Patho NR283 Week 2

For which CD4 count should the individual be prescribed a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment regimen?​

450

Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for nosocomial infection?

A 32-year-old who is immunocompromised

Which describes the cause of pressure ulcers?

A wound that develops from continued pressure in a specific area of the skin

A college student comes to the health clinic with a complaint of red, painful, and itchy feet. During assessment of the health history, the client tells the nurse that they live in a dorm and share a bathroom with other students. What teaching should the nurse provide to this client?​

"Avoid sharing personal items and wear non-skid shoes in the bathroom."​

A series of steps take place within the three phases of wound healing. View the steps below and place them in the correct order, starting with the first step.

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Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

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Distinguish inflammatory cellular components from immunity responses and cellular components by dragging the items below to one of the two categories.

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Distinguish inflammatory cellular components from immunity responses and cellular components by dragging the items to one of the two categories.

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Drag and drop each type of immunity to its description.

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Drag and drop the type of skin integrity disruption to match its corresponding image.​

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Drag and drop to match the type of tissue to its corresponding role in the human body.​

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For each factor below, select your answer to indicate if the factor promotes or delays wound healing.

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For each process, use the drop-down menu to indicate whether the process is active or passive.

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How do symptoms and treatments play a role in the immune and inflammatory response? Match each item with a sign or symptom.

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How do symptoms and treatments play a role in the immune and inflammatory response? Match each sign or symptom to its immune response.

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Identify whether each item transmits or does not transmit HIV.

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In the scenario below, select the text that describes the signs or symptoms of infection.

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Match each element of the immune system to the correct description of its action in the body.​

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Match each term to its definition.

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Match each type of immunity to its proper mechanism, memory, and example.

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Read the case study below, and then select all the systemic signs that indicate Mr. Jones is experiencing associated with the flu diagnosis.​

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Review each image of a treated wound and select from the dropdown menu if the wound will heal by primary intention or secondary intention.

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Select the correct link at each step of the chain of infection to match its description.

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Select the correct type of reaction for each scenario below.

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Select the proper type of hypersensitivity reaction for each column below.

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Which characteristics below are expected during an acute or chronic inflammatory episode? Mark each characteristic under the appropriate type of inflammation.​

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You are visiting a friend who lives in a skilled nursing facility. When you ask what the friend does during the day, she says that she mostly lays in bed. She is concerned that she is at risk of pressure ulcers. At each location of the body below, select the correct level of risk for developing ulcers.

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Which item causes chronic inflammation?

*chart* Foreign material that remains in the body

The nurse reviews the client's complete blood count (CBC) results and notes that the neutrophil levels are elevated, but the monocytes are still within normal limits. This indicates what type of inflammatory response?​

Acute​ inflammatory response​

A person was at a dinner party and consumed several courses of shellfish dishes. The person's face turns red and itchy and they suddenly experience difficulty breathing. Which prescription by the healthcare provider is the priority for the nurse to administer?​

Administer epinephrine

Which factor can delay tissue healing from inflammation and injury?​

Advanced age​

Which challenges can affect tissue integrity? Select all that apply.

All are correct.

Which clinical manifestations may occur in a client with known food allergies? Select all that apply​

All are correct.

Which reason supports a healthcare provider ordering antibody testing in a client? Select all that apply.​

All are correct.

What is another term for a hypersensitivity reaction?

Allergic reaction

Mr. Jones is prescribed an _______ drug to ____________ the reproduction of the virus inside the host cells to __________ the infection. Mr. Jones is also prescribed __________ for recovery.​

Antiviral Decrease Control Rest

A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life.​ Which type of acquired immunity will the newborn receive when they start receiving their vaccinations?​

Artificial Active

A caregiver brings an infant to the healthcare provider's office with a skin rash on the abdomen and extremities with no signs of respiratory distress. The caregiver mentions changing the infant's formula. The nurse assesses the infant and identifies the infant most likely has manifestations of which condition?

Atopic dermatitis

Which immune cells are activated first when suspicious cells are identified in the blood stream?

B cells

An individual living with HIV infection recently had their spleen removed. Which action should they use to prevent infection?

Basic infection control techniques

How can the cycle of infection be broken? Select all that apply.

Blocking transmission Reducing the reservoir of microorganisms Increasing host resistance

A person with a history of illegal drug use and type 2 diabetes has been experiencing flu-like symptoms of low-grade fever, weakness, arthralgia, and a headache for over a month. In the past few days, they have developed mouth sores and have no energy to get out of bed. ​ Which type of test is used to confirm an infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?​

Blood test

A client is seen in the clinic with a wrist injury. Which findings indicate clinical manifestations of systemic inflammation? Select all that apply.​

Client states, "I'm tired all the time and have no energy."​ Client's white blood cell count is elevated​. Client's temperature is 101.8​F (38.8C).

Some infectious diseases are ________ or ______; others are __________ , but may be contracted via contact with environmental reservoirs or animals.​

Communicable Contagious Noncommunicable

Which clinical manifestations would be expected in a person who is in the late stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?​

Dementia

Scenario : Which factors could delay Kay's healing from the cut on the back of her leg? Select all that apply.​

Diabetes Nutrition Age Weight

A person was at a dinner party and consumed several courses of shellfish dishes. The person's face turns red and itchy and they suddenly experience difficulty breathing. The nurse recognizes that the client's anxiousness is an _________manifestation of the client's airway becoming ______

Early Constricted

A client is seen in the emergency clinic after jumping off a ski lift and injuring their ankle. Which steps can the client take to reduce inflammation and pain?​ Select all that apply.

Elevate the injured site​ Rest the affected area​ Wrap the ankle Apply an ice pack​

A person who has had unprotected sex is at the clinic to get screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Which diagnostic testing would the healthcare provider prescribe for the client?​

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A person was at a dinner party and consumed several courses of shellfish dishes. The person's face turns red and itchy and they suddenly experience difficulty breathing. To ensure the person is prepared for unintended food reactions in the future, which treatment does the person's partner plan to always have available?​

EpiPen

A person who was stung in the face by a bee while hiking is brought to the emergency room for evaluation. They are experiencing facial swelling and difficulty breathing. Which treatment is most likely to resolve these symptoms?​

Epinephrine

Which of the following would be a sign of systemic infection?

Fever

Which underlying health conditions contribute to a slow healing process? Select all that apply.​

Fluid excess Fluid deficit Cancer Malnutrition

Which is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

Food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

A person with a history of illegal drug use and type 2 diabetes has been experiencing flu-like symptoms of low-grade fever, weakness, arthralgia, and a headache for over a month. In the past few days, they have developed mouth sores and have no energy to get out of bed. ​ Which cues indicate this person may have an immune system disorder? Select all that apply.​

Headache Mouth sores ​ No energy to get out of bed Flu-like symptoms greater than a month

What type of infections occur in hospitals, health care facilities, and doctor offices? Select all that apply.

Healthcare-acquired infection​ Nosocomial infection

The parents of a toddler question the need for their child to receive vaccinations. Which are true about vaccinations? Select all that apply.​

Help protect individuals and communities Part of primary prevention for diseases Recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A person with a history of illegal drug use and type 2 diabetes has been experiencing flu-like symptoms of low-grade fever, weakness, arthralgia, and a headache for over a month. In the past few days, they have developed mouth sores and have no energy to get out of bed. ​ Which treatment options can the person expect to treat their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? ​

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

What is the chemical mediator released from mast cells and basophils during an allergic reaction?

Histamine

A person with a history of illegal drug use and type 2 diabetes has been experiencing flu-like symptoms of low-grade fever, weakness, arthralgia, and a headache for over a month. In the past few days, they have developed mouth sores and have no energy to get out of bed. ​ Based on the information provided, the person is most likely experiencing which alteration in health?​

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)​

A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life.​ The nurse is educating the client on the benefits of breastfeeding and explains that the immunoglobulin ______ is in the colostrum and provides antibody protection for newborns.​

IgA

A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life.​ Which class of immunoglobulins will provide passive immunity for the newborn and is able to cross the placenta?​

IgG

A client is cleaning out their garden and gets bitten by a poisonous snake. Which immune cells containing specific antibodies may be administered to decrease the severity of the bite?

Immunoglobulins

Individuals with primary immunodeficiency disorders are most at risk for which alteration in health?

Infection

Scenario : Based on Kay's complaints, which condition do you predict Kay is experiencing?​

Infection

Hypersensitivity reactions stimulate a(n) ________ response.

Inflammatory

When an individual is hypersensitive or allergic to a specific thing, excessive amounts of what are produced? Select all that apply.

Inflammatory mediators Immune mediators B-lymphocytes

Which immune chemical mediators contribute to the swelling associated with acute inflammation? Select all that apply.

Leukotrienes​ Histamine​ Prostaglandins Kinins

A teacher is educating another student about the importance of adequate nutrition to help maintain skin integrity. The teacher helps the student realize that maintaining intact skin tissue breaks the chain of infection by addressing the _______.

Portal of entry

Healing by _______ intention occurs when a wound is clean, free of foreign material, and the edges are held close together.​

Primary

Healing by ________ intention occurs when margins are well approximated and is the fastest type of healing. ​ Healing by _________ intention occurs when wounds have distant edges and granulation tissue gradually fills the gap to close the wound.​ Healing by ___________ intention occurs when wounds must remain open to resolve an infection or contamination.​

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Scenario : When Kay went to urgent care, the healthcare provider attempted to promote healing by ________ intention. However, due to the infection, Kay's wound was left to heal by _______ intention after the remaining sutures were removed.​

Primary Tertiary

A ______ immune response occurs when an individual is exposed to an antigen for the first time and it generally can take up to two _________ to develop antibodies. ​

Primary Weeks

A 72-year-old is recovering two days after having knee replacement surgery. The incision is going through which type of healing?​

Primary intention​

On day two of the training, which period of the stage of disease is Mr. Jones experiencing when he exhibits symptoms of coughing, tiredness, and chills?​

Prodromal

Sammy has had an open wound for two weeks. The circumference of the wound has decreased in size but has not scarred yet. In which phase of healing is Sammy's wound?​​

Proliferation

Before any invasive procedure, what should be administered to immune-compromised individuals?

Prophylactic antimicrobial drugs

A client is nearing the end of their pregnancy and is concerned about their newborn being protected from illness in their first year of life.​ The nurse educates the client on the importance of following the schedule of vaccines as this will ___________ the risk for serious infections for the newborn.​

Reduce

Scenario : Three months after the wound injury, Kay's wound has finally scarred-over and she can resume her daily activities. Classify which stages of wound healing Kay had to go through to achieve recovery from the injury. Select all that apply.​

Remodeling Inflammation Proliferation

Which intervention prevents the development of pressure ulcers?

Reposition the client every 1-2 hours, avoiding pressure on bony prominences.

Jane broke her knee falling off a horse and is now in a knee brace. Jane tells you that she must stretch her foot every hour and ice her knee. In which type of muscle is the inflammation caused by Jane's injury occurring?​

Skeletal

Examples of nonspecific defenses are the _______ and antibacterial _________. These natural barriers prevent external substances, like bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and air pollution from entering our bodies. ​

Skin Mucous membranes

A client with inflammation generally presents with one or more of the classic signs. Identify the classic signs that are clinical manifestations of inflammation. Select all that apply.

Swelling Pain Redness Loss of function Warmth

On post-op day one following abdominal surgery, a client is experiencing pain, heat, and redness at the incision. Based on these findings, what conclusion can be made about the incision?​

This is a normal inflammatory response.

A person was at a dinner party and consumed several courses of shellfish dishes. The person's face turns red and itchy and they suddenly experience difficulty breathing. The client is experiencing a __________ hypersensitivity reaction. This type of reaction causes the individual to develop ___________ antibodies that attach to mast cells, causing __________ which can lead to a life-threatening event.

Type I IgE Vasodilation

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is the most common for latex allergies?​

Type IV

The nurse understands that _________ hypersensitive reaction is related to __________.

Type IV Transplant rejection

Which factors decrease the effectiveness of wound healing of a pressure ulcer? Select all that apply.

Uncontrolled blood sugar Inadequate protein intake Poor circulation to the wound area

How is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted? Select all that apply.

Vaginal secretions Semen Blood

Mr. Jones's healthcare provider diagnoses Mr. Jones based on the presenting signs and symptoms of influenza, which is a _____ infection.​

Viral

A client who has been experiencing stomach pains for the past three months visits the healthcare provider to receive the results of their diagnostic test. The client is informed the test revealed an ulcer with fibrosis, fibroblasts, and macrophages present. The client's treatment plan should address the ______ inflammation pathologic process.​

Chronic

Immunodeficiency puts individuals most at risk for which two conditions?

Cancer and opportunistic infections

Infections have varied patterns as defined by their characteristics or location. Rearrange the definitions in the right column below to match the corresponding type of infection.

Local infection​ Organism enters the body and is confined to that location.​ Systemic infection​ Infection spreads to other locations, including the circulatory system.​ Secondary infection​ It follows a primary infection and is caused by a pathogen other than that which caused the primary infection.​ Acute infection​ A short-lived infection appears rapidly with severe symptoms.​ Focal infection​ Pathogen spreads from a local infection to other tissues.​ Chronic infection​ The infection continues for a longer period and has less severe symptoms.​ Mixed infection​ Several pathogens concurrently establish themselves at the same time.​ Primary infection​ It is the initial or first-time exposure to and being infected by a pathogen.​ Subclinical infection​ It does not cause apparent signs or symptoms, and may persist over a long period of time.

A child is at the clinic with chickenpox and the mother is concerned about future outbreaks. The nurse explains the child has now acquired ________ active acquired immunity which will protect them from future outbreaks.​

Natural

Scar tissue is _____ and tends to ______ over time, which can result in _________

Nonelastic Shrink Complications

During an oral procedure, the dental hygienist nicked the patient's gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of infection is this?​

Nosocomial infection

What are the signs of acute inflammation? Select all that apply.

Pain Heat Redness Swelling

Which of the following is classified as a local response to infection? Select all that apply.​

Pain Heat Swelling Redness

Carolyn has been having bad allergies and is not sure what is causing them. Which tissue integrity test would most likely identify what Carolyn is reacting to?​

Patch testing

The most common diagnostic testing used to determine if an individual has allergies is _______.

Patch testing