P.AD 201
NIMBY
"Not-in-my-backyard" syndrome. People with NIMBY syndrome decline to participate in politics until a government action or inaction threatens them directly.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)
"[NGOs] are the moral compass and ethical watchdogs against the forces of government and capitalism that seek to despoil the planet and crush the faceless majority"
10 Characteristics of Successful Social Entrepreneurs
1. Do not accept traditional constraint of their discipline 2. Apply practical solutions to social problems through innovation 3. Innovate by finding a new product, service or approach social problems 4. Focus on social values creation- so they share their innovations so others can replace it 5. Work on their ideas before they are resourcing (or funded) 6. Believe that everyone can contribute to economic to economic ans social development regardless of education 7. Have a determination to take risk that other people would not take 8. Ability to balance passion with the reality of monitoring the actual impact of a project 9. Willing to teach people in other sectors 10. Have a healthy impatience- which maks them able to work quickly
Service Principle
A belief that managers served society by making companies profitable and that aggregate success by many managers would resolve major social problems. Obligated to undertake social project that helped or "served" the public.
Rule
A decree issued by an agency to implement a law passed by congress. Example: Command a business to do something or stop doing something. 1. A draft of the new rule is published in the Federal Register. The public (and lobbyists and interest groups) may comment on the rule for 60-90 days. 2. Proposed rules are also sent to the Office of Management & Budget (OMB). If the rule will have an impact on the economy of $100,000,000.00 or more it must be accompanied by a cost/benefit analysis. 3. After the comment period, the agency may rewrite the rule or reconsider it entirely. 4. The agency then prints the final rule in the Federal Register. 5. The rule takes effect 60-90 days after publication. 6. The rule then becomes part of the Code of Federal Regulations. 7. The agencies can then issue "guidance" documents intended to clarify confusing rules.
Democracy
A form of government requiring three element- popular sovereignty, political liberty and major rule. Undermine hierarchical authority and create expectations for more political participation and autonomy Political ideology that advocates the evolutionary transition from capitalism to socialism using established political processes. A democratic welfare state that incorporates both capitalist & socialist practices.
Framing Processes (in regard to social movement)
A group must not only have a grievance, they must also think that they can address the grievance successfully.
Managerial Capitalism
A market economy in which the dominant businesses are large firms run be salaried managers, not smaller firms run by owner- entrepreneurs.
Trade Liberation
A philosophy in which nation promote trade by easing restrictions, including both tariff and non-tariff barriers. This philosophy sometimes called simply liberation, is the bedrock of economic globalization.
Social Darwinism
A philosophy of late 1800s and early 1900s that used evolution to explain the dynamics of human society and institutions. The idea of "survival of the fittest" in the social realm implies that rich people and dominant companies were morally superior Well meaning people who gave to charity interfered with the natural law of progress by propping up failed examples of the human race.
Significant Regulation Action
A rule with an annual effect on the economy of a $100 million or more.
Rumor (in respect to collective behavior)
A rumor is a difficult-to-verify piece of information transmitted from person to person in relative rapid fashion. We often think of rumors as providing false information. -Difficult to verify information that moves quickly -may or may not be true -Rumors help people make sense out of anxiety & structure a reality. -They are a form of collective behavior & they are an element of collective behavior. -The internet & social media make it faster & easier to spread rumors. -Businesses most often have to combat contamination rumors.
Social Revolution
A social revolution involves the [overthrow of a society's state and class structures and the creation of social arrangements]. Revolutions are most likely to occur under certain condition: 1. Political power- concentrated in the state 2. Military's allegiance- no longer a reliable tool for suppressive domestic disorder 3. Political crises- weaken the existing regime 4. Substantial segment- population mobilizes in uprising The overthrow of state & class structures resulting in a new social arrangement. Overthrow of an authoritarian ruler to create a democratic society. Tunisia, Egypt & the Arab Spring Conditions: Centralized state government apparatus A place where people can focus anger A weakened military that the government can no longer depend on Often they begin to sympathize with the revolution Political crisis Such as poverty or a long international war Mobilization of a large amount of society Generally the "underclass" or the poor
Culture
A system of shared knowledge, values, norm, customs and ritual acquired by social learning.
Living Wage
A wage high enough to keep workers and their families out of poverty and to allow them to enjoy a basic living standard.
Dialectical Materialism
According to Marxian dialectical materialism, every economic order grows to a state of maximum efficiency at the same time developing internal contradictions or weaknesses that contribute to its decay. Marx said that all changes is the product of a constant conflict between opposites. All development- social, economic, or human proceeds through the resolution of existing contradictions. (Karl Marx) All historical growth, change, and development results from the struggle of opposites. Specifically, it is the class struggle—between the capitalist & landowning classes, on the one hand, & the proletariat & peasantry, on the other—that creates the dynamic of history.
Capitalism
An economic ideology with a bundle of values including private ownership of means of production, the profit motive, free competition and limited government restraint in markets. Business operates within a market environment - responding to powerful economic forces. Sheltered from direct impact of social & political forces The market acts as a buffer between business & nonmarket forces. Commercial Society: Pre-1700s People produced goods for survival 1700s -Expand of industrialization -Division of labor developed -People produced for trade -The price signals of the market directed the creation & distribution of goods An economy in which private individuals & corporations own the means of production & motivated by a desire for profit compete in free markets under conditions of limited restraint by the government. Critics of Capitalism: -Capitalism creates prosperity at the cost of rising inequality. -Markets place too much emphasis on money & material objects. -Without correction & government regulation the market rewards conspiracies & monopolies. -The profit motive encourages corporations to exploit workers. The corporation is the private property of those who contribute capital. The immediate priority is to benefit one group - the investors.
Marxism
An ideology holding that workers should revolt against property owning capitalists who exploit them, replacing economic and political domination with more equal and democratic socialist institutions.
Contagion Theory
Approach to crowd behavior: Contagion theory emphasizes the part that rapidly communicated and uncritically accepted feeling, attitudes and actions play in crowds settings. Le Bon's contagion theory depicted the crowd as characterized by a "mod mind" that overpowers and submerges the individual 1. Imitation 2. Suggestibility 3. Circular reaction
Primary Stakeholder
Are a small number of constituents for which the impact of the relationship is mutually immediate, continuous and powerful. Then are usually stockholders (owners), customers, employments, communities and governments and may, depending on the firm include others such as supplies or creditors. Immediate, continuous & powerful relationship with a corporation: Stockholders Customers Employees Community Government Suppliers creditors
Nutritional Opportunities
At any time it is estimated that over 800 million people around the world are hungry! In comparison to wealthier people - the poor spend a higher proportion of their income on food - limiting their capacity to educate and house their families and protect their health.
Appropriation Bills
Authorize the spending of natural revenue. Congress & the President pass bills that become law
Political Opportunity Structure
Broader political system many offer a social movement advantages. Presence of potential allies in the government or opposition, international organizations that are sympathetic to them, a breakdown in confidence in a incumbent leader and so on. Issues in the broader political system that offer the movement an advantage. -Political allies in the current government -Sympathetic international organizations -No public confidence in an incumbent leader
Business
Business is a broad term encompassing a range of action and institutions. It covers management, manufacturing, financing, trade, service, investment, and other activities. The fundamental purpose of every business is to make a profit by providing products ans services that satisfy human needs.
Disadvantages of Informal Organization
By defining the movement does not have well-organized and established staff and structure it is difficult for a mass many of the sorts of resources political leaders respond to. Not enough resources -They can't maintain their "mobilizing structures." -Money -Specialized Expertise -Ongoing staff/support Therefore they don't have the things that the government (power structure) responds to. -Because most social movements are short-lived policy makers know they can outlast a disorganized movement.
Mobilizing Structures
Characteristics of the movement itself many account for its success or lack of success. One reason that the people's movement of Chiapas Providence in Mexico has been more successful than most indigenous movements for example, appears to be that it has some members who have been especially adept at communication in the internet age.
Environmental Opportunity
Clean water Sanitation Air/water pollution Land erosion The Green Belt Movement: The Green Belt Movement is one of the most prominent women's civil society organizations, based in Kenya, advocating for human rights and supporting good governance and peaceful democratic change through the protection of the environment. Its mission is to empower communities worldwide to protect the environment and to promote good governance and cultures of peace.
Casual Crowd
Collective behavior: A collective of people who have little in common except that they may be viewing a common event, such a looking through department store window, visiting a museum or attending a movie. nothing in common except the event - sudden car accident
Expressive Crowd
Collective behavior: An aggregation of people who have gotten together for self stimulation and personal gratification such as religious revival or rock festival. People who assemble for personal gratification beyond the everyday. - Religious revival, Comic-con, the World Cup
Acting Crowd
Collective behavior: An excited volatile collecting of people who are engaged in rioting, looting or other forms of aggressive behavior in which established norms carry little weight. Excited volatile collection of people who ignore established norms - rioting, looting, aggressive behavior. - Hurricane Katrina - LA Riots
Conventional Crowd
Collective behavior: Entails a number of people who have assembled for some specific purpose and who typically act in accordance with established norms such as people attending a baseball game or a concert. People who have assembled for a specific purpose & act in ways acceptable for that purpose. - College class, concert, movie
Mass Hysteria
Collective behavior: Mass hysteria refers to the rapid dissemination of behaviors involving contagious anxiety, usually associated with some mysterious force. For instance, medival witch hunts rested on the belief that many social ills were caused by witches. Mass Hysteria: Rapid dissemination of behaviors involving contagious anxiety - usually associated with mysterious forces. -Salem Witch Trials -Area 51
Panic
Collective behavior: Panic involves irrational and uncoordinated but collective actions among people induced by the presence of an immediate severe threat. Panic: The irrational uncoordinated collective action induced by a perceived immediate severe threat. -War of the Worlds -Anthrax after 9/11
Crowds
Collective behavior: Types of crowds include the acting crowd, the casual crowd, the conventional crowd, and the expressive crowd. These crowd types share three characteristics: suggestibility, deindividualization, and invulnerability.
Conflict Perspective
Conflict theorist hold that tensions between competing groups are the basic source of social change. Nowhere does one find a clearer exposition of the conflict perspective than that provided by Karl Marx, particularly as it finds expression in his notion of the dialectic. Tensions between competing groups is the basis for social change. - Remember clashes over resources & values as a source of social change? Karl Marx: - all conflict revolves around class struggles. - all change results from a clash between opposites - the result is not compromise but an entirely new system. - Communism vs. democracy - Pro-life vs. Pro-choice
Contentious Politics
Confrontation between ordinary people and the governing of economic elite. Contentious Politics = Confrontations between ordinary people & the governing or economic elite. Social movements are informal collections of people, loosely coordinated, using flexible tactics, with some sort of leadership, to give its actions coherence.
Convergence Theory
Convergence theory purposes that a crowd consists of a highly unrepresentative body of people who assemble because they share the same predisposition. An approach to crowd behavior stating that a crowd consists of a highly unrepresentative body of people who assemble because they share the same predispositions.
Society
Cooperative network of human relations, organized by flaw of power and relatively distince in its boundaries from other, analogous networks. Every society includes three interacting elements: 1. Ideas- intangible object of thought. 2. Institutions- formal pattern of relations that link people to accomplish a goal. 3. Material things- tangible artifacts of a society that shape and shaped by ideas and institutions.
The Market Capitalism Model
Depicts business as operating within a market environment, responding primarily to powerful economic forces. It is substantially sheltered from direct impact by social and political forces. The market act as a buffer between businesses and non market forces.
NGO Approaches Used to Threaten Corporations
Developing campaigns against business Attempting to build market intelligence Engaging business Make market mechanisms more intelligent Disrupt markets
World System/Dependency Theory
Developing nations cannot recapitulate the developmental trajectory of Western nations and Japan. World System (and dependency): Approaches view the social structures of developing nations as shaped by historical experience of colonialism, the timing and manner of their incorporation into global capitalist economy and the perpetuation of their dependency through political domination, multinational corporation and unfavorable exchange arrangement. Developing Nations that specialize in production & export of raw materials to developed nations hinder their own growth. Instead of creating economic stability - they ignore their own needs & infrastructure to meet the needs of more developed nations. The economic stability of the small elite becomes linked to foreign investment.
Gender Opportunities
Education China's One Child Policy Economics Healthcare Domestic Violence Safety
Educational Opportunities
Education in developing countries Access to technology Access for girls City Year
Authorization Bills
Establishes a policy and identify who will implement it. Congress & the President pass bills that become law
Financial opportunity
Extreme financial inequality can sow the seeds of insurrections and social cataclysms United States - 2003 The top 1% of households held 57.5% of the corporate wealth Uganda - A Little Goes a Long Way
Advantages of Informal Organization
First because they do not have an entrenched staff and old, established members who must be deferred to they can be very nimble in defining and framing their issues. They can shift quickly if tactical necessity arises. The can redefine (reframe) the issue depending on their audience is & who they are affiliated with. Lack of resources = being opportunistic - They are willing to change strategy to take advantage of any opportunities that come their way. More willing to collaborate with people outside their organization. - Boomerang Pattern: if our government says no - we will find another government that will help us -Rebels in Libya & Syria
Characteristics of Wicked Problems
In the early 1970s the notion of wicked problems emerged out on the complexity of resolving issues related to urban and governmental planning; wicked problems were contrasted with tame problems. Characteristics as malign, vicious, tricky and aggressive
Secondary Stakeholder
Include a possibly broad range of constituents in which the relationship is one less immediacy, benefit, burclin or power to influence. Examples are activist, trade associations, politicians and schools. Broad range of constituents impacted by the corporation: Activist groups Trade associations School systems Media Religious organizations Political Action Groups
Collective Behavior
Includes: rumor, fashions, and fads (which can turn into crazes), mass hysteria, panic and crowds. Rapid social changes and the upheavals that result from it also make it more likely that people will engage collective behaviors- ways if thinking, feeling and acting that developing among a large number of people and that are relatively spontaneous and unstructured. Is not organized in terms of established norms and institutionalized lines of action. Ways of thinking, feeling & acting that develop among a large number of people and that are relatively spontaneous & unstructured. Rumors Fashions & Fads Mass Hysteria Panic Crowds
Social Movements
Informal movement spawned by "contentious politics." Confrontations between ordinary people and governing of economic elites. Social movement is an informal collective movement of people, loosely coordinated in their actions and using flexible tactics, with some sort of leadership group to give it actions coherence. Social movements depend on quick & easy communication There has been a rise in "post-material" political issues: -The environment, women's rights, ethnic relations Decreased support for political parties opens opportunity for social movements -The Tea-Party -The Occupy Movement Explanations for the Rise & Success of social movements: Opportunity Structures Mobilizing Structures Framing ability
Laissez-Faire
It stands for the belief that government intervention in the market is undesirable. It is costly because it lessens the efficiency with which free enterprise operates to benefit customers An economic operates to benefit customers intervention in markets. An economic philosophy that rejects government intervention in the markets -This was the theory Alan Greenspan & Ayn Rand believed in.
Deprivation Approach
Karl Marx held that capitalist exploitation leads to progressive impoverishment of the working class. Relative deprivation: A discontent associated with the gap between what people actually have and what they have come to expect and feel to be their just due. Capitalism leads to an impoverished working class. - Relative deprivation = the working class comes to believe this is what they deserve. - The gap between the haves & the have not widens. - Eventually workers realize they are at a comparative disadvantage & desire to overthrow the "owners." - As the lives of the owners rises - the workers expect that their lives will get better too. - According to this theory ..... The civil rights movement was not born out of despair but out of rising expectations of a better life by lower socioeconomic minorities.
BGS relationship
Mental model to impose order and hearing on what they observe. These models are like prism, each having a different refractive quality, each giving the holder a different view of the world. The following four models are basic alternatives for seeing the BGS relationship. As abstraction they oversimplify reality and magnify central issue. Business: Profit making activity that provides products & services to satisfy human need. Government: Structures & processes in society that authoritatively make & apply policy & law. Society: -A network of human relations composed of ideas, institutions & material things. Ideas: thought that includes values & ideologies--- Values: enduring belief about which fundamental life choices are correct. Ideology: a bundle of values that create your worldview.
Digital Opportunities
More than 80% of the world's population has never used a land-line phone! Business can't compete without the necessary technology!
Resource Opportunities
Natural Resource limits on economic growth. Resources that are limited: Energy Freshwater Ocean fish Healthy air More than 2 billion people in developing countries do not have access to modern energy services 2.4 billion people depend on biomass (plant materials or animal waste) for energy needs. This creates a cycle of poverty where people do not have access to information, education, economic opportunity and healthy lives.
Cultural Lag
Non-material culture: values, norms, beliefs, and institutions must adapt or respond to change in material culture, resulting in an adjustment gap Olgburg. Cultural lag contains a valuable insight, it vastly oversimplifies matters. Conflict theorist had that tensions between competing groups are the basic source of social change.
Domestic Opportunity
Population control Age distribution Gender distribution Sometimes the biggest impact - economic and social - means forgoing the immediate problem and tackling its root challenge; Irreverence and humor can achieve a lot; Systemic social challenges can be tackled with a hybrid approach and needn't rely entirely on government or institutional funding.
Safety Net
Programs ensuring that every citizen's basic physiological needs (food, water, shelter, healthy care, and a clean environment) are met.
Social Purpose Ventures
Quadrant 1: Social purposes ventures are founded on the premise that a social problem will be solved, yet the venture is for profit and the impact on the market is typically seen as economic.
Enterprising Nonprofit
Quadrant 2: Exacerbating the confusion about social entrepreneurship is a preconceived notion that all entrepreneurship taking place in social sectors is reserved for nonprofit organization 2 types: 1) Utilizing earned income activities 2)Focus on growth and economic sustainability
Populism
Recurrent spectacle in which common people who feel oppressed or disadvantaged in some way seek to take power from a ruling elite that thwarts fulfillment of the collective welfare. A political pattern in which common people who feel oppressed or disadvantaged seek to take power from the ruling elite. -"According to Karl Marx, an owner class dominated the economy & ruling institutions. Many business critics worldwide advocated socialist reforms that, based on Marx's theory, could achieve more equitable distribution of power & wealth.
Government
Refer to structures and processes in society that authoritatively make and apply policies and rules. This books is on the economic and regulation powers of government as they affect business.
Civil Regulation
Regulation by non-state actors based on social norms or standards enforced by social or market sanctions. Sometimes called private regulation imposed when activists, consumers, investors, lenders, shareholders, or employees make demands on a company and failure to comply will lead to reputation of financial law Social protections in the global economy are often imposed by developed nations: Treaties Trade Agreements Economic Sanctions
Regulation
Regulation: The effort by the government to achieve economic or social outcomes by directing the behavior of citizens, groups, and corporations. 1. ALL regulation begins in Congress as a bill. 2. The regulation must pass through the House & the Senate and be signed by the President. 3. The new statute is assigned to a regulatory agency which creates the binding rules to implement the provisions of the new law. Rules to achieve social objectification. Rule or direction made or maintained by authority- Government activity that guides the behavior of citizens, groups and corporations to reach economic or social goals. Created at the state, local & federal level -Include: criminal law, civil law, environmental law, narcotics law, work standards & conditions The government monitors compliance -Inspectors, police, military Citizens, interest groups & the media report violations to the government Reasons for Government Regulation of Business: Flaws in the market: When functioning perfectly, the competitive market mechanism determines which of society's resources can be used most efficiently in producing the goods and services that people want. Failures that justify regulation: Natural monopoly Destructive Competition Externalities Inadequate Information
The Dominance Model (BGS relationship)
Represents primarily the perspective of business critics. Those who subscribe to the model believe that corporations and a powerful elite control a system that enriches a few at the expense of the many. Focus on the defects and inefficiencies of capitalism. Perspective of Capitalism Critics: -A populist theory -Corporations & powerful elite control a system that enriches a few at the expense of the many. -Undemocratic System -Ideally we should turn this system upside-down.
Security Opportunities
Security includes: Physical, Psychological, Social, Economic, Energy-related, Water-related, Environmental concerns According to UN figures: Western countries spend 25% more on defense as they do on overseas aid to the poor. Poverty, hunger, disease, and lack of resources contribute to safety and security
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)
Significantly extended the referred to as Title I,[provide federeal funds to local school districts ($1.06 billion the first year) that had large numbers of children from low-income families.] Children from low-income families are likely to enter school not prepared to learn and have difficulty making normal progress. Money also was provided for library resources, textbooks, and other instructional materials.
Social Insurance
Social Welfare Policy: (Programs are designed to prevent poverty and are financed by contributions from employees and employers). Employees are then entitled to benefit regardless of their personal wealth. One of the best-known programs in this category is unemployment compensation, sometimes called unemployment insurance, which provide benefits to regularly employed persons who become involuntarily unemployed and are able and willing to accept suitable employment in another job when one is available.
Resolution of national and global problems
Social and Political Reasons for Regulation: As the nation grew, the federal government took on more responsibility to solve national problems not resolvable by state and local government or individuals. Examples: Regulation of railroads, banks and natural resources.
Socially desirable goods and services
Social and Political Reasons for Regulation: Regulation is used to ensure production of safe product. Example: The department of agriculture sets standards for and inspect food entering the production process.
Socially desirable production methods
Social and Political Reasons for Regulation: Some regulations stop firm from making product in harmful ways. Examples: By exposing workers to danger or releasing pollutants.
Regulation to Benefit Special Interests
Social and Political Reasons for Regulation: Protect special interest that have the political strength to pressure lawmakers for favorable laws and rules. Social Regulation is used to promote a broad public interest and can be used to help politically powerful special interests Justification for social & political regulation Socially desirable goods & services Socially desirable production methods Resolution of national & global problems Regulation to benefit special interest
Resistance Movement
Social movement: Resistance movement arise not only for the purpose of instituting change but also to block change or to eliminate a previously instituted change. Example: Ku Klax Klan group. (KKK) Seeks to block change from taking place or the eliminate change that has already taken place. Pro-Life Movement -Began to block the pro-choice movement -Roe v. Wade established legal abortions -Movement now seeks to eliminate the change that occurred & overturn the Supreme Court case.
Revolutionary Movement
Social movement: Some movement pursue objective that aim to changes society through challenging fundamental values. Revolutionary movement: advocates replacement of the existing value scheme. Example: A number of African American natioalist group that arose in the late 1960s had a revolutionary emphasis.
Social and Political Reasons for Regulation
Social regulation is used to promote the broad public interest. The two kinds of regulation can blend when the public interest is defined in ways that benefit some interests at the expense of others. Some objectives that justify social and political regulations are the following. Socially desirable goods and services, Socially desirable production methods, Resolution of national and global problems and Regulation to Benefit Special Interests.
Preconditions for Collective Behavior
Sociologist Neil J Smelser (1963) provided a framework for examining collective behavior based on value added model among economist and specific 6 determinants of collective behavior. 1. Structural Conductiveness 2. Structural Strain 3. Growth and Spread of General Belief 4. Precipitating Factors 5. Mobilization of Participants for Action 6. Operation of Social Control
Social Change
Sociologist refer to [fundamental alternations in the patterns of culture, structure and social behavior overtime as social change. It is a process by which a society becomes something different while remaining in some respect the same. The study of social change is an attempt to understand & predict changes in the world. Sources: Physical environment Population Clashes over resources & values Supporting values & norms Innovation Diffusion Massmedia
NGOs as "Category Killers"
Some retailers can outsell big corporations by selling only one kind of product (the Nike Store). NGOs can focus on a single issue and focus all their energy on their agenda. They can use all their resources to get their agenda into the minds of consumers. Corporations may have several NGOs battling with them at the same time - and they need to use their resources to answer all the accusations.
Supporting Values and Norms
Source of Social Change A society's values and norms act as "watch-dog" or "censors" permitting stimulating or inhabiting certain innovations. Example: Inventor reflects cultural bias. The inventor innovates in material things, whereas the inventor of intangible ideas is often called a "revolutionary" pr "radical" words with something negative connotation. Not all values & norms are laws ... but laws are based on a society's values & norms. The Rule of Thumb?
Clashes over Resources and Value
Source of Social Change: Conflict is a basic source of social change. Evolve and adapt to meet these needs cannot be foretold. The resolution of ethic and religious conflicts also will be accompanied by social change. Old orders continually erode and new one arise creating a completely new entity. Conflict over natural resources - India & Pakistan fight over water Conflict over economic resources - The Tea Party & Occupy Movements Conflict over belief systems - The Catholic Church & Pope Francis The end result is not a merging of two ideas but a completely new entity.
Physical Environment
Source of Social Change: Human must achieve a working relationship with their environment. Societies must make appropriate institutional changes, fashioning new forms of social organization and new technologies. Environmental changes responses from human population.
Innovation
Source of Social Change: Innovation- Both discoveries and intention are not single act but combinations of existing elements plus draw the greater the frequency of discovery and invention. Discovery = an addition to knowledge Theory of heredity/genetics Invention = the use of existing knowledge (discoveries) in a new way. The Human Gnome Project Innovation is a new idea & can include both discoveries & inventions. It is not a single act but the combination of existing elements (invention) and new elements (discoveries) Exponential principle: Once an innovation is accepted by society ... the uses for that innovation increase rapidly. Epigenetics
Invention
Source of Social Change: Invention uses existing knowledge in some novel form. An invention was composed of six old elements a liquid gas receptacle, a running gear mechanism, an intermediate clutch, a reviving shaft, and a carriage body. (part of innovation) Invention = the use of existing knowledge (discoveries) in a new way. - The Human Gnome Project
Discovery
Source of Social Change: Represents an addition to knowledge. A discovery constitutes the perception of a relationship or fact that had not previously been recognized or understand (part of innovation) Discovery = an addition to knowledge Theory of heredity/genetics
Diffusion
Source of Social Change: The process by which cultural traits spread from one social unit to another. Diffusion is a "people process" and hence is expedited or hindered by social environment. Example: Immigrant group means that everything we use and do can be traced to other societies or culture.
Functionalist Perspectives
Structural- functional theorist is its tendency toward equilibrium funtional sociologist like Parsons (1966,1977) have introduced the notion of evolution to the perspective to broaden the concept of equilibrium to include both developing and self-maintaining properties. Social change occurs because people need to find balance - or equilibrium. Society needs to find a balance between technology & acceptance of technology. Material Invention = technology Nonmaterial Culture = the values & norms that must change to accept the technology. - Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Cultural Lag = the time between innovation & acceptance when society is in flux.
Clean Air Act (1970)
The Environmental Protection Act of 1970 established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to oversee the implementation of laws protecting the quality of air, water and land. The landmark Clean Air Act 1970 delegates authority to the EPA to set air quality standards while giving state government enforcement responsibility. Citizens and environment interest groups that availed themselves of their right to sue, pushing the government and...
Funding Inequities
The amount of revenue the property tax raises depends to a great extent on the value of property or the tax base, in school district. - Creating "rich" school district and "poor" school districts literally existing alongside each other within the same state. District with valuable residential, commercial and industrial property have a rich tax base and can easily raise money to finance higher expenditures than districts with a low-valued tax base.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
The duty of a corporation to create wealthy in ways that avoid harm to protect or enhance societal assets. An ideology, it is a worldview of how a corporate should act. Primarily a political theory - not a management or economic theory because its central purposes are to control and legitimize the exercise of corporate power. "Economic responsibility is by no means incompatible with other corporate responsibilities in society. ... A corporation's responsibilities include how the whole business is conducted every day. It must be a thoughtful institution which rises above the bottom line to consider the impact of its actions on all, from shareholders to the society at large. Its business activities must make social sense"
Market Economy
The economy that emerges when people move beyond subsistence production to production for trade and markets take on more central role.
Emergent-norm Theory
The emergent-norm theory stresses the lack of unanimity in many crowd situations and the differences in motives, attitudes, and actions that characterize crowd members. An approach to crowd behavior stating that crowd members evolve new standard for behavior in a crowd setting and then enforce the expectations in the manner of norms.
Agenda Setting
The media set the agenda of issues and concerns we spend out time thinking and discussing with others. The media influences what we talk & think about by "constructing news." The media does not tell people what to think ... it tells them what is important to think about. The media "gatekeepers" determine what stories will be covered & how much coverage they get. Stories with a lot of coverage become important events through repetition.
Feminization of Poverty
The phenomenon of increasing numbers of unmarried, divorced and separated women with children living in poverty.
Modernization
The process by which a society moves from traditional or pre industrial social and economic arrangements to those characteristic of industrial societies. The modernization approach sees development as entailing a pattern of convergence as societies become increasingly urban, industry comes to overshadow agriculture and other changes occur. Modernization: the belief that there is one predominant course of development for society. Increased urbanization - industry over agriculture Population increase Division of labor becomes specialized Knowledge base grows complex Economy provides for literacy & education China & India are in the process of modernization.
Environmental Racism
The term used to describe the higher incidence of environmental threats and subsequent health problems in lower-income communities, which frequently, are also communities dominated by people of colors
Friedmanism
The theory that the sole responsibility of a corporation is to optimize profit while obeying the law Stockholders want to maximize profits so a manger's sole objective is to accommodate them; If a manager spends corporate funds on social projects, they are diverting shareholders' dollars to programs they may not even favor. If the cost of social projects is passed on to the consumers in higher prices, the manager is spending their money - -This is taxation without representation. Critics of Friedman: -Critics who wanted to control the excesses of capitalism and reduce externalities such as pollution. -Friedmanism incited retaliation against corporations and more regulation. -Corporations understood that if they volunteered to do more, it would calm critics, forestall regulation, and preserve corporate legitimacy.
Terrorism
The use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, a formal organization or civil population in furtherance of political religions or social objective. Example: September 11, 2001 (9/11) Terrorism is universally accepted, the U.S Department of State offers this "premediated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant cladestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Example: Suicide terrorism. The rational object of terrorism is to promote terror. Active Terrorists are often: -Young & uneducated Although that is changing especially with suicide terrorists -Experiencing a sense of powerlessness & helplessness that becomes rage. -Alienated from the power structure. -Feel a strong sense of commitment not only to their cause but also to their organization affiliation. It is the willingness to use violence & fear that separates them from other social movements. -Recent studies indicate terrorism is not perpetrated by fundamentalists or fanatics. - Suicide attacks are perpetrated because they are seen as an effective tool by which to achieve the organizations overall goals. -Acts of terrorism are often aimed at the media & not an actual victim. -This creates a "theatre of terror" for the whole world to see. -The goal is for the world to see the terrorism as a justified response to a difficult situation.
General Principles of Social Responsibility
There are no universal rules for how corporate social responsibility can be applied to every business. 1. Corporations are economic institution run for profit 2. All firms must follow multiple bodies of law 3. Managers must act ethically 4. Corporations have a duty to correct adverse social impact the cause 5. Social responsibility varies with company characteristics 6. Managers should try to meet legitimate needs of multiple stakeholders 7. Corporate behavior must comply with an underlying social contract 8. Corporations should be transparent and accountable
Post-materialist Values
Values base on assumptions of security and affluence for example tolerance of diversity and concern for the environment.
Soft Law
Voluntarily adopted guidelines for corporate behavior derived from emerging norms and standards in international codes, declaration and conventions. Promote human rights, labor, and environmental causes push corporations to adopt. Statements of philosophy, policy & principle found in nonbinding international conventions that, over time gain legitimacy as guidelines for interpreting the "hard law" in legally binding agreements.
