Org behavior test 2 - 7

The assumptions of expectancy theory regarding people include:

rationality and hedonism

The goal setting process begins with:

values on how the world ought to be

Each of the following are considered to be reasons why Alderfer's ERG model is more useful than Maslow's EXCEPT:

ERG theory did a better job of identifying motivators than did Maslow.

Using Herzberg's theory to guide you, which of the following would result in higher work motivation and satisfaction?

First address hygiene factors and then proceed to motivator needs.

All of the following are major implications of equity theory for employers EXCEPT:

Let employees play the key role in creating perceptions of equity

Which of the following statements regarding needs is most true?

Needs provide direction in the motivation process.

The simplest of all motivation theories is probably:

Operant Conditioning Theory

All of the following are process theories of motivation EXCEPT:

SDT

Which of the following conditions will result in low performance according to expectancy theory?

When low performance is not associated with negative outcomes

Whatever need is motivating a person at a given time is:

a manifest need

A human condition that becomes energized when people feel deficient in some respect is:

a need

All of the following are conditions that can result from the comparison of your inputs and outputs to the inputs and outputs of others EXCEPT:

a state of equity when you have the perception that your inputs are greater than a referent others and you get paid the same.

The first step in the learning process involves:

a stimulus

Herzberg's theory suggests:

a two-stage process for managing employee motivation and satisfaction

The knowledge, skills, and receptiveness to learning that an individual brings to a task or job refers to:

ability

Alderfer's ERG theory compressed Maslow's hierarchy into all of the following needs EXCEPT:

achievement

Herzberg believed motivating factors lead to:

achievement, which leads to satisfaction

According to Herzberg, hygiene needs must be met in order to:

avoid dissatisfaction

If a manager warned an employee not to be late for work again or they would be released, the manager was using:

avoidance learning

The need to socialize with other people is:

blurred or difficult to determine

As a manager, which of the following would be most helpful in distinguishing both intensity and direction components of motivation?

clarification of role perception

Generally speaking, motivation arises inside people as a consequence of:

cognitive dissonance and unmet needs

Goal theory states people will perform better if they have all of the following EXCEPT:

conflicting goals

The two major sets of motivation models or theories of motivation are called:

content and process theories

The intention to exert effort in order to achieve a goal or target refers to what component of motivation?

direction

Which method for setting goals will usually NOT result in the highest performance?

do your best

Content theories tend to:

emphasize the direction component of motivation

Maslow's theory of needs:

emphasized prepotency

The term operant conditioning is used to indicate that the learning process is based on the results produced by a person operating on the:

environment

The human motivation model that states people are affected by the outcomes they receive for their inputs based on a comparison of the outcomes and inputs of other people is called:

equity theory

Which of the following is considered the most integrative theory of motivation?

expectancy

The theory of motivation with the highest generalizability is probably

expectancy theory

In Self Determination Theory (SDT), performing an activity in order to attain a valued outcome refers to:

extrinsic motivation

SDT researchers have found that as the level of

extrinsic rewards increase, intrinsic motivation decreases

The attractiveness of an alternative target or direction in expectancy theory is based on:

hedonism

The major implication for managers using Maslow's need theory of motivation is:

help employees satisfy lower order needs

The degree to which people put forth effort to achieve their target refers to what component of motivation?

intensity

We really could not talk about motivation without the:

interaction of individuals and their situations to satisfy unmet needs and resolve dissonance

According to SDT, performing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself refers to:

intrinsic motivation

Hygiene factors are most directly related to:

job context

Herzberg's approach to motivation probably has stimulated the development of:

job enrichment programs

A need that cannot be inferred from a person's behavior at a given time, yet the person may still possess that need is called a:

latent need

The need for achievement is:

learned

According to McClelland, jobs that are best performed alone are more appropriate for:

low nAff

Probably the single biggest reason why employees may have weak E1's is:

low self-efficacy

All of the following are determinants of individual performance in organizations EXCEPT

market competition

A force within or outside of the body that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior is known as

motivation

The two sets of needs identified by Herzberg as important to motivation include:

motivators and hygienes

McClelland's research focused on several needs in depth and has been incorporated into present day thinking about organizational behavior. Which of the following is a need that McClelland DID NOT research?

need for growth

McClelland has argued that the most important motivator for successful managers is:

need for social power

When a behavior causes something undesirable to be taken away and the behavior is therefore more likely to be repeated in the future, the type of consequence used is called:

negative reinforcement

All of the following are ways to make a response more likely to recur EXCEPT:

nonreinforcement

Which of the following outcomes would reduce the likelihood of a desirable work behavior?

nonreinforcement

Which of the following are the two ways to make the response less likely to recur:

nonreinforcement and punishment

Motivators relate to:

ob content

All of the following are content theories EXCEPT:

operant conditioning

Under SDT theory, when extrinsic rewards are present:

people do not feel what they do is self determined

The value a worker attaches to an outcome is typically based on:

perception

All of the following are key components of expectancy theory EXCEPT:

performance-effort expectancy

Behaviors that are learned under continuous reinforcement are:

quickly extinguished

According to Maslow, which of the following is the lowest order need?

safety and security

Which of the following components of Alderfer's ERG theory is in agreement with Maslow?

satisfaction progression

According to Herzberg's theory, an employee who stated, "I love my job, but I hate my pay", would be:

satisfied and dissatisfied

All of the following are cautions regarding goal setting EXCEPT:

setting goals for individuals should be emphasized in a teamwork environment

According to the ERG theory, all of the following would be opportunities for growth EXCEPT:

social recognition

An overriding principle of Maslow's theory of needs is:

that a person's direction and intensity will be focused on satisfying the lowest level need that is not currently satisfied

The fundamental premise of Equity theory is:

that people continuously monitor the degree to which their work environment is fair

The major implication for managers from Manifest Need Theory is:

that some employee needs are latent.

A state of equity is present when:

the O/I ratio equals the referent others O/I ratio

A major influence on whether a response will be repeated the next time the stimulus is presented is:

the experienced consequence

Operant conditioning focuses on:

the learning of voluntary behaviors

Managerial implications for the SDT theory include:

to motivate high performance for uninteresting jobs make performance contingent on extrinsic rewards.

Achievement needs become manifest when individuals experience all of the following types of situations EXCEPT:

where there are high group goals

Expectancy theory states that people:

will choose the effort level that results in the maximum amount of positively valued outcomes

The amount of effort that a person exerts to achieve a level of job performance is:

work motivation