pathophyiology ch16,18,19,20

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery

A patient with a cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of shock

septic

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypertension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?

sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is

Vasodilation

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body.

True

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased ?

Vasoconstriction

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is

digitalis

Sepsis has been recently redefined as

A systemic inflammatory response to infection

Primary treatment for myocardial infraction (MI) is directed at

Decreasing myocardial oxygen demands

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic

False

New organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration

False

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is a pulmonary disease

False

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

Hypertensive crisis

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

Impaired cardiac filling

Lusitropic impairment refers to

Impaired diastolic relaxation

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Increased LDL levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

B- hemolytic streptococcal infection

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

Acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock

Anaphylactic

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occurs when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

Antibiotics

Patient presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST-segment elevation are treated with

Antiplatelet drugs

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infraction do so because of

Apoptosis

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for a hypovolemic shock?

Crystalloids

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

Decrease left ventricle afterload

Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by

Lengthening PR intervals and dropping P wave

Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their pressure

Mean arterial

Tumor necrosis factor a (alpha) and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

Nitric oxide

The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in

Non-Hispanic black adults

Hypertension is closely linked to

Obstructive sleep apnea

Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of

Peripheral pooling of blood

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

Positioning the arm above the heart level

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

Pulmonary Stenosis

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

Reduce cardiac output

The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of

Reentry mechanisms

Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of from juxtaglomerular cells

Renin

Co Pulmonale refers to

Right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of

Right-sided heart failure

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to

Rupture

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

ST-Segment elevation

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

Septic

A patient with a history of myocardial infraction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is

Stable angina

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

Syncope

pulse pressure is defined as

Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure

An example of acyanotic heart defect is

Ventricular septal defect

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, butt who experiences orthostatic hypertension upon standing?

Class II, compensated stage