pathophyiology ch16,18,19,20
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
A patient with a cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of shock
septic
Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypertension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?
sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
Vasodilation
An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?
Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body.
True
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased ?
Vasoconstriction
The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is
digitalis
Sepsis has been recently redefined as
A systemic inflammatory response to infection
Primary treatment for myocardial infraction (MI) is directed at
Decreasing myocardial oxygen demands
Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?
Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T
A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic
False
New organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration
False
The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is a pulmonary disease
False
A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of
Hypertensive crisis
Constrictive pericarditis is associated with
Impaired cardiac filling
Lusitropic impairment refers to
Impaired diastolic relaxation
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
B- hemolytic streptococcal infection
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy
Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with
Acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock
Anaphylactic
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occurs when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
Antibiotics
Patient presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST-segment elevation are treated with
Antiplatelet drugs
The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infraction do so because of
Apoptosis
Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for a hypovolemic shock?
Crystalloids
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
Decrease left ventricle afterload
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
Lengthening PR intervals and dropping P wave
Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their pressure
Mean arterial
Tumor necrosis factor a (alpha) and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
Nitric oxide
The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in
Non-Hispanic black adults
Hypertension is closely linked to
Obstructive sleep apnea
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of
Peripheral pooling of blood
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
Positioning the arm above the heart level
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to
Pulmonary Stenosis
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
Reduce cardiac output
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of
Reentry mechanisms
Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of from juxtaglomerular cells
Renin
Co Pulmonale refers to
Right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension
After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of
Right-sided heart failure
Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
Rupture
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is
ST-Segment elevation
A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?
Septic
A patient with a history of myocardial infraction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is
Stable angina
A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience
Syncope
pulse pressure is defined as
Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure
An example of acyanotic heart defect is
Ventricular septal defect
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, butt who experiences orthostatic hypertension upon standing?
Class II, compensated stage