Paleogeography and Biodiversity in the cenozoic

Using the Scotese video, advance to 30 million years ago, to The Oligocene Epoch. Also refer to Chapter 9, pg.7 to answer the following questions 1. India has now collided with Eurasia, forming the Himalayan Mountains. What type of plate boundary is this? (Pick ONE of the following) a. Continental-oceanic convergent b. Oceanic-oceanic convergent c. Continental-continental convergent td. Divergente. Transform

continental-continental convergent

Analogous structures evolve independently; they are similar structures that appear in groups of organisms. Arethese structures a result of BIOLOGICAL or CONVERGENT evolution?

convergent

Sometimes, two distinct lineages evolve similar characteristics, like wings, because of selective pressure. Would this be BIOLOGICAL or CONVERGENT evolution?

convergent

Surprisingly, their large canines are an example of ANALOGOUS structures, which evolved independently(not from a common ancestor). Therefore, is this CONVERGENT or BIOLOGICAL evolution?

convergent

is this an example of CONVERGENT or BIOLOGICAL evolution?

convergent

Antarctica separates from Australia during this epoch and a cold circumpolar ocean current forms (a currentaround Antarctica). This cold water current cuts off warmer water from circulating near Antarctica. Cold watercools the air above it. See chpt. 9 page 7 for more information.a. Will this WARM or COOL climate of Antarctica

cool

Examine Specimen G: Dimetrodon - a mammal-like reptile that lived in the Devonian (416-359 mya)a. What type of skull does Dimetrodon have? DIAPSID or SYNAPSIDb. Describe the teeth of Dimetrodon.i. 'Are they all the same size? Are they all the same shape

diapsid not the same size are the same shape

convergent evolution

diffrent unrelated structures become more similar (analogous)

Mammals evolved during the Mesozoic, but took over and diversified after the end-Cretaceous extinction eventthat wiped out what group of animals that had dominated in the Mesozoic?

dinos

Examine Specimen H: Gorgonopsid - a transitional fossil that lived in the mid-late Permian (265-252 my).a. What type of skull does Gorgonopsid have? DIAPSID or SYNAPSID. Describe the teeth of Gorgonopsid .i . Are they all the same size? and shape

synapsid no not same size not the same shape

Bilogical evolution

the change over time in populations of related organisms (same structure is modified)

What did mastodons eat?

trees and woody vegetation

Rocks and fossils that once existed in the Tethys Sea can now be found high in the Himalayas. Describe how the formation of the Himalayas caused this to occur

uplifting during the formation

A land bridge forms between North and South America during this time (the Isthmus of Panama). Before thistime, North and South America were separate, and an east-west ocean current flowed between them.a. After North and South America were connected, ocean currents were forced to flow north-south. Thewarm waters of the Gulf Stream now flow north along the east coast of North America and over toEurope. See slide 5. What affect did this have on climate in North America and Europe?

warmer

Using the Scotese video, look at the Last Ice Age (just before Today, 000 million years ago on the clock at the top left).1. What was the climate like during the Pleistocene?2. What was sea level like during this time?

Pleistocene was cool sea level was low

Will the amount of glaciers on Antarctica INCREASE or DECREASE?

increase

Examine the location of the nostrils of Maiacetus compared to the location of the nostrils of Tursioptruncates. What do you think is the advantage of having nostrils on top of the head if you live in water?

less exposure when coming out of water

will this lead to a higher or lower global sea level?

lower

The Cenozoic is known as The Age of __________________. (See chapter 9 on OAKS).

mammals

Based on what you learned about grasslands vs. forests in the Miocene section, question 2, what type ofclimate would mammoths have preferred based on what they ate? What type of climate wouldmastodons have preferred?

mammoths- cool / dry mastrodon - warm / moist

During the late Miocene, the first true grasslands began to spread over the continents as forests began to dieoff. Compared to forests, grasslands prefer cooler and drier climates. What does the proliferation of grasslandsindicate about the climate of the late Cenozoic compared to the late Cretaceous?

much cooler / dryer

What type of skull does cynodont have? DIAPSID or SYNAPSIDb. Describe the teeth of cynodont. Are they all the same size?ii. Are they all the same shape?c. How many different kinds of teeth does cynodont have?

synapsid look like canine teeth not same size or shape they have 3 different kinds of teeth

Homologous structures are inherited from a common ancestor. Therefore, are these structures a result ofBIOLOGICAL or CONVERGENT evolution?

biological

Is this an example of CONVERGENT or BIOLOGICAL evolution?

biological

When different species have a common ancestor, is this BIOLOGICAL or CONVERGENT evolution?

biological

How many millions of years long was the Mesozoic era?

185.5

How many millions of years ago did the Cenozoic era start?

65.5

How many millions of years long was the Paleozoic era?

9.7

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES:

Features shared by different groups of organisms because it was inherited from a common ancestor.

mammal types

Monotremes : lay eggs, have hair, produce milk,no nipples, platypus Marsupials: give birth to young, have nipples, placenta, often in pouch, kangaroo Eutherians: complex placenta, long pregnancy, complete embryonic development in uterus

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

Similar structures appear in groups of organisms due to convergent evolution.

Early whales

The earliest whales and sea cows, still with hindlegs and fully capable of walking (and running) around on land, are known from deposits in Indo-Pakistan (whales) took about 15 my to evolve from the wolf-like long-legged Pakicetus to the long-snouted, otter-like remingtonocetids, the seal-like marine protocetids, and the fully marine gigantic basilosaurid whales.

What where teeth primarily used for in early reptiles?

breaking down food and eating

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION:

When organisms that are not closely related nonetheless develop similar traits due to living in similar ecosystems or ecological niches

Are the teeth of cynodont and the bat are ANALOGOUS or HOMOLOGOUS

anaglogous

How does having specialized teeth give mammals an advantage over their reptile ancestors?

better hunters , easier to digest food

Examine the Ice Age Megafauna exhibit near the back windows of the museum. a. What do these animals all have in common when comparing them with their modern-day descendants(hint: it's often in their name!)? b. How does their size make them well-adapted for the cold climate during the Pleistocene? c. Species such as giant sloths and mastodons from the ice age have been found in southern states like South Carolina. What does this tell you about the climate in South Carolina during the last ice age? Was it COLDER or WARMER than present day?

emigrons they could reach vegetations/ defend themselves colder

Using the Scotese video, what is the general trend of sea level so far in the Cenozoic? Is it RISING or FALLING?

falling

Locate the Tethys Sea and modern-day Egypt on slide 4. Egypt was under a warm, shallow sea during theEocene.a. Identify the sedimentary rock at Station 1 that would have formed in Egypt during the Eocene.

fossiliferous limestone

How are the teeth DIFFERENT from Dimetrodon?

front sharper than back ones

During this time period methane was released from frozen tundra in Siberia, making this one of the warmestperiods of Earth's history. There is no ice on earth.a. What is sea level like at this time, HIGH or LOW?

high

What has happened to the supercontinent Pangaea by the start of the Cenozoic?b. Biodiversity increases when there are multiple small landmasses compared to one large landmass.Based on this, is biodiversity HIGH or LOW in the Cenozoic?Part 3: The Eocene epoch

high

Megalodon teeth can be found in Charleston. What does that tell you about sea level during the Miocene

high sea lvl

Is this an example of ANALOGOUS or HOMOLOGOUS structures?

homologous

What can the abundance of mammoth vs mastodon fossils tell us about climate in a particular region atthat time?

how cool / warm it was

oday, Australia has the highest number of marsupial species in the world.i. Is Australia connected to any other continents?ii. How might this explain why marsupials are so common in Australia compared to the rest of the world?

not connected to other continents marsupials are common bc less competition

What kind of geologic features and structures would you expect to find at the plate boundary in question 1? List all that apply from the following: a. Reverse faults b. Normal faults c. Anticlines and Synclines d. Subduction zones and trenches e. Mid-ocean ridges

reverse faults and anticlines and synclines

Compare Xenosmilus, a Saber-toothed cat that lived in the Pleistocene (found along the backwindows), to Hoplophoneus, a smaller saber-toothed cat that lived during the Oligocene, 20 million years earlier(found in the case in the center of the museum on the side facing the entrance).a. What similarities do you see between these two predators?b. What is one BIG (hint) difference?

sabertooth and size

Compare the bones in the front foot of Maiacetus to flipper of Tursiop truncates. Do they have the sametypes of bones (think back to the bones of tetrapods like Acanthostega from the Paleozoic lab) like the humerus, radius & ulna, and distal elements? Or do they have different types of bones, like the rayfinned fish compared to the lobe-finned fish?

same

661. MUSEUM: The giant shark Megalodon swam in the oceans during this time. Find the Megalodon exhibit and jawalong the wall opposite from the entrance.a. What kind of food did Megalodon eat?

seals, sea turtles, dolphins, whales

What did mammoths eat?

sedge,grass / other plants

What type of skull does the modern mammal have? DIAPSID or SYNAPSID b. Describe the teeth of the bat. . Are they all the same size? . Are they all the same shape?

synapsid same size no same shape no have 4 different kinds of teeth