Organizational Behavior (Motivation & Trust)
Competence
A person's belief in his/her capability to perform tasks successfully.
Self-Determination
A sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks.
Psychological Empowerment
An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose.
Valence
Anticipated value of outcomes
Three types of trust
Disposition-based trust Cognition-based trust Affect-based trust
Four dimensions of Justices
Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interpersonal Justice Informational Justice
Psychological empowerment is similar to what previous theory/model?
Job characteristics theory
How do we evaluate trustworthiness?
Justice & Ethics
Motivation has a _______ effect on organizational commitment.
Moderate positive
Informational Justice Two Rules
Justification Truthfulness
Four Component Model of Ethical Decision Making
Moral Awareness Moral Judgement Moral Intent Ethical Behavior
How do you gain self-efficacy?
Past accomplishments Vicarious experiences Verbal persuasion Emotional cues
Moral Intent
The degree of commitment to the moral course of action.
Ethics
The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.
Moral Judgement
The process people use to determine whether a course of action is ethical or unethical.
Impact
The sense that a person's actions "make a difference" that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose.
Meaningfulness
The value of work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.
Factors that Influence Trust
Trust Propensity Trustworthiness (ability, benevolence, integrity) Feelings toward trustee
Procedural Justice Six Rules
Voice Correctability Consistency Bias Suppression Representativeness Accuracy
Why is trust important?
- encourages risk taking - information sharing - group effectiveness - productivity - organizationally (hiring & retention)
Methods to restore balance:
1. Alter the ratio: Change you inputs or outcomes 2. Cognitive distortion: Change perception of self or others 3. Change your comparison
Key Aspect of Expectancy Theory?
Multiplicative Effects
Trust has a __________ effect on organizational commitment.
strong positive
Instrumentality Performance ---> Outcomes can be hindered by:
Poor method for measuring performance Inadequate budget to provide outcomes, even when performance is high Use of policies that reward things besides performance. Time delays in doling out rewards.
Representativeness
takes into account the concerns of relevant groups
Low interpersonal Justice during a wage cut resulted in _____________.
increased theft
Trust
the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee's actions and intentions.
Propriety
whether others refrain from making improper or offensive remarks
Respect
whether you are treated in a dignified and sincere manner
Motivation is based on a ________ assessment
relative
Accuracy
relies on accurate information as inputs
Goal setting is more effective when:
1. There is feedback 2. Tasks are simpler 3. Goal commitment is high
How many employees have observed unethical or illegal activity in their organizations within the past year?
76%
Trust Propensity
A general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon.
Motivation
A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.
Cognition-Based Trust
Ability Benevolence Integrity
Few Relationships
Affect-based trust
Goes beyond any rational/cognitive assessment
Affective based trust
What emotion do you feel when your outcomes/inputs are less than other's outcomes/inputs?
Anger
What is self-efficacy
Belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success.
Most Relationships
Cognition-Based Trust
Internal Comparison Others
Coworkers, supervisors, subordinates, CEO
What are the three elements of motivation?
Direction, Intensity, and Persistence.
New Relationships
Disposition-Based Trust
Expectancy Theory Equation
Draw it
Self-efficacy increases the relationship between ________ and ____________.
Effort and Performance
Affect-Based Trust
Emotional fondess - relationship characterized by mutual investment of time and energy, and a sense of deep attachment.
When is the distribution of outcomes or rewards perceived as fair? (Three decision rules)
Equity Equality Need
What are the different theories of motivation?
Expectancy Theory Goal Setting Theory Equity Theory Psychological Empowerment
Informational Justice
Fairness of communications by authorities
Distributive Justice
Fairness of decision outcomes
Procedural Justice
Fairness of decision procedures
Interpersonal Justice
Fairness of treatment by authorities
External Comparison Others
Friends, Neighbors
What emotion do you feel when your outcomes/inputs are greater than other's outcomes/inputs?
Guilt
What is the best level of goal difficulty?
High level of difficulty.
What is engagement?
High levels of intensity and persistence.
Intensity
How hard do you do it?
Persistence
How long do you do it?
Equity Distress
Internal tension that can be alleviated by restoring balance to the ratios.
Two types of valence
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Effort --> Performance can be hindered by:
Low self efficacy Lack of necessary resources Lack of supportive leadership
What are the four components of psychological empowerment?
Meaningfulness Self-Determination Competence Impact
Why does pay have such a high valence?
Money equals - achievement - respect - freedom
Moral Intent is influenced by
Moral identity
Expectancy Theory Equation
Motivation = Expectancy x (Instrumentality x Valence)
Expectancy Theory
Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things: 1. Effort results in performance (expectancy) 2. Performance results in outcomes (instrumentality) 3. The outcomes are valued (valence)
Equity Theory
Motivation is maximized when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches those of some "comparison other"
Multiplicative Effects
Motivation is zero if ether expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero.
Interpersonal Justice Two Rules
Respect Propriety
All four justice dimensions have __________ correlations with trust levels.
Strong
Motivation has a _______ effect on Job Performance
Strong positive
Disposition-Based Trust
Trust propensity Blind Trust Faith in human nature
Direction
What do you do?
Moral Awareness
ability to recognize that a moral issue exists
Consistency
applied consistently across employees and across time
Moral Judgment is influenced by
cognitive moral development
Truthfulness
communications honest and candid.
Justification
decision-making procedures and outcomes explained in a comprehensive and reasonable manner.
Procedural Justice is particularly important when _____________ is lacking.
distributive justice
Trust has a ___________ effect on job performance.
moderate positive
Moral Awareness is influenced by
moral intensity and moral attentiveness
Correctability
opportunity to appeal
Voice
opportunity to express views and opinions
Justice
perceived fairness of an authority's decision making