Organizational Leadership

What is the AOR model and the Spiral of Experience?

(AOR) Action-observation-reflection model: Leadership development is enhanced when people do something (act), note what happened (observe), and think about what occurred (reflect).

Can you distinguish what should be done at each time period during the first 90 days?

(first day? - Meet your boss and your entire team.

aggression

, is an effort to attain objectives by attacking or hurting others.

) What are five ways to enhance the learning value of your experience?

1) creating opportunities to get feedback; (2) taking a 10 percent stretch; (3) learning from others; (4) keeping a journal of daily leadership events; and (5) having a developmental plan

What are nine different types of influence tactics?

1.Rational persuasion occurs when an agent uses logical arguments or factual evidence to influence others 2. Agents make inspirational appeals when they make a request or proposal designed to arouse enthusiasm or emotions in targets. An example here might be a minister's impassioned plea to members of a congregation about the good works that could be accomplished if a proposed addition to the church were built. 3. Consultation occurs when agents ask targets to participate inPage 130 planning an activity. ( ask members for input on addition to church) 4. Ingratiation occurs when an agent attempts to get you in a good mood before making a request. 5. Agents use personal appeals when they ask another to do a favor out of friendship. 6. Coalition tactics differ from consultation in that they are used when agents seek the aid or support of others to influence the target.. ( family confront alcoholic) 7. Threats or persistent reminders used to influence targets are known as pressure tactics. 8. A sentence that opens with, "Bill, we've known each other a long time and I've never asked anything of you before" represents the beginning of a personal appeal, whereas influencing a target through the exchange of favors is labeled exchange. 9. legitimizing tactics occur when agents make requests based on their position or authority.

What is GAPS analysis?

A GAPS analysis helps leadership practitioners to gather and categorize all pertinent development planning information.

What is the difference between traits and types?

A trait is a person's characteristic day-to-day behavioral patterns. A type is a fundamentally and qualitatively different categories of people.

(a) What is the Leadership Grid?

A two-dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles.

What is Action Learning and how is it conducted?

Action learning involves the use of actual work issues and challenges as a developmental activity.

) Implications of preferences and types. Limitation of the MBTI.

Although the MBTI is an extremely popular and potentially useful instrument, it has both limitations and possible misuses. First, the theory upon which is was built, Jungian psychological types, has never been proven. Second, the four preference dimensions omit critical aspects of personality, such as neuroticism. Third, more people are likely to be ambiverts (exhibiting characteristics of two dimensions) than they are to exhibit characteristics solely associated with one dimension. Fourth, types are not stable over time. Perhaps the most serious problems with the MBTI have to do with the Forer effect, its overall value in predicting important non-test outcomes, and the overinterpretation of results.

(a) What is the 360-degree feedback (multirater feedback)?

An assessment technique that uses the results of surveys sent to self, peers, bosses, and followers to provide leadership behavior feedback to participants

How is it different from Acquiescence or Aggression?

Assertiveness is the behavioral opposite of both acquiescence and aggression. The measurable differences between these three styles are like the differences between fleeing (acquiescence), fighting (aggression), and problem solving (assertiveness). Acquiescence is avoiding interpersonal conflict entirely either by giving up and giving in or by expressing our needs in an apologetic, self-effacing way. People who are acquiescent, or nonassertive, back down easily when challenged. By not speaking up for themselves, they relinquish power to others and, in the process, get trampled on.

Differences between authentic leadership vs. servant leadership and their characteristics.

Authentic leadership is grounded in the principle found in the familiar adage "to thine own self be true." Authentic leaders exhibit a consistency between their values, their beliefs, and their actions. Servant leadership involves the leader taking a supportive role by providing for followers' needs so they can accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization

Perception and Reflection

(blame the situation) for one's own failures;. yet make internal attributions (take credit) for one's successes.

Three basic types of intelligence in the Triarchic Theory of intelligence

Analytic intelligence- is a person's general problem solving ability and can be assessed using standard measures of intelligence. Practical intelligence- is a person's domain specific knowledge or "street smarts;" leaders with relevant street smarts are very good at adapting to, shaping, or selecting new situations in order to get their team's needs met. Creative intelligence- is the ability to create novel and useful solutions to problems.

Three principles for resolving ethical dilemmas and four biases that affect moral decision making.

Researchers offer three principles for resolving ethical dilemmas: • ends-based thinking, • rule-based thinking, and • care-based thinking.

How stress works on intelligence?

Because experienced leaders have a greater range of behaviors to fall back on, leaders with greater experience but lower intelligence are assumed to have higher-performing groups under conditions of high stress. Secondly, because experience leads to habitual behavior patterns, leaders with high levels of experience tend to misapply old solutions to problems when creative solutions are called for.

How can you use cause-and-effect diagram?

Cause-and-effect diagrams use a graphic approach to depict systematically the root causes of a problem, the relationships between different causes, and potentially a prioritization of which causes are most important.

What is influence?

Change in a target's attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors due to influence tactics

Understand cognitive resources theory.

Cognitive Resources Theory (CRT): A theory that maintains leaders with practical intelligence perform better under stress; And those with analytic intelligence perform better when not stressed.

What are the five critical questions for effective development planning?

Do leaders know which of their behaviors need to change? • Is the leader motivated to change these behaviors? • Do leaders have plans in place for changing targeted behaviors? • Do leaders have opportunities to practice new skills? • Are leaders held accountable for changing targeted behaviors

(a) What are the leadership behavior dimensions used in early studies?

Early studies grouped leader behaviors into task-oriented and people-oriented behavioral dimensions through a collection of questionnaires

How are types of stressors different?

Eustress - is a positive type of stress Distress - negative type of stress

(a) How they are expertise and trust different?

Expertise consists of technical competence as well as organizational and industry knowledge, so building expertise means increasing your knowledge and skills in these three areas. Trust means clarifying and communicating your values and building relationships with others.

How do you build effective relationships with superiors?

Followers interested in developing effective relationships with superiors (need to be honest and dependable). Superiors value workers who have reliable work habits, accomplish assigned tasks at the right time in the right order, and do what they promise.

How does Force field analysis work?

Force field analysis also uses a graphic approach; it depicts the opposing forces that tend to prolong a present state of affairs. When a change is desirable, force field analysis can be used to identify the best way to upset the balance between positive and negative forces so that a different balance can be reached.

What are the differences between formal vs informal coaching?

Formal coaching is a program designed for the specific needs and goals of individual executives and managers in leadership positions. Informal coaching takes place whenever a leader helps followers to change their behaviors.

What are the three competencies to drive community leadership?

Framing - One of three community leadership dimensions that consists of those behaviors dealing with defining issues in a way that makes it easy for others to take action. building social capital - : One of three community leadership dimensions that consists of behaviors concerned with building and maintaining social networks. Mobilization - One of three community leadership dimensions that consists of behaviors concerned with organizing, coordinating, and motivating followers.

What is French and Raven's Power Taxonomy? -

French and Raven's (1959) taxonomy of social power asserts one's powers is derived from one of the five bases of power

How does formal vs. informal mentoring work?

Informal mentoring occurs when a protégé and mentor build a long-term relationship based on friendship, similar interests, and mutual respect. In a formal mentoring program, the organization assigns a relatively inexperienced but high-potential leader to a top executive in the company

Understand each communication process. How each step works to convey the message?

Intention - What do you want to accomplish? Expression - Consistent verbally and nonverbally Reception - Was the message seen or heard? Interpretation - Was it understood? Feedback - Did you communicate what you intended? New Intention -

(a) What is the definition of leadership?

It is "the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goal."

Perception and Action

It is possible for a leader's (or anyone's) perception to take on a causal role in how others act—as a leader, if we expect a certain group to perform well, it is possible that exact behavior will be produced (i.e., the self-fulfilling prophecy). Thus, merely having expectations (positive or negative) about others can influence our actions, and these actions can, in turn, affect the way others behave.

What is leader's different need (motives) on power?

Leader motives can be evaluated based on: an individual's "need for power" (either personalized or socialized) or "motivation to manage." Both of these concepts address an individual's underlying motives and drive to exert power over other people.

How do you create and sustain an ethical climate?

Leaders are responsible for establishing an ethical climate in their organization. This is accomplished through several leadership "fronts" including: • formal ethics policies and procedures; • core ideology; integrity; • structural reinforcement; and • a process focus.

(a) What is the Leadership Pipeline? What is the benefit to use the Leadership Pipeline?

Leadership Pipeline: A model used to illustrate the types of things managers should focus on and the lessons they should acquire as they progress from lower-level management positions through to the position of CEO of the company.

Leader Development in Organizational Settings

Leadership training programs are more narrowly focused than university courses and are much shorter. Oftentimes, these training programs target a specific audience and the set of skills that audience needs to better accomplish their job tasks and responsibilities (e.g., mid-level managers).

The role of listening in communication. How can you improve listening skills?

Listening to others is just as important as expressing oneself clearly to them. The best listeners are active listeners, not passive listeners. In passive listening, someone may be speaking but the receiver is not focused on understanding the speaker.

Moral reasoning process to make ethical decision

Moral reasoning refers to the process of a leaders ability to make decisions concerning ethical and unethical behavior.

How do you build effective relationships with peers?

One of the best ways to establish effective working relationships with peers is to acknowledge shared interests, values, goals, and expectations.

What are common ethical dilemmas?

One of the most common ethical dilemmas involves choosing between two "rights."

Perception and Observation

People selectively attend to events in the environment. One thing that demonstrates this selectivity is called perceptual set. Perceptual sets can influence any of our senses, and they are the tendency or bias to perceive one thing and not another. Many factors can trigger a perceptual set, such as feelings, needs, prior experience, and expectations

Understand how each personality dimension affect job behavior outcomes & implications of the Big Five model.

Personality traits are a key component of behavior and are relatively difficult to change so it is important for leaders to have insight into their personalities. One advantage of the OCEAN model is that it is a useful method for profiling leaders and it appears universally applicable across cultures.

Spiral of experience

Pictorial representation of how experience interacts with the AOR model

what is the difference between influence and influence tactics?

Power is the capacity or potential to influence others, Influence tactics are the actual behaviors used by an agent to change the attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of a target person.

What is the difference between power and influence?

Power: The capacity to produce effects on others or the potential to influence others (and it is a function of leader, follower, and situation).

What is each step of GAPS analysis?

Step 1: Goals. - Where do you want to go? Step 2: Abilities - What can you do now? Step 3: Perceptions - How do others see you? Step 4: Standards - What does your boss or the organization expect?

What are the sources and consequences of stress?

Stress can either enable or inhibit performance, depending on the situation. Too much stress can take a toll on individuals and organizations that includes • decreased health and emotional well-being, • reduced job performance, and • decreased organizational effectiveness.

When does stress occur?

Stress often occurs in situations that are complex, demanding, or unclear

Why do we study leadership?

Studying leadership provides insight on how to successfully build a team and get results through others.

How values are different by each generation?

The Veterans (1922-1943): Veterans came of age during the Great Depression and World War II, and they represent a wealth of lore and wisdom. They've been a stabilizing force in organizations for decades, even if they are prone to digressions about "the good old days." The Baby Boomers (1942-1960): These were the postwar babies who came of age during violent social protests, experimentation with new lifestyles, and pervasive questioning of establishment values. But they're graying now, and they don't like to think of themselves as "the problem" in the workplace even though they sometimes are. Boomers still have passion about bringing participation, spirit, heart, and humanity to the workplace and office. They're also concerned about creating a level playing field for all, but they hold far too many meetings for the typical Gen Xer. As the Boomers enter their retirement years, they take with them a work ethic characterized by ambition, an achievement orientation, and organizational loyalty. The Gen Xers (1961-1981): Gen Xers grew up during the era of the Watergate scandal, the energy crisis, higher divorce rates, MTV, and corporate downsizing; many were latchkey kids. As a group they tend to be technologically savvy, independent, and skeptical of institutions and hierarchy. They are entrepreneurial and they embrace change. Having seen so many of their parents work long and loyally for one company only to lose their jobs to downsizing, Xers don't believe much in job security; to an Xer, job security comes from having the kinds of skills that make you attractive to an organization. Hence they tend to be more committed to their vocation than to any specific organization. In fact, the free-agency concept born in professional sports also applies to Xers, who are disposed to stay with an organization until a better offer comes along. Among the challenges they present at work is how to meet their need for feedback despite their dislike of close supervision. Xers also seek balance in their lives more than preceding generations; they work to live rather than live to work. Millennials (1982-2005): This is your generation, so any generalizations we make here are particularly risky! In general, however, Millennials share an optimism born, perhaps, from having been raised by parents devoted to the task of bringing their generation to adulthood; they are the children of soccer moms and Little League dads. They doubt the wisdom of traditional racial and sexualPage 148 categorizing—perhaps not unexpected from a generation rich with opportunities like having Internet pen pals in Asia with whom they can interact any time of the day or night. As they move into the workplace, Millennials are seeking teamwork, security, and work-life balance.18 As "digital natives," Millennials bring to the workplace sharing habits born of extensive experience with social media; their comfort level with transparency of action may well have a profound long-term effect on the workplace.19 Of more concern, many college professors perceive Millennials to lack drive and a sense of accountability yet still expect positive evaluations despite marginal effort.20

The differences between ability model and mixed models of emotional intelligence.

The ability model focuses on how emotions affect the way leaders think, decide, plan, and act. The mixed model provides a broader and more comprehensive definition than the ability model because it includes more leadership qualities.

What is Assertiveness?

The ability to directly express one's feelings or needs in a way that respects the rights of other people yet retains one's dignity

What is happening during the first 90 days as a leader?

The first three months give leaders unique opportunities to: • make smooth transitions, • paint compelling pictures of the future, and • drive organizational change

(b) What are the differences between leader and manager?

The main difference between the two is that leaders have people that follow them, while managers have people who simply work for them. ...

What are the methods to interpret unethical behavior in a self-protective way?

There are a number of mechanisms by which a person can disassociate their moral thinking from their actions. These include: • moral justification, • advantageous comparison, • displacement of responsibility, • diffusion of responsibility, • disregard or distortion of consequences, • dehumanization, and • attribution of blame.

(a) What is the benefit of using the multirater feedback tools?

This information is vital if people want to succeed as leaders. 360-degree feedback makes the process of getting feedback from others more systematic and actionable, and as such it is an important tool in the development of leaders.

What are the differences in leader development for college vs. Organization?

University courses in leadership generally provide a broad survey of leadership research and findings. In these settings, knowledge is often transferred via the lecture method. Additionally, these courses make use of individualized feedback, role playing, and case studies to enhance learning and development

(a) What are two components to build credibility?

expertise and trust

(a) How can you interpret each type of leadership on the Leadership Grid?

impoverished authority-compliance, middle-of-the-road, country club, or team management.

(a) What are the four major categories of competency models?

intrapersonal skills - One of four major categories found in most 360-feedback questionnaires that focus on adapting to stress, personal drive, and adhering to rules. interpersonal skills - : One of four major categories found in most 360-feedback questionnaires that focus on communicating and building relationships with others. leadership skills - One of four major categories found in most 360-feedback questionnaires that focus on building teams and getting results through others. business skills - One of four major categories found in most 360-feedback questionnaires that focus on formulating strategies, solving problems, and building plans

What are barriers to effective communication?

language barriers, also becoming defensive and not listening to the question in its entireity

What are the five sources/bases of power?

§ Expert power - Power of knowledge § Referent power - Refers to the potential influence one has due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the follower. § Legitimate power - depends on a person's organizational role § Reward power - involves the potential to influence others due to one's control over desired resources. § Coercive power - the opposite of reward power, is the potential to influence others through the administration of negative sanctions or the removal of positive events. It is the ability to control others through the fear of punishment

What are the key differences from coaching?

· One key difference is that mentoring may not target specific development needs. · Guidance is not coming from an immediate supervisor but from someone much higher in the organization. · A final difference is that the mentor may not even be part of the organization.

What is the interactional framework of leadership?

· The leader (L), · The followers (F), and · The situation (S)— This provides the best opportunity to truly understand and analyze situations. Although using each one of the lenses separately is a useful way to begin, even better insight can be gained by adding the interactions between the components of the model.

What are the five steps of informal coaching?

· forging a partnership, · inspiring commitment, · growing skills, · promoting persistence, and · shaping the environment.

Understand the process of problem solving.

• Identifying Problems or Opportunities for Improvement • • Analyzing the Causes • Developing Alternative Solutions • Selecting and Implementing the Best Solution • Assessing the Impact of the Solution

what done by the boss in the first 2 weeks? -

• Meet team members • Meet peers • Meet stars • Other meetings

whats sone by a new boss in the first Two months?

• Obtain external perspectives • Strategy, structure, and staffing • Socialize decisions • Get feedback

What are 7 tips for running effective meetings?

• determine whether a meeting is really necessary • list your objectives for the meeting • stick to the agenda • provide pertinent reports or support materials well in advance • make it convenient • encourage participation • Keep a record

(a) What can you do to improve communication skills?

• determining the purpose of the communication before speaking, • choosing an appropriate context and medium for the message, • sending clear signals, and • actively ensuring that others understand the message.

What are the MBTI ( Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) four basic preference dimensions?

• extraversion- introversion, • sensing-intuition, • thinking-feeling, and • judging-perceiving

Research has also identified four particular biases that can have a pervasive and corrosive effect on our moral decision making:

• implicit prejudice, • in-group favoritism, • overclaiming credit, and • conflicts of interest

What are different ways to manage stress?

• monitoring your own and your followers' stress levels. • identifying the cause of the stress. • Practice a healthy lifestyle • learning how to relax • Develop supportive relationships

What is the Big Five (Five Factor or OCEAN) personality model?

• openness to experience - An OCEAN category concerned with problem solving and staying informed. • Conscientiousness - An OCEAN category that concerns how one approaches work. • Extraversion - An OCEAN category that concerns the need for influencing or controlling others. • Agreeableness - An OCEAN category that concerns the need for approval. • Neuroticism - An OCEAN category that concerns how one reacts under stress.

What are things you can do to behave more assertively?

• using "I" statements, • speaking up for what we need, • learning to say no, • monitoring our inner dialogue, and • being persistent.