PAtho370 Midterm

vaccination or pneumococcal pneumonia should be performed before 1 year of age in patients with sickle cell anemia. true or false

false

Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a

fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV.

patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include

headache

When a patient is struck in the eye by a baseball, the result is redness and swelling. This increase in blood flow to a localized area is called

hyperemia

which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic stubstances?

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

a person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids fro a long period of time is likely to develop

hypophosphatemia

The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is

hypoxemia

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

to best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke

impairs a1-antirypsin, allowing elastase to predominate

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in

increased pH, increased HCO3-

the effects of histamine release include

increased vascular permeability

empyema is defined as an

infection in the pleural space

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

insulin

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

iron deficiency

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

is malignant

second-degree heart block type I (wenckebach) is characterized by

lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave

Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure.

mean arterial

Diarrhea causes

metabolic acidosis

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias

the organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is

mycobacterium tuberculosis

RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh-_____ woman with an _____ Rh-_____ antibody titer carrying an Rh-_____ fetus.

negative; negative; positive

which causes vasoconstriction?

norepinephrine

a patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. the lung sounds are absent on one side. this patient is experiencing _________ shock.

obstructive

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier stage

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

osmosis

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36.

A patient has been hospitalized several times in 6 months with severe ECV depletion and hypokalemia resulting from chronic laxative abuse. Which blood gas results should be relayed to the physician? (HNHH)

pH in high part of normal range, PaO2 normal, PaCO2 high, bicarbonate high

The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to

prevent further clot formation.

hypertrophy of the right ventricle is compensatory response to

pulmonary stenosis

indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

which is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction

purpura

the person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who

receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

reduce cardiac output

emphysema results from destruction no alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of

release of proteolytic enzymes rom immune cells

The movement of blood through the vascular system is opposed by the force of

resisitance

What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

resistance increases by a factor of 16

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by

resistance to airflow

The arterial blood gas pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L demonstrates

respiratory alkalosis

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.

secondary

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

secondary prevention

A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock.

septic

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

septic

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

stable angina

Which complication of asthma is life threatening?

status asthmaticus

Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which

stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same patient

air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called

tension pneumothorax

The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of

the intrinsic pathway

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

thrombocytopenia

causes of metabolic acidosis include

tissue anoxia

Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord. true or false

true

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

vasopressin (ADH)

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

ventricular septal defect

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing

vitamin K deficiency bleeding

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with

Epstein-Barr virus.

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

absent peripheral pulses

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

activity restriction

myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction

COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes

air trapping

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?

anaphylactic

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

apoptosis

In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?

atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

b-hemolytic streptococcal inection

The final step in clot formation is

clot retraction

a disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is

erythropoietin administration

a restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by

decreased residual volume

signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

decreased urine ouput

the prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international m=normalized ratio) measure the integrity of

extrinsic pathway

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.

false

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

"Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell."

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate"

a patient presents to the physician's office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. the patient is most likely between the ages of ________ years.

4 and 7

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

diastolic murmur

Hyperaldosteronism causes

ECV excess and hypokalemia

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include

edema

After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Continue lifestyle modifications only.

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins.

HLA or MHC

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

Hemolytic anemia

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is

IgE

allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with

IgE-mediated airway inflammation

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.

Prinzmetal variant

The Philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called

bcr-abl

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

begin antihypertensive drug therapy

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as

bicarbonate ion

Cystic fibrosis is associated with

bronchiectasis

copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with

bronchiectasis

seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions. true or false

false

which acid are the kidneys unable to secrete

carbonic

malignant neoplasms o epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas

Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of

cellular fluid shifts

a patient, who is 8 months pregnant has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly

check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest

patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?

class I

total body water in older adults is

decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

decreased blood viscosity.