OT513 Final

One way in which humor is thought to effect changes in the body is by: Changing testosterone levels Increasing the level of stress in the body Lowering the level of stress hormones in the body Decreasing white blood cells in the body

Lowering the level of stress hormones in the body

cytokines are responsible for

cell-cell communication

3 substances of acute stress response designed to moderate the body

epi norepi cortisol

acute stress produces

epinephrine/adrenaline

Which of the following are principles guiding Vispassana or insight meditation? Impermanence and fulfillment Emptiness and satisfactoriness Fulfillment and focused breathing impermanence and emptiness

impermanence and emptiness

The _________ nerve is stimulated by chanting meditations resulting in stimulation of ____________

Vagus/parasympathetic system

neuropeptide necessary for brain plasticity/growth

neurotrophic growth factor

This phagocyte is the most common and considered the "first responder" of the innate system NK cells The Neutrophil Macrophages B-cells

neutrophil

which immune system cells produce antibodies?

b cells

Specific immunity refers to a learned form of immunity that uses antibody markers to target invaders an innate ability to attack invader organisms a more primitive immune system immune system component that does not use antiboy markers

a learned form of immunity that uses antibody markers to target invaders

which type of immunity produces antibodies

specific

These two substances work synergistically to regulate eating behavior. Relatively speaking, Ghrelin ____________ and Leptin______________. Regulates where fat is deposited; releases fat for stored energy Tells us when we have eaten enough; increases appetite Increases appetite; tells us when we have eaten enough Tells us when we are nutrient depleted; increases cortisol production

Increases appetite; tells us when we have eaten enough

The function of T-helpers (CD 8) is to: Assist with antibody production Assist the T-cell in destroying invaders Prevent the T-cell from attacking healthy self cells Help the Neutrophill create an oxidative burst

Prevent the T-cell from attacking healthy self cells

sleep state where metabolic rate is increased, and dreaming occurs

REM

The use of sarcasm would be a mismanaged anger trait exhibited by: Underhanders. Exploders. Self-punishers. Somatizers.

Underhanders.

PKC in the short-lived adaptive stress response produces this kind of behavior: Distracted/distorted thinking Vigilant, focused behavior Relaxed, and socially-oriented behavior Frenzied, disorganized behavior

Vigilant, focused behavior

Sleep and stress are entwined together in a "viscious cycle" per Sapolsky. Why? Because stress causes more sleep and when you sleep too much you do not replenish neurotransmitters in the brain. Because stress causes you to sleep more, which then casues more stress on the body. Because lack of sleep causes stress and stress itself leads to poor sleep. Because lack of sleep is stressful.

Because lack of sleep causes stress and stress itself leads to poor sleep.

3 functions of the lymph system

absorption of excess fluid return fluid to circulatory system absorption of fat (cholesterol)

Antioxidants help destroy free radicals that cause stress to the body by doing which of the following? Destroying cell membranes. Destroying mitochondria. Destroying DNA. A & B All of the above

all

Free radicals cause stress to the body in which of the following ways? Destroying cell membranes Destroying mitochondria Destroying DNA A and B All of the above

all

Of the following components, which is the most crucial to reap benefits from aerobic exercise? Intensity Mode of exercise Frequency Duration All of the above

all

These are known to increase oxidative processes in the body: smoking poorly balanced diet excessive alcohol consumption high stress perception All of these

all

PKC, an enzyme produced in the brain during chronic, uncontrollable stress conditions, is linked to this(these) behaviors: All of these memory problems distorted thinking impulsivity distractability

all of these

term for bad/chronic stress

allostatic load

This is thought to be the distinguishing characteristic of the survivor personality: Resiliency traits Faith Biphasic traits Hope

biphasic traits

where are leukocytes made

bone marrow

In the video, Stress: Portrait of a Killer, what males died after they were exposed to tuberculosis? the females the socially connected aggressive males the subordinate males who were picked on by others the aggressive males who were not socially connected to others

the aggressive males who were not socially connected to others

what is the key element of happiness

core value

This hormone is thought to be associated with weight gain. Cortisol Aldosterone Vasopressin Epinephrine

cortisol

long last stress produces ____

cortisol

2 substances that cross the placenta and shape synapses within the HPA

cortisol, CRH

what activates nk cells?

cytokine secretion

Interleukin-6 is a messenger ______________ secreted by cytokine; T-cells and macrophages T-cell; hypothalamus B cell; one marrow T-helper cell; pituitary

cytokine; t cells and macrophages

In "Unnatural Causes" a term was used to describe when death rates exceed the expected percentage of death in a specific area, based on prior statistics. The term is: unanticipated death excess death exceptional death bad karma

excess death

naturally good stressor linked with endorphin release

exercise

In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", stress, along with what causes ulcers? lack of exercise stomach bacteria (H Pylori) prolonged illnesses alcohol consumption

h pylori

who defined stress and coined the term general alarm syndrome

hans selye

______ is paying attention, being focused on what you are doing, and being mindful

happiness

commitment, control, challenge characteristics of what personality type?

hardy

Reframing in the form of positive affirmations help to balance negative self-talk. are an example of self talk. are an example of Pollyanna thinking. help to balance rational and irrational thoughts.

help to balance negative self-talk.

what is the type d personality behavior that is associated with health problems

hostile aggressive behavior

What may be a better indicator of a stress-prone personality than the "type A" sort of person? depression humor hostility fear

hostility

structure of the brain that gives pain emotion

insula

substance we make when we exercise but mostly make it during homeostasis

insulin

this causes cortisol to not decline as it should at the right time of day

lack of sleep

What part of the brain lights up during optimism/happiness

left PFC

this rises during stress and drives appetite. too high/too long can cause abdominal fat

neuropeptide Y

What are the major immune system cells that help eliminate cancer cells in the body? NK-cells B-cells C-cells Beta-cells

nk cells

fat that can cause complications

visceral/ab

Current research suggests that this vitamin might be the most vulnerable to depletion through the stress response. Vitamin A Vitamin B complex Vitamin C Vitamin E

vitamin b

listening to shame ted talk: _______ is not a weakness

vulnerability

research controversial but if it makes you feel confident, you should do it

power pose

most powerful way to change your brain structure

practice desired behaviors, and healthy stress

Endorphins are released by the brain and body to: Increase blood sugar (glucose) improve memory for stressful events reduce pain perception (analgesia effect) decrease stress hormones in the blood improve one's ability to see farther

reduce pain perception (analgesia effect)

In the Worried Sick video, what was related to faster wound healing in medical students? good nutrition lack of fighting amongst peers relaxation training intervention exercise

relaxation training

In the Whitehall study in the UK, lower ranking officials tended to have longer lifespans and less control over their lives shorter life spans, more illnesses longer lifespans, fewer illnesses shorter lifespans and greater control over their lives

shorter life spans, more illnesses

Memory consolidation, replenishment of glucose and neurotransmitters in the brain, problem solving, and mental exercise happens during______

sleep

time where cortisol naturally declines & neurotransmitters replenish

sleep

In the video, Stress: Portrait of a Killer, what appeared to be an effective intervention for shortening of one's telomeres? massage vitamin D and B social connectedness through support groups long walks and exercise

social connectedness through support groups

Sapolsky and McEwen are known for saying this, because of cortisol effects on the hippocampus: stress makes you cranky stress makes you impotent stress makes you stupid stress makes you sick

stress makes you stupid

2 substances that work together to regulate hunger

ghrelin & leptin

NT responsible for pleasure

DA

how many weeks of exercise is needed to benefit in terms of reducing stress?

6-8

According to the text (Seaward), what estimated percent of physician visits can be attributed to stress-related health problems? 50% 15% 80% 60%

80

Researchers have identified that neuroplastic changes can occur within the human brain after practicing meditation for as little as: 2 weeks 2 months 6 months 4 weeks

2 months

In order to achieve stress reduction benefits from exercise, how often should you per week?

3-5x

what NT is responsible for parasympathetic control

ACH

Exercise under 5 minutes in duration employs this energy source. Carbohydrates and anaerobic glycolysis Carbohydrates and fats ATP-PC and fats ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis

ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis

The four stages of cognitive restructuring are: Awareness, evaluation, reappraisal and adoption Awareness, acceptance, adoption and reappraisal Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and evaluation Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and acceptance

Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and evaluation

This chemical agent is thought to be associated with "runner's high." Valium Dopamine Methylated xanthines Serotonin Beta-endorphin

Beta-endorphin

Exercise over 20 minutes in duration employs this energy source. Carbohydrates and anaerobic glycolysis ATP-PC and fats Carbohydrates and fats ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis

Carbohydrates and fats

In the monkey study, in which they are placed in cages --atypical environments--, who is most stressed? non-dominant animals because they are always trying to improve their situation non-dominant animals because they are worried if they will get beaten or pushed around Dominant animals, probably because they are always vigilant about keeping their status in the group secure Dominant animals, probably because they feel responsible for the others in the group

Dominant animals, probably because they are always vigilant about keeping their status in the group secure

The helpless hopeless personality is most closely associated with this factor: Internal locus of control. External referencing. Internal referencing. External locus of control.

External locus of control.

These areas are critical for short term memory transference to long term memory: The Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal Cortex: The AAC/PFC Formation Prefrontal cortex & temporal lobe: The PFC Formation Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation The Amygdala and Hippocampus: The A/H Formation

Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation

One way humor may affect a person's stress levels is that it: Improves the ability to exercise Decreases thyroxine levels Increases the likelihood of people being around the person, which enhances the immune system Decreases a grumpy mood state

Increases the likelihood of people being around the person, which enhances the immune

area in the pons that is critical for initiation of stress response

LC

This statement is not true regarding creative anger management. Know your anger style. Plan ahead for tense situations. Learn to disassociate from your anger. Forgiveness is an essential part of anger management.

Learn to disassociate from your anger.

Structures primarily involved in meditation include: Limbic system, penninsula, occipital and prefrontal cortices Limbic system and prefrontal cortex Limbic system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices Olfactory system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices

Limbic system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices

One of the theories for why humor is an effective stress reducer is that it also Makes you more social which then increases the amount of oxytocin in your body. Oxytocin increases the effects of cortisol. Makes you less social, which then reduces the amount of oxytocin in your body. This neurohormone increases the amount of cortisol. Makes you more social, which then also causes you to produce oxytocin, a neurohormone produced when connected to others. Oxytocin in known to buffer cortisol. Reduces the amount of acytlcholine produced in the body

Makes you more social, which then also causes you to produce oxytocin, a neurohormone produced when connected to others. Oxytocin in known to buffer cortisol.

what cells does guffaw laughter enhance

NK

NLP is best defined as: New Linguistic Programming Norepinephrine Low Programming Neurolinguistic Programming Neocortical Programming

Neurolinguistic Programming

Pain perception has two primary pathways: One that travels to the brain and one that travels to the vagus nerve One that travels to the brain and one that travels to the cerebellum One that ends in spinal cord and one that travels to the brain One that travels to the brain and one that travels to the adrenal gland

One that ends in spinal cord and one that travels to the brain

REM sleep differs from deep sleep (slow wave) is what respects? Slow wave sleep includes no body movement and increased brain metabolism while REM includes lowered brain metabolism and increased problem sloving/memory function. REM includes body movement and slight increases in cortisol while slow wave sleep includes lack of body movement and glucose/neurotransmitter replenishment. REM includes neurotransmitter replenishment and lack of body movement, while slow wave sleep includes arm and leg movements and increased brain metabolism. There are very few differences.

REM includes body movement and slight increases in cortisol while slow wave sleep includes lack of body movement and glucose/neurotransmitter replenishment.

The PKC Enzyme when released due to uncontrollable stress causes: Dementia You to get schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder Reduced long term memory by enhancing long term potentiation Reduced dendritie connections in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortext and reduced working memory

Reduced dendritie connections in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortext and reduced working memory

"Cutting" is an example of this mismanaged anger style: Exploders Self-punishers Underhanders Somatizers

Self-punishers

Self-esteem is thought to be comprised of these following components: Connectedness, uniqueness, mood swings Self-respect, self- acceptance, connectedness to others What you think of yourself and what you think others think of you. Self-love, physical beauty and personal wealth

Self-respect, self- acceptance, connectedness to others

In the caged Macaques (Worried Sick Video), who is most likely to get atherosclerosis? The submissive animals who get a low-fat diet The dominant animals who also get a high-fat diet The submissive animals who also get a high-fat diet The dominant animals who get a low-fat diet

The dominant animals who also get a high-fat diet

The relationship of cortisol to memory is: Too much impairs memory more than too little Too little impairs memory, too much causes improved memory The proper level of cortisol enhances memory and therefore the time of day that you are exposed matters The use of steroids have no effect on memory

The proper level of cortisol enhances memory and therefore the time of day that you are exposed matters

Tibetian monks are able to increase their body temperatures at will, as seen in the wet towel experiments. This suggests that: They have purposeful control over their cerebellum that increases blood flow and thus temperature They have purposeful control over their central nervous system that decreases blood flow and thus temperature They have purposeful control over their sympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature They have purposeful control over their parasympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature

They have purposeful control over their parasympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature

Working memory causes information To be permanetly stored in the hypothalamus To be temporarily stored and involves the exectutive control process to only involve verbal information and is stored in the auditory cortex To only involves spatial information and is stored in the occipital cortex

To be temporarily stored and involves the executive control process

The following can be accurately stated about the gender difference of anger. Studies show that men harbor feelings of guilt after anger explosions Women not only express anger differently, they have different stressors. Studies show no significant correlation between anger and breast cancer. Women tend to have less anger related symptoms than men.

Women not only express anger differently, they have different stressors.

indications of food and home insecurity when growing up as children

a surpressed adult immune system

Excess amounts of these foods are thought to augment the stress response. Processed flour Refined sugar Iron Caffeine A, B, and D C and D

a,b and d

What pain type is associated with tissue damage? fatigue acute, short-lived chronic, longer-lasting depressive

acute short lived

part of the immune system modifes its self in response to different pathogens

adaptive

A sense of humor is an effective stress buffer in part because it isolates you from the nasty comments of others gives you delusions about yourself makes you not care about other people's perceptions of you allows you to have some control over how you perceive your world

allows you to have some control over how you perceive your world

during deep meditation, the _______ is engaged, suggesting mindful vigilance

amygdala

In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", rank in government positions in the UK translated to health outcomes. Rank translated into what characteristics of people's jobs? higher rank = increased control and predictability lower rank = less control and predicability middle rank appeared to have the best control and predictability higher rank = less control and predictability both A and B

both a and b

This trait more than any other, distinguishes the sensation seeker personality: optimism. immortality. confidence. calculated risk taking.

calculated risk taking.

this triggers pain response receptors

cell damage

Oxidative stress, a natural process in the body, is aligned with two forces: antioxidant destruction and energy dispersion energy creation and energy destruction cell destruction and energy creation energy dispersion and oxidant nutrition

cell destruction and energy creation

These three characteristics are thought to be associated with what is now known as the hardy personality: challenge, commitment and control. control, challenge and creativity. commitment, challenge, and creativity. creativity, control, and commitment.

challenge, commitment and control.

stress at a low rank in the WILD causes what?

chronic stress and associated health conditions

study of childrens stress response directly connected to parental nurturing

clown study

conscious re-thinking of a stressor, perspective pivot

cognitive restructuring

excessive levels of PKC is associated with what behaviors

confused, distorted, distracted thinking

hypnosis occurs in this mind state

conscious state

In the video, Stress: Portrait of a killer, what did chronic stress appear to do to the dopamine-based pleasure centers in the brain in Macaque monkeys? nothing decrease the activity, making life less pleasurable increase the activity, making life more pleasurable decrease activity, making life more pleasurable

decrease the activity, making life less pleasurable

Sapolsky, in the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer",described an event that changed the outcome of a large troop of baboons that he has followed for 30 years. This troop lost its ___________ and became___________________. subordinate males; more aggressive towards each other dominant females; more caring towards each other dominant males; more caring towards each other subordinate females; more fertile

dominant males; more caring towards each other

An end result of meditation is a state of weightlessness focused presence effortless presence effortless being

effortless presence

According to Candace Pert's stress and disease model: emotions can either enhance or suppress the immune system through the synthesis and release of neuropeptides throughout the body. the brain alone regulates emotional feelings with chemical neurotransmitters. hypnosis, placebos, and spontaneous remission must be understood before the entire stress and disease relationship is complete. the body has an energy field with several layers of consciousness.

emotions can either enhance or suppress the immune system through the synthesis and release of neuropeptides throughout the body.

According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, lupus is regarded as an: exogenous under-reaction. endogenous over-reaction. exogenous over-reaction. endogenous under-reaction.

endogenous over-reaction.

what is associated with enhanced mood and lowered pain perception

endorphins

According to a medically-oriented stress and disease model, allergies are regarded as an: endogenous under-reaction. exogenous under-reaction. endogenous over-reaction. exogenous over-reaction.

exogenous over-reaction.

According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, the common cold is regarded as an: endogenous under-reaction. exogenous over-reaction. endogenous over-reaction. exogenous under-reaction.

exogenous under-reaction.

neuroplasticity in which you sprout a new neuron connection "aha"

experience dependent

neuroplasticity form that helps construct the brain

experience expectent

n the wild, low ranking Baboon males tend to have _____________ while high ranking males_____________________. increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; lower blood pressure and non-clogged arteries. increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; also increased blood pressure and clogged arteries. lower blood pressure; clogged arteries lower blood pressure and lower corticosteroids; higher blood pressure, increased corticosteroids

increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; lower blood pressure and non-clogged arteries.

what is guffaw laughter associated with?

increased numbers of NK cells in the immune system

A poorly regulated amygdala typically results in what behavior? depression and lethargy motor clumsiness irritability and hot angry temper peaceful happiness

irritability and hot angry temper

A MAJOR outcome of Sapolsky's baboon troop described in the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer",was that young adolescent males learned to become (through modeling from other males): more aggressive and protective of their females more assertive and dominant less aggressive and more nurturing towards troop members less aggressive and also less healthy

less aggressive and more nurturing towards troop members

stress in low rank animals in a CAGE causes what

less stress than dominate animals

the term for the emotional thought process area in the brain

limbic system

In the process of oxidative stress, a free radical is a cell that has lost a proton lost an electron misplaced its DNA strand lost a telomere

lost an electrON

carries WBC throughout the body

lymphatic system

The normal aging process can be accelerated by high stress perception. High levels of cortisol has been shown to increase _____________________ through accelerated _________________________. weight gain; prefrontal cortical shrinkage appetite; digestion memory loss & confusion; amydalae shrinkage memory loss & confusion; hippocampal shrinkage

memory loss & confusion; hippocampal shrinkage

The __________Insula is responsible for linking our perceptions and emotions with painful experiences

middle

what does hopelessness, helplessness, codependent, &type D personality types have in common?

most prone to stress

2 types of meditation

open monitoring focused attention

stress resistant personality traits

optimism and positive self esteem

what is the name of the love hormone?

oxytocin

good health effect following strenuous exercise is

parasympathetic rebound

In "Unnatural Causes", a predictor of adult susceptibility to illness was identified by whether people grew up in the east vs west USA people grew up in the south vs north USA people grew up in the city vs country people's parents owned their own homes while they were growing up

people's parents owned their own homes while they were growing up

According to Sapolsky, what conditions produce the most stressed apes? the environmental context and degree of social connectedness lower rank in the group higher rank in the group rank in the group, paired with context (environment) and degree of social connectedness

rank in the group, paired with context (environment) and degree of social connectedness

In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", baboons who live in the wild are studied to determine the cost of stress on their health. Who in the troop has the most stress? males dominant animals subordinate animals females

subordinate animals

job of the frontal/prefrontal corticies

supervision/decision making

When stressed, our memory retrieval is: Enhanced Not affected at all Supressed

supressed

generally activates target organs

sympathetic NS

this substance is reduced when stress accelerates the aging process

telomerase

Blister healing studies suggest: that people heal faster in more stressed, less supportive relationships that people heal faster when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships that people heal more slowly when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships that relationships do not really matter in regards to healing speed

that people heal faster when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships

sensory nerve fibers that end in the cortical lobes of the brain

throbbing, long lasting pain

The immune system is suppressed by chronic stress through which axis?

thyroxine axis

In the video, Robert Sapolsky states that human cognition is at least partly responsible for our stress. This is because: we create disorganized thinking we have the ability to think about future problems and "what-ifs". we have too many stress hormones produced in our brains we have poor memories for stressful events

we have the ability to think about future problems and "what-ifs".

According to Gandhi, happiness is

when what you think say and do are in alignment

In "Unnatural Causes", what did the persons featured in the video have in common? gender similar job levels ethnicity workplace

workplace