PATHO- EAQ quizzes
Fluid & Electrolytes: A client is experiencing persistent vomiting, and serum electrolytes have been prescribed. The Nurse would monitor which laboratory results?
sodium and chloride levels
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which electrolyte disorder would the nurse consider when a client's telemetry monitor shows flattening T waves and peaked P waves?
Hypokalemia
GU: Which surgical procedure involves urinary diversion in which the ureters are transplanted to a resected section of the small intestines, with one end attached to the abdominal wall?
Illeal conduit
Acid/ Base: which statement explains why metabolic acidosis develops with kidney failure?
Inability of the renal tubules to secrete hydrogen ions and conserve biocarbonate
Immunity: Which statement indicates the function of natural killer cells within the immune system?
Attack nonselectively on nonself cells, especially mutated and malignant cells
Neuro: Which explanation would the nurse provide to a client about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)?
Temporary episodes of neurological dysfunction
Neuro: Which health problem history would increase an older adult's risk for experiencing a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Endocrine: The nurse would monitor a client for which manifestation indicating a thyroid storm? (thyroid storm- severe hyperthyroidism)
Increased heart rate, increased temperature
Cardiac/CV: While in the postanesthesia care unit, a client reports shortness of breath and chest pain. Which is the MOST appropriate initial response by the nurse?
Initiate oxygen via a nasal cannula
Immunity: Which information would the nurse use to explain a positive diagnosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?
Positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests
Endocrine: Which physiological changes would the nurse expect to find in a client with a 20-year history of type 2 diabetes?
blurry, spotty, or hazy vision
GU: Which urine characteristic is consistent with a urinary tract infection?
cloudy
Endocrine: Which findings in a client may indicate potential thyrotoxic crisis?
rapid heartbeat and tremors
GU: The day after a client has a cesarean birth, the indwelling catheter is removed. Which finding would indicate that urinary function has returned?
the client voids 300mL of urine within 4 hours of catheter removal
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which nursing action is a priority before administering prescribed furosemide?
review the potassium level results
GI: Which client would the nurse suspect as having peptic ulcer after reviewing the morning laboratory reports?
B
GI: The nurse is caring for a client with hiatal hernia. Which risk factor would the nurse assess for in this client?
obesity
Respiratory: When a client with pneumonia is experiencing dyspnea because of difficulty expectorating thick respiratory secretions, which action by the nurse will be most helpful?
offer fluids at frequent intervals
Respiratory: An older client with shortness of breath is admitted to the hospital. The medical history reveals and a diagnosis of pneumonia 3 days ago. Which vital sign assessment would be seen as a sign that the client needs immediate medical attention?
oxygen sat: 89%
Cancer: A client is hospitalized with a tentative diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. On admission, the client asked the nurse, "Do you think I have anything serious, like cancer?" Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
"I don't know if you do; let's talk about it"
GI: A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of peptic ulcer. Which common complication would the nurse assess for in this client?
Hemorrhage
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which meal on the client's dietary record provides the most calcium?
Lunch
GI: A client who is obese is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia.
"eat less food at each meal"
Cancer: which client activity warrants the highest priority for education about health promotion to prevent head and neck cancer?
Chews tobacco, multiple sex, partners, and history of alcohol abuse for 5 years
Cardiac/CV: Which condition unrelated to cardiac disease is the major cause of right ventricular failure?
Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cancer: The nurse provides education to a client with a diagnosis of bone cancer that has a metastasis to the lung. Which client statement indicates a need for further teaching related to the concept of metastasis?
"because my cancer has metastasized, my diagnosis now is lung cancer"
Respiratory: When a client with COPD reports a 5-lb weight gain in 1 week, the nurse will assess for other signs and symptoms of which complication?
cor pulmonale
Musculoskeletal: Which individual's activities increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome?
software engineer
Immunity: Which type of immunity would a 4 year old child develop during the course of an infection with varicella?
active natural immunity
Respiratory: When a client is newly diagnosed with COPD, which action by the nurse has the highest priority?
ask whether the client is interested in quitting smoking
GU: A postoperative client has 180mL of urine in the urinary drainage bag from the past 8 hours. For which condition would the nurse monitor?
renal failure
GU: For which condition is an adult client with a weakened urinary sphincter at risk?
skin irritation
Neuro: How would a nurse respond to the spouse of a client with an intracranial hemorrhage who asks the nurse, "why aren't they administering an anticoagulant?"
"It is not advisable because bleeding will increase"
Cancer: A client is admitted for a biopsy of a tumor in her left breast. The client states, " I know it can't be cancer, because it doesn't hurt." Which response by the nurse is most therapeutic?
"What do you know about breast cancer"
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which rationale supports the nurse's instruction that a client with chronic kidney disease is to avoid all salt substitutes?
Salt substitutes contain potassium, which must be limited to prevent abnormal heartbeats
Respiratory: A client is admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which action would the nurse take to prevent client fatigue?
Schedule nursing activities to allow for rest
GU: Which finding would the nurse expect when assessing a client who has a ureteral calculus?
hematuria with sharp pain when voiding
Musculoskeletal: Which mean on the client's dietary record provides the most calcium?
lunch
Endocrine: The nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing an underproduction of thyroxine (T4). With which diagnosis is this associated?
myxedema (the severest form of hypothyroidism)
Cardiac/CV: Which likely cause would a nurse suspect is responsible for a drop in blood pressure after a client sustains multiple internal injuries in a motor vehicle accident and the blood pressure suddenly dely drops from 134/90 to 80/60 mmHg?
Reduction in the circulating blood volume
Respiratory: Which condition unrelated to cardiac disease is the major cause of right ventricular failure?
COPD
Immunity: Which client's report indicates acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
Client 3
GU: Which term would the nurse document in the client's medical record after observing reduced urinary output?
Oliguria (less than 400mL in a 24hr interval)
GI: When monitoring a client 24 to 48 hours after abdominal surgery, the nurse would assess for which problem associated with anesthetic agents?
Paralytic ileus
Endocrine: Which hormone regulates blood levels of calcium?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which laboratory result is important to communicate quickly to the health care provider?
Potassium 3.0 mEq/L (3.0 mmol/L)
Endocrine: Which cause of tremors, pallor, and diaphoresis would be suspected in a client with type 1 diabetes?
Aerobic exercise
Cardiac/CV: How would the nurse describe heart failure to a client?
An inability of the heart to pump blood in proportion to metabolic needs
Respiratory: An adolescent with a history of asthma arrives in the emergency department experiencing respiratory distress. The primary healthcare provider admits the adolescent. Implementing which prescription is the nurses priority?
Administer the nebulizer treatment to facilitate breathing
Acid/ Base: when the nurse is reviewing a clients arterial blood gas results, which finding would the nurse identify as being consistent with respiratory alkalosis?
An elevated pH, decreased PCO2
Immunity: Which action describes the process of artificial active immunity?
Antibodies are made after an antigen is injected into the body
Immunity: Which statement indicates a client understands transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
"I can contact HIV by participating in oral sex" "HIV is contracted by using contaminated needles" "Babies can contract HIV because of contact with maternal blood during birth"
GI: The nurse is obtaining a health history from a client with a diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease. The nurse identifies a possible contributory risk factor when the client makes which statement?
"I smoke one pack of cigarettes a day"
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which instruction would the nurse use when preparing a client who has successfully passed his or her renal calculus for discharge home?
"Increase your fluid intake"
Neuro: Which response would the nurse give when a client experiences expressive aphasia as a result of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and client's spouse asks whether the client's speech will ever return?
"It is hard to say how much improvement will occur"
Respiratory: A client is admitted to the hospital with a tentative diagnosis of pneumonia. The client has a high fever and is short of breath. Education related to prevention of pneumonia, oxygen via nasal cannula, an intravenous, antibiotic, and blood in sputum specimen for culture and sensitivity are prescribed. In which order should these interventions be implemented?
1. Provide oxygen via nasal cannula 2. obtains blood specimen for C&S 3. administer prescribed antibiotics 4. provided education about prevention of pneumonia
Musculoskeletal: Which total serum calcium level stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone in a client? 8.5 mg/dL (0.47 mmol/L) 9.0 mg/dL (0.5 mmol/L) 9.5 mg/dL (0.53 mmol/L) 10.0 mg/dL (0.56 mm/L)
8.5 mg/dL (0.47 mmol/L) (hypocalcemia stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone. Normal levels ranges between 9.0 and 10.5 mg/dL)
Respiratory: After change-of-shift report, which client would the nurse assess first?
A client with an acute asthma exacerbation and 85% oxygen saturation
Acid/ Base: an arterial blood gas report indicates that pH of 7.25, PCO2 is 60, and HCO3 is 26. Which client is most likely to exhibit these blood gas results?
A client with pulmonary fibrosis
Immunity: An adolescent is taken to the emergency department of the local hospital after stepping on a nail. The nurse asks if the client has had a tetanus immunization. The adolescent responds that all immunizations are up to date. A few days later, the client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of tetanus. Which statement describes the nurse's responsibility in this situation?
Assessment by the nurse was incomplete and, as a result, the treatment was insufficient
Respiratory: Which action would the nurse plan to take to prevent respiratory complications after abdominal surgery?
Assist client to use the incentive spirometer
GI: A client with chronic gastritis is being treated with medication and diet. Which would the nurse teach the client when discussing the therapeutic regimen?
Avoid using analgesics that contain aspirin
Cancer: Which common response do clients with cancer experience, regardless of the site of the cancer, that accounts for their cachexia?
Changes in taste in food aversions
Cardiac/CV: which explanation would the nurse include when teaching a client with heart failure about the reason for a low-sodium diet?
Decreased fluid retention
Acid/ Base: Which arterial blood gas values would indicate diabetic ketoacidosis?
Decreaseed HCO3
Acid/ Base: which diagnosis with a nurse suspect in the client who has an arterial blood gas exchange of pH 7.25, PCO2, 35, and HCO3 20?
Diabetic keto acidosis
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which action would the nurse include in the plan of care for a client admitted with heart failure who has gained 20 pounds in 3 weeks?
Diuretics, Low salt diet, daily weight checks, fluid restriction, intake and output, and oxygen administration
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which sign of hypokalemia would the nurse monitor in the postoperative surgical client with a nasogastric tube attached to continuous low suction?
Dysrhythmias and muscle weakness
Cardiac/CV: which action would the nurse take first when a client with heart failure reports sudden dyspnea and has bilateral crackles throughout the lungs with a respiratory rate of 32 breaths/minute?
Elevate the head of the bed to 75 degrees
GI: A client with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) needs to make dietary and lifestyle changes. Which instructions would the nurse include in the client's discharge teaching?
Encourage the client to quit smoking, and avoid lying down for 2 to 3 hours after eating
Which action would the nurse classify as a priority when caring for a client with tonic-clonic seizures?
Ensuring patient airway
Neuro: Which information is important for the nurse to include in a teaching program for a client admitted to the hospital after having a tonic-clonic seizure and being diagnosed with a seizure disorder?
Explain strategies a client may use to prevent physical trauma from occuring during a seizure
Cardiac/CV: Which clinical manifestation would the nurse include when teaching a client with heart failure about signs and symptoms that indicate a need to contract the primary health care provider?
Extreme fatigue, Coughing at night, Difficulty breathing
Respiratory: When a client has difficulty swallowing after a stoke, which action by the nurse would be most important in preventing pneumonia?
Having suction available during meals
Acid/ Base: which action would the nurse anticipate taking on a client with anxiety begins hyperventilating and reports feeling dizzy?
Having the client breathe in and out of a paper bag
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which type of collaborative action would the nurse anticipate the need to rapidly implement when caring for a client who has a blood pressure of 80/60 mm Hg and heart rate of 120 beats/ min after a motor vehicle accident ?
Increase circulating blood volume (client's history of motor vehicle accident and low blood pressure with tachy indicates likely hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock).
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which element would the nurse conclude is likely to have contributed to the development of hyponatremia in an older client found unconscious at home and admitted to the hospital with a fractured hip, renal failure, and dehydration who received 3 L of intravenous fluid in the 24 hours since admission?
Intravenous fluid infusion
Respiratory: The nurse is teaching pursed-lip breathing to a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The client asks about the benefits of the exercises. Which explanation would the nurse give?
Keeps the airway open longer to decrease the work that goes into breathing
Acid/ Base: An arterial blood gas report indicates the client's pH is 7.25, PCO2 is 35mm Hg, and HCO3 is 20mEq/L. Which disterbance would the nurse identify based on these results?
Metabolic acidosis
Acid/ Base: The arterial blood gas for a 3 month old infant with diarrhea showed that the pH is 7.30; PCO2 is 35mm Hg, and HCO3 is 17 mEq/L. Which complication would the nurse conclude has developed?
Metabolic acidosis
Acid/ Base: a patient is hospitalized after four days of epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. The nurse reviews the laboratory test results: plasma ph 7.51, pco2 50 mmhg, bicarbonate 58 mEq/L, chloride 55 mEq/L, sodium 132 mEq/L, and potassium 3.8 mEq/L. Which condition does the nurse determine the results indicate?
Metabolic alkalosis
Acid/ Base: which diagnosis is suspected by the nurse when the laboratory data for a client with prolonged vomiting reveal arterial blood gases, a pH 7.5, PCO2 of 45 MM Hg, HCO3 of 58mEQ/L, and a serum-potassium level of 3.8 mq/L
Metabolic alkalosis
Acid/ Base: the nurse is caring for a patient with the following arterial blood gas exchange values P0 2 89MMHG, PCO2, 35MMHG, and pH of 7.37. These findings indicate that the client is experiencing which condition?
Normal acid-base balance
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which physiological factor helps maintain blood pressure in the client with hypovolemia?
Release of aldosterone, activation of angiotensin II, and sympathetic nervous system activation (all increase blood pressure)
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which physiological response occurs first when a client experiences sudden hypovolemia caused by hemorrhage?
Peripheral vasoconstriction (shunts blood to essential core organs)
Cardiac/CV: The nurse's physical assessment of a client with heart failure reveals tachypnea and bilateral crackles. Which is the Priority nursing intervention?
Place client in a high-Flower position
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which test result would the nurse anticipate in the laboratory reports of a client with a diagnosis of end-stage renal disease?
Potassium of 6.3 mEq/L (6.3 mmol/L)
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which prescription would the nurse question when a client's serum sodium is 123 mEq/L (123 mmol/L)?
Provide 0.45% sodium chloride (NaCL) intravenously at 125 mL/h
Acid/ Base: a client with COPD has a blood pH of 7.25 in a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 60. Which complication with the nurse suspect the client is experiencing?
Respiratory acidosis
Acid/ Base: a client with COPD has a blood pH of 7.25 in the PCO2 of 60. These blood gas results require nursing attention because he indicate which condition?
Respiratory acidosis
Cancer: Which activities would the nurse include when teaching adults about activities that increase the risk of developing bladder cancer?
Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, and working with dyes used in rubber every day
Cardiac/CV: Which dietary restriction will the nurse expect to be included in the plan for a client with left ventricular failure?
Sodium
Neuro: Which explanation best describes what is known about the pathophysiology of dementia of the Alzheimer type?
The pressure of amyloid plaques is associated with brain tissue destruction
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which action by the nurse will be most effective in determining whether fluid overload is improving when caring for a client who was admitted with heart failure?
Weighing the client
Endocrine: The nurse is assessing a client with a suspected thyroid disorder. Which diagnostic studies will be used to confirm that the thyroid disorder is autoimmune in origin?
Thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroid-stimulating antibody
Cardiac/CV: A client with a coronary occlusion is experiencing chest pain and distress. Which is the primary reason that the nurse administers oxygen?
To increase oxygen concentration to heart cells
Immunity: Which type of immunity will clients acquire through immunizations with live or killed vaccines?
artificial active immunity
GI: The registered nurse is caring for a client with peptic ulcers and dysphagia. Which task would not be delegated to an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) who is assisting in the care of a client with peptic ulcers and dysphagia?
assisting the client in administering the medications
Endocrine: While obtaining a client's health history, which factor would the nurse identify as predisposing the client to type 2 diabetes?
being 20 pounds (9kg) overweight
Musculoskeletal: Which hormone is responsible for altered serum calcium concentrations?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Cardiac/CV: Which response would the nurse make to a 30-year-old client diagnosed with hyperlipidemia and hypertension who asks the nurse to explain why treatment is important, stating "I feel fine, so i don't really see the need to make any changes."?
"both high blood pressure and high cholesterol contribute to development of heart disease."
GU: Which response would the nurse give to a client admitted for diagnostic testing to determine the extent of his bladder cancer who asks, "If they remove my bladder, how will I be able to urinate?"
"when removing a client's bladder, a surgical opening or urostomy allows urine to drain into a collection bag"
Respiratory: Which client in the pulmonary clinic will the nurse plan to teach about pulmonary function testing?
client who has COPD
Respiratory: When a client arrives in the emergency department and reports dyspnea, which finding by the nurse indicates that an inhaled bronchodilator may be needed for treatment?
inspiratory and expiratory wheezes
Endocrine: Which clinical finding would the nurse expect when assessing a client with hyperthyroidism?
Diarrhea, weight loss
Immunity: Which clinical manifestation would the nurse associate with a client diagnosed with systemic lupis erythematosus (SLE)?
joint pain, facial rash, and pericarditis
GU: Which intervention would the nurse implement for a client with a ureteral calculus?
Monitoring intake and output, straining the urine at each voiding, administering the prescribed analgesic
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which electrolyte concentration has the potential to precipitate dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest in a client?
Serum chloride of 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L)
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which prescribed action will the nurse take first when a client is admitted to the emergency department with reports of frequent loose, watery stools and anorexia during the past week with a blood pressure of 90/68 mm Hg and pulse of 124.
Start infusion of normal saline (client history of watery stools and anorexia suggests hypovolemia as the cause of the hypotension and tachycardia)
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which recommendation is important for the nurse to include in a teaching program for a client who has been placed on a 2-gram sodium diet?
use lemon juice to season meat
GI: The nurse is caring for a client with gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD). Which information would the nurse provide the client to prevent worsening of the disorder?
wear loose-fitting clothing, being a weight-loss program, and sleep with head of bed elevated
GU: Which condition would the nurse suspect in a client who complains of nocturia, bladder pain, urinary frequency, urgency, and dribbling at the end of urination with a digital rectal examination report indicating smooth, firm, and enlarged prostate tissue surrounding the urethra?
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Immunity: The nurse is interviewing a client who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which clinical findings to this disease would the nurse expect the client to exhibit?
butterfly facial rash and inflammation of the joints
Endocrine: Which responses would the nurse expect a client to exhibit as a result of decreased level of triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)?
weight gain and cold intolerance
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which symptoms would the nurse monitor for when caring for a client who has hyponatremia?
change in level of consciousness
Musculoskeletal: Which factors contribute to development of osteoporosis in female clients?
cigarette smoking, familial predisposition, inadequate intake of dietary calcium
GU: Which action is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
decreases water loss in urine
Endocrine: Which assessment finding would indicate to the nurse that a client may have a hyperfunctional thyroid gland?
diarrhea and weight loss
Respiratory: Which assessment finding is consistent with bronchospasm?
wheezing
Respiratory: Which client would the nurse consider to have the highest risk of pneumonia?
client 4
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which finding by the nurse when assessing a client who is receiving intravenous (IV) fluids indicates need for a change in the fluid infusion rate?
crackles in lungs
Neuro: Which nursing intervention will be the priority when caring for a client with status epilepticus?
establish an airway
Musculoskeletal: Which type of fracture is common in preschool children?
greenstick
Acid/ Base: a three-month-old infant with a three-day history of diarrhea, has an arterial blood gas exchange drawn. Which acid-base imbalance with the nurse suspect?
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory: A client with COPD exacerbation is receiving oxygen at 2 L/min per nasal cannula and has an oxygen saturation of 88%. Which action would the nurse anticipate taking next?
increasing oxygen flow rate to 3L/min
GU: Which nursing action during a focused urinary assessment would the nurse use to collect subjective client data?
inquire about painful urination and ask the client about changes in characteristics of urination
Musculoskeletal: Which statement regarding calcitonin is correct?
its actions are opposite to that of parathyroid hormone. (calcitonin reduces serum calcium levels, whereas parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium levels)
GU: Which condition would the nurse suspect if the client reports passing urine involuntarily while coughing?
stress incontinence
Respiratory: When completing an assessment, which response would the nurse expect a client experiencing severe acute respiratory distress to exhibit?
tachycardia
Neuro: Which finding for a client who has a diagnosis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is most important to report quickly to the health care provider?
right arm weakness
Respiratory: A client develops bacterial pneumonia and is admitted to the emergency department. The clients initial PaO2 is 80 mmHg. When the arterial blood gases are drawn again, the level is 65mmHg. Which action would the nurse take first
increase the oxygen flow rate per facility protocol
Acid/ Base: Which arterial blood gas results are associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
pH: 7.28; Pco2: 28; HCO3: 18
Endocrine: Which clinical finding is commonly associated with hyperglycemia?
polyuria (excess urination) polydipsia (excessive thirst) polyphagia
Respiratory: Which observation by the nurse indicated a client with pneumonia is able to use an incentive spirometer correctly?
records the volume of the air inspired, performs 10 breaths per session every hour, takes a long, slow, deep breath keeping the mouthpiece in place
Endocrine: Which client response is indicative of a hypoglycemic reaction?
tremors, confusion, and diaphoresis
Fluid & Electrolytes: The nurse is teaching a client about a sodium-restricted diet. Which foods should the nurse encourage the client to consume?
fruits and fresh vegetables
GI: A client with colitis has had a hemicolectomy. three days after surgery the nurse identifies that the client has abdominal distention, absent bowel sounds, and vomitus of 300mL of dark green viscous fluid. The nurse contacts the primary health care provider and anticipates which prescription?
nasogastric tube for decompression
Immunity: Which type of immunity is acquired through the transfer of colostrum from the mother to the child?
natural passive immunity
Immunity: Which option is an example of actively acquired specific immunity?
recovery from measles, recovery from chickenpox, immunization with love or killed vaccines
Respiratory: Which change in the arterial blood gases would the nurse expect in a client with hyperventilation due to anxiety?
respiratory alkalosis
Fluid & Electrolytes: Which diagnostic test will the nurse use to confirm the diagnosis when hypokalemia is suspected?
serum potassium level
Neuro: After the nurse receives a report from the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) who completed routine vital signs, which client condition or situation would the nurse address first?
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