Patho Final - CH 44
The nurse is discussing the physical changes related to menopause with a 48-year-old woman. The client asks, "How long will it take before I am through these changes and finally reach menopause?" Which statement is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"Most women experience symptoms for about 4 years"
What function does estrogen have regarding general body metabolic effects?
Decrease rate of bone resorption
The nurse is checking the pH of a client's vaginal tissue and finds the pH to be 4.3. The nurse interprets this finding as:
normal
Select the structure primarily responsible for the secretions of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin.
Anterior pituitary gland
Which physiologic changes result in menopause?
Cessation of ovarian function and decreased estrogen levels
Which physiologic process is caused by estrogens?
Promotion of ovarian follicle growth
The connecting tube between the cervix and the vestibule is referred to as:
Vagina
The nurse is caring for a female client who asks, "Will taking estrogen increase my chances of developing breast cancer?" Which statement is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support estrogen as the cause of breast cancer"
What are the small bumps or projections on the areolar surface called?
Montgomery tubercles or glands
The nurse suspects which female client may be at risk for infertility?
A long distance runner
What should the nurse do when a woman who stopped breast-feeding her infant 3 months ago complains of occasional milk leakage from her breasts?
Advise the woman that this is a normal occurrence after stopping breast-feeding
A female client with anorexia nervosa tells the nurse that she has been experiencing amenorrhea. The nurse is aware that this is a result of:
Alteration of critical body fat-to-muscle ratio needed for menses to occur
The nurse planning care for a menopausal woman should include interventions to decrease risk for:
Atherosclerosis
Which structure supports the breasts while dividing the breast into 15 to 25 lobes?
Cooper ligaments
The nurse is reviewing findings from the maturation index understanding that the test indicates:
Estrogen Levels
Which female client is most likely to experience vaginal atrophy, dyspareunia, and occasional vaginal bleeding?
Female age 67, maturation index of 70-30-0
A nurse educator is explaining the process of sexual intercourse, fertilization, and fetal development to a high school biology class. What process should the nurse describe?
Fertilization in the outer portion of the fallopian tube
A female client informs the nurse that she had intercourse yesterday evening and is wondering if she could become pregnant. She asks the nurse where the fertilization (implantation) currently would be located if she was indeed pregnant. What should the nurse tell the client?
Fertilization normally occurs in the middle to outer portion of the Fallopian tube
A client has just become pregnant and there is a consequent increase in secretions from the columnar epithelium of her endocervix. What effect will this have?
Formation of a mucoid plug to protect her uterus
A woman with a regular 28-day menstrual cycle wishes to become pregnant. At which point in the menstrual cycle is the optimal time for intercourse to end in fertilization of the ovum?
Fourteenth day after mensus begins
The hormone progesterone is metabolized in which organ?
Liver
A newly pregnant woman reports to the nurse that her breasts are excessively tender and that her areolae and nipples are becoming darker and more prominent. The nurse should describe which cause of these changes?
Normal changes of pregnancy due to increased levels of estrogen and progesterone
The nurse is caring for a pregnant client who is experiencing morning sickness. The nurse understands that which of the following is responsible for many of the common discomforts of pregnancy?
Progesterone
Which hormone is responsible for breast development and the increase in body temperature that occurs with ovulation?
Progesterone
Which benefits are found from the secretions of the columnar epithelium of the endocervix? Select all that apply.
Protect the uterus from infection, alter receptivity to sperm, form a mucous plug during pregnancy
A female client experiencing hot flashes during perimenopause asks the nurse about hormone therapy (HT). What is the appropriate response by the nurse?
Short term HT can be used to reduce symptoms
The nurse is assessing the genitalia of a 42-year-old female client diagnosed with a genitourinary disorder. The nurse recognizes that which finding does not describe the normal anatomy of the female genitalia.
The clitoris is located posterior to the urethra
An obstetric nurse is describing the process of follicle development to a recent nurse graduate. Which phenomenon should the nurse describe?
The ripening follicle is accompanied by an increase in estrogen levels
The environment of the vagina is moist with a pH 4.0 to 4.5. The major purpose of the acidic environment is:
Bacteriostatic
A female client informs the nurse that she is having hot flashes on occasion, has trouble sleeping, and thinks that she is having some symptoms of menopause. The client asks the nurse how long these symptoms will last prior to experiencing menopause. What is the best response?
"Perimenopause can precede menopause by approximately 4 years"
The nurse is discussing the menstrual cycle with a female client. The client asks, "Why do my hands get puffy and I gain weight right before my periods?" Which statement is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"The level of estrogen increases in your body before your period, and this causes fluid retention"
When a woman asks the nurse at what age menopause usually occurs, what should the nurse respond?
48 to 55 years of age
The nurse is taking the history of a 30-year-old female client with amenorrhea. What factors does the nurse identify as contributing to the condition? Select all that apply.
Anorexia nervosa, Long-distance running, Pituitary tumor
The nurse is explaining ovulation to a female client. The nurse explains that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are important hormones needed to ovulate and are secreted by which gland?
Anterior pituitary
The nurse is discussing hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) with a postmenopausal woman. The nurse points out that concerns relating to their use include increased risk for which disease processes? Select all that apply.
Atherosclerosis, Breast Cancer
The endocrine system is highly involved in the female reproductive system. Which hormones are used to stimulate the primordial follicles?
FSH and LH
During menopause, the nurse should anticipate which hormones will be elevated? Select all that apply.
FSH, LH, and Androstenedione
The fallopian tubes are narrow tubes that attach bilaterally to the uterus. Within the fallopian tube, fertilization of the ovum takes place. The end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary is funnel-like. What are the fringed, finger-like projections around the funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tube called?
Fimbriae
The nurse is explaining the process of conception to a group of middle-school students and points out that fertilization occurs:
In the middle to outer portion of the fallopian tube
The nurse is reviewing laboratory values of a 70-year-old female client and observes the client's low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level is elevated. The nurse understands a possible reason for this is:
Long-term estrogen deprivation
The nurse is discussing ovulation with a female client and notes an indication of ovulation is spinnbarkeit. What is an accurate description of spinnbarkeit?
The stretchy consistency of cervical mucus during ovulation
A woman has gone to her gynecologist complaining of pain during intercourse. The physician orders a maturation index on her vaginal scrapings. The results return an index of 75-25-0. The nurse can interpret this to mean:
The woman is experiencing postmenopausal vaginal dryness
The nurse is reviewing the history of an older adult female client who was recently diagnosed with coronary heart disease. What factors are known to contribute to this condition? Select all that apply.
Used hormone therapy for 5 years, Smoke 1 pack/day for 20 years, Has hypertension for 15 years
An older adult female comes in to the clinic for her yearly gynecologic appointment and informs the nurse that she is having pain when having intercourse with her spouse. The client has been postmenopausal for at least 5 years. What is the nurse's best response?
"This is caused by a decrease in estrogen levels, but there are things that you may be able to use to help"
The nurse is teaching a female client who has been prescribed hormone therapy. The client asks, "What does this medication do?" Which statement is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"This medication will help relieve hot flashes and other adverse symptoms of menopause"
The nurse is caring for a 48-year-old female client who asks, "How do you know when you have reached menopause?" Which statement is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"You are considered to be menopausal when you have not menstruated for a full year and the hormone that fluctuates with menstruation no longer fluctuates"
The nurse providing teaching about the female reproductive system includes which principle?
Ovaries are responsible for ovulation and hormone production
The nurse is teaching a class to adolescent girls about puberty. Which health information is accurate for inclusion in the class? Select all that apply.
Ovaries produce hormones that cause growth of reproductive organs, estrogen stimulates bone growth and closure of growth plates, and ovulation usually occurs in the middle of the monthly cycle
The nurse is caring for a 54-year-old female client who reports vaginal dryness and painful intercourse. The nurse expects which prescription will be ordered for this client?
Vaginal estrogen preparation