side-to-side movement of these faults does not change the volume of the ocean basin.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: India's Northeast Monsoon provides little precipitation BECAUSE it occurs during the winter.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Many people call tsunami "tidal waves" BECAUSE they are related to the tides.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Converging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.

downwelling; low

Conditions for the development of wave energy are least optimal along ________ shores in the ________ Hemisphere.

eastern and northern

The area in the enclosed rectangle in the false-color map of sea surface temperatures is an example of which of the following features?

eddies

The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater ________.

fault movement

Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004?

fault movement

Which of the following caused the tsunami that killed 159 people in 1946?

fault movement

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean ________.

flow from land to sea and are dry

When sea ice forms what shape are the crystals?

hexagon

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height ________.

increases and its wavelength decreases

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries?

meteorite impacts

Which feature forms right after liquid slush develops?

pancake ice

Which type of breaker forms on moderately steep beach slopes?

plunging breaker

Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket?

plunging breaker

Coastal upwelling along the coast of Chile is a result of winds from the ________ turning towards the ________ due to Ekman transport.

south, left

Which type of breaker has a longer life span and give surfers a longer ride than other breakers?

spilling breaker

Which type of breaker is a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks?

spilling breaker

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

spilling breakers

Which type of breaker forms when the ocean bottom has an abrupt slope?

surging breaker

A tsunami may result from ________.

tectonic activity on the seafloor

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as ________.

the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

Which of the following are unlikely to generate a tsunami?

transform fault

Water waves are ________.

transverse waves?

Which of the following caused the anomalously large tsunami in Papua New Guinea in 1998?

underwater landslide