OCE1001 Chapter 4

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD. The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve.

Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Cosmogenous Sediment

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare earth elements? Groundwater leaching Nodule and crust creation Sea floor methane seeps Deep-sea hotsprings Clathrate formation

Deep-sea hotsprings

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Propane Hydrogen sulfide Carbon dioxide Ethane Methane

Methane

Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________. calcium carbonate; volcanic ash quartz; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; quartz calcium carbonate; silica silica; quartz

calcium carbonate; silica

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________. sand clay coral calcareous ooze siliceous ooze

clay.

What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean how deep the ocean really is climate change and past extinctions Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean.

climate change and past extinctions

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. colder; higher warmer; lower warmer; higher colder; lower

colder; higher

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: cosmogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous. biogenous. hydrogenous.

hydrogenous

What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. slow-moving ocean currents ice rafting wind underwater landslides rivers

slow-moving ocean currents wind

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are: oozes. clays. tektites. evaporites. silt.

tektites

In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a grain of sand on a beach the deep sea floor the flying object on the end of a string a circular fish that isn't very streamlined a weight suspended in water

the deep sea floor

The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s): 2. 1. 3 & 4. 3. 2 & 3.

2 & 3

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)

3 miles (4.5 kilometers)

Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? Because the drill bit turns around in a circle. Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process . Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion. Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process.

Because the drill bit turns around in a circle

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? Earth's climate change patterns Earthquake-generated heat from friction The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor The properties of the deep crust The mechanism that causes tsunamis

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. Manganese nodules Phosphorites Gas hydrates Halite Petroleum

Gas Hydrates Petroleum

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Hydrogenous Sediment

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________. cosmogenous sediments biogenous sediments hydrogenous sediments lithogenous sediments neritic sediments

Hydrogenous sedminets

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Peat and coal Fish and amphibians Microscopic organisms Dinosaurs Land based plants

Microscopic organisms

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Oolites Foraminiferans Coccolithophores Diatoms Radiolarians

Oolites

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Petroleum Sand and gravel Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts Gas hydrates

Petroleum

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Phosphorite Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Manganese nodules and crusts

Rare-earth elements

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Quartz sand Volcanic ash Clay Rock fragments Siliceous ooze

Siliceous ooze

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? Marine sediments on land Estuaries and lagoons The deep-ocean floor Continental shelf

The deep-ocean floor

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: crest of a mid-ocean ridge. continental shelf. continental rise. abyssal plain far from a continent. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.

abyssal plain far from a continent

Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests

coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: lithogenous. hydrogenous. biogenous. volcanogenic. cosmogenous.

cosmogenous

The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________. diatoms; coccolithophores coccolithophores; foraminifers diatoms; radiolarians diatoms; foraminifers radiolarians; coccolithophores

diatoms; radiolarians

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. erosion dilution productivity ecology destruction

dilution

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: carbonate dissolution. fecal pellets. wind. precipitation. deposit feeders.

fecal pellets

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? diatoms radiolarians foraminiferans glauconite phosphorites

foraminiferans

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. rare-earth elements coal ethanol gas hydrates wind power

gas hydrates

What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply. sand diatom ooze hydrogenous sediments rock fragments cosmogenous sediments

hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments

Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called: volcanogenic hydrogenous biogenous lithogenous cosmogenous

lithogenous

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. basalt fragments and metallic sulfides sand, silt, and gravel red clay halite, gypsum, and anhydrite biogenic ooze

sand, silt, and gravel

What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze? water salinity nutrient availability proximity to land water temperature water depth

water depth

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. dissolve; dissolve dissolve; do not dissolve do not dissolve; do not dissolve do not dissolve; dissolve

do not dissolve; dissolve

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals that cause calcareous material to dissolve. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Dredge Gravity corer Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk

Rotary corer

What is calcareous ooze? a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze? areas of warm surface water areas of high salinity areas of low atmospheric pressure areas of upwelling windy areas

areas of upwelling

Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments. hydrogenous biogenous cosmogenous volcanogenic lithogenous

biogenous

Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________. mid latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; mid latitudes high latitudes; low latitudes high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones

high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. does not dissolve; does not dissolve dissolves; dissolves does not dissolve; dissolves dissolves; does not dissolve

does not dissolve; does not dissolve

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling? a can of soda an apple corer Silly Putty oil and vinegar salad dressing a candle

an apple corer

How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths? Silica-based residues do not accumulate on the seafloor. Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them. Low primary productivity in surface waters results in siliceous ooze accumulation. Silica tests sink slower than seawater can dissolve them.

Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is _________. halite quartz gypsum calcite aragonite

quartz

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Dredge Gravity corer Rotary corer Long line Seiche disk

Dredge

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? Phosphorite Sand and gravel Evaporative salts Manganese nodules Sediments rich in tin

Evaporative salts

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. shell fragments than in temperate waters coral debris than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters silt and sand than in tropical waters

gravel than in tropical waters

In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply. along the mid-ocean ridge near a black smoker the abyssal plains at the base of the continental slope a coral reef a sandy beach

along the mid-ocean ridge the abyssal plains at the base of the continental slope a sandy beach

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low salinity high carbon dioxide concentration low carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low oxygen concentration

low salinity

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers black volcanic beach sand radiolarian ooze abyssal clay tests of foraminifers

maganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. previous ocean circulation patterns past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor

previous ocean circulation patterns past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor