Pathophysiology Midterm Review

When an aide asks the nurse what is a purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond? 1. To provide specific responses toward antigens 2. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms 3. To prevent infection of the injured tissue 4. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury

3. To prevent infection of the injured tissue

A 13-year-old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? 1. Down syndrome 2. Cri du chat syndrome 3. Turner syndrome 4. Fragile X syndrome

3. Turner syndrome

A 45-year-old female presents to the emergency room (ER) reporting excessive vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the: 1. skull fractures 2. thalamus 3. medulla oblongata 4. frontal lobe

3. medulla oblongata

A 32-year-old female suffers from severe brain damage following a motor vehicle accident. After rehabilitation she notices that her thought processes and goal-oriented behavior are impaired. Which area does the nurse suspect is damaged? 1. thalamus 2. limbic 3. prefrontal 4. occipital

3. prefrontal

A 15-year-old female scrapes her knee while playing soccer and complains of sharp and well-localized pain. Which of the following should the nurse document to most accurately characterize her pain? 1. chronic pain 2. referred pain 3. somatic pain 4. visceral pain

3. somatic pain

When a neurologist explains how pricking a finger with a needle provides minimal pain while cutting the finger with a knife provides more severe pain, what theory is being described? 1. gate control theory 2. neuromatrix theory 3. specificity theory 4. neuromodulation

3. specificity theory

A 50-year-old male presents with low back pain. He denies trauma and says he just woke up and it was hurting. An MRI reveals that the vertebra at L5 slid forward relative to those above and below it. Which of the following conditions will be documented on the chart? 1. degenerative disk disease 2. spondylolysis 3. spondylolisthesis 4. spinal stenosis

3. spondylolisthesis

The nurse is teaching the staff about aldosterone. Which information should the nurse include? The main site of aldosterone synthesis is the: 1. Liver 2. Kidneys 3. Adrenal cortex 4. Hypothalamus

3. Adrenal cortex

A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: 1. Immunodeficiency 2. Autoimmunity 3. Anaphylaxis 4. Tissue-specific hypersensitivity

3. Anaphylaxis

A 6-year-old male presents with fatigue, jaundice, and irritability. A blood smear shows the presence of sickled cells. Erythropoiesis is compromised in this child; which crisis should the nurse monitor the patient for? 1. Vaso-occlusive crisis 2. Sequestration crisis 3. Aplastic crisis 4. Hyperhemolytic crisis

3. Aplastic crisis

When a patient wants to know what most commonly causes hypoparathyroidism, how should the nurse reply? It is most commonly caused by: 1. Pituitary hyposecretion 2. Parathyroid adenoma 3. Parathyroid gland injury 4. Hypothalamic inactivity

3. Parathyroid gland injury

A 35-year-old male has enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and a mediastinal mass. He was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. Which of the following abnormal cells would the nurse expect to find with this disease? 1. Merkel cell 2. Schwann cell 3. Reed-Sternberg cell 4. Kupffer cell

3. Reed-Sternberg cell

A clinician is preparing to teach about spermatogenesis. Which information should the clinician include? Spermatogenesis occurs in the: 1. Epididymis 2. Inguinal canals 3. Seminiferous tubules 4. Vas deferens

3. Seminiferous tubules

The molecule that aids in bonding of the troponin complex to actin and tropomyosin is troponin: 1. C 2. I 3. T 4. M

3. T

A 52-year-old female is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. She asks the nurse to explain where the infection is. In providing an accurate description, the nurse states that the pericardium is: 1. the outer muscular layer of the heart 2. the innermost layer of the heart chambers 3. a membranous sac that encloses the heart 4. the heart's fibrous skeleton

3. a membranous sac that encloses the heart

A nurse is discussing the different types of regulation. Which regulation is the nurse describing? Local myogenic regulation of blood vessel diameter and thus blood flow through a vessel is an example of: 1. autonomic regulation 2. somatic regulation 3. autoregulation 4. metabolic regulation

3. autoregulation

A nurse observes a cardiologist multiplying the heart rate by stroke volume. What is the cardiologist measuring? 1. vascular resistance 2. preload 3. cardiac output 4. ejection fraction

3. cardiac output

A 5-year-old female is diagnosed with acute leukemia. The nurse will most likely treat this patient with: 1. bone marrow transplant 2. immunotherapy 3. chemotherapy 4. localized radiation therapy

3. chemotherapy

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm. Where does the nurse suspect the cerebral aneurysm is located? 1. vertebral arteries 2. basilar artery 3. circle of willis 4. carotid arteries

3. circle of willis

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. When a staff member asks what caused the disease, what is the nurse's most correct response? The most likely cause of this disease is: 1. congential heart defects 2. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections 3. group A Beta-hemolytic streptococcus infections 4. acute pericarditis

3. group A Beta-hemolytic streptococcus infections

A nurse is planning care for a patient in shock. Which principle should the nurse remember? During shock states, glucose uptake is usually: 1. enhanced 2. normal 3. impaired 4. energy intensive

3. impaired

When a person is in shock, a nurse remembers impairment in cellular metabolism is cause by: 1. release of toxic substances 2. free radical formation 3. inadequate tissue perfusion 4. lack of nervous or endocrine stimulation

3. inadequate tissue perfusion

The nurse is planning care for a patient with heart problems. Which information should the nurse remember? The _____ artery travels down the interventricular septum and delivers blood to portions of the left and right ventricle. 1. right coronary 2. circumflex 3. left anterior descending 4. cardiac

3. left anterior descending

A 2-week-old infant presents with poor feeding, fatigue, dyspnea, and a murmur. She is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A nurse recalls this condition results in a(n): 1. decreased pulmonary blood flow 2. right to left shunt 3. left to right shunt 4. increased systemic blood flow

3. left to right shunt

A nurse is teaching about the heart. Which information should the nurse include? The chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure is the: 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. left ventricle 4. right ventricle

3. left ventricle

A 20-year-old female is being admitted to the hospital with fever and septic shock. Which set of assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit? 1. bradycardia, palpitations, confusion, truncal rash 2. severe respiratory distress, jugular venous distention, chest pain 3. low blood pressure, tachycardia, generalized edema 4. reduced cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance, moist cough

3. low blood pressure, tachycardia, generalized edema

Which organ should the nurse monitor closely since it is often the first to fail in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? 1. liver 2. heart 3. lungs 4. Pancreas

3. lungs

A nurse wants to determine if there is kidney dysfunction in a patient with diabetes. Which of the following is the earliest manifestation? 1. polyuria 2. glycosuria 3. microalbuminuria 4. decreased glomerular filtration

3. microalbuminuria

The nurse is reviewing a normal electrocardiogram. The nurse assesses the PR interval because it represents: 1. atrial depolarization 2. ventricular depolarization 3. onset of atrial activation to onset of ventricular activity 4. "electrical systole" of the ventricles

3. onset of atrial activation to onset of ventricular activity

Which patient is most prone to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? In a patient with: 1. myocardial infarction (MI) 2. pulmonary disease 3. septic shock 4. autoimmune disease

3. septic shock

While planning care, the nurse remembers which principle? In valvular _____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely. 1. regurgitation 2. insufficiency 3. stenosis 4. incompetence

3. stenosis

What term should the nurse document for a detached blood clot? 1. thrombus 2. embolus 3. thromboembolus 4. infarction

3. thromboembolus

A nurse is teaching the staff about disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which information should the nurse include? The sequence of events in DIC is initiated by the release of: 1. histamine 2. fibrin 3. tissue factor 4. plasmin

3. tissue factor

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is: 1. hypovolemia caused by blood loss 2. hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses 3. vasodilation caused by gram negative bacterial infection 4. vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

4. vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

A female student is driving to school when another driver nearly hits her. Her heart begins beating harder and faster as she becomes aroused and scared. Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome is she experiencing? 1. Alarm stage 2. Stage of resistance 3. Adaptation 4. Exhaustion

1. Alarm stage

A 25-year-old female has sexual relations with her boyfriend. Later she is told that the boyfriend is infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Testing reveals that she does not have the disease. How is it possible that she did not contract the disease? 1. Antibodies covered sites of attachment 2. She was vaccinated against it 3. Platelets provided protection 4. IgE was released

1. Antibodies covered sites of attachment

An 8-year-old female presents with edema of the cutaneous and mucosal tissue layers. Her mother reports that the condition is recurrent and seems to occur more often during stressful situations. The child is diagnosed with hereditary angioedema. Which of the following is deficient in this child? 1. C1 esterase inhibitor 2. Carboxypeptidase 3. Neutrophils 4. Plasmin

1. C1 esterase inhibitor

Self-antigens do not meet the requirements for immunogenicity because they lack which of the following? 1. Foreignness 2. Size 3. Quantity 4. Virulence

1. Foreignness

When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: 1. Increase in size 2. Decrease in length 3. Increase in excitability 4. Increase in number

1. Increase in size

An infant develops a fever secondary to a bacterial infection. Which of the following most likely triggered the fever? 1. Interleukin-1 2. Interleukin-6 3. Interleukin-10 4. Interferons (INFs)

1. Interleukin-1

A 65-year-old male was recently diagnosed with cancer. He is retired from construction work. Which of the following cancers is he likely to develop secondary to occupational hazards? 1. Mesothelioma 2. Bladder cancer 3. Prostate cancer 4. Bone cancer

1. Mesothelioma

A 30-year-old male develops poison ivy after mowing the lawn near the woods. His primary care provider prescribes a synthetic cortisol. How will the cortisol relieve his symptoms? 1. Suppressing Th1 cell activity 2. Increasing cytokine secretion 3. Suppressing natural killer cell activity 4. Increasing Th2 activity

1. Suppressing Th1 cell activity

A patient begins taking a new drug that causes pupil dilation, vasoconstriction, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and goose bumps. Which of the following receptors are activated? 1. alpha 1 2. alpha 2 3. beta 1 4. beta 2

1. alpha 1

The patient is experiencing an increase in intracranial pressure. This increase results in: 1. brain tissue hypoxia 2. intracranial hypotension 3. ventricular swelling 4. expansion of the cranial vault

1. brain tissue hypoxia

An attorney spoke to the nurses regarding brain death. Which statement indicates the nurses understood brain death? For legal purposes, brain death is defined as: 1. cessation of brain function 2. lack of cortical function 3. a VS 4. death of the brainstem

1. cessation of brain function

Which group of people is most prone to red-green color blindness? 1. males 2. females 3. elderly persons 4. children

1. males

A neurologist is teaching about brain injuries. Which information should the neurologist include? The most severe diffuse brain injury caused by rotational acceleration is most likely to be located _____ the brainstem. 1. more peripheral to 2. in the central portion of 3. throughout 4. distal to

1. more peripheral to

A nurse notes that a patient walks with the leg extended and held stiff, causing a scraping over the floor surface. What type of gait is the patient experiencing? 1. spastic gait 2. cerebellar gait 3. basal ganglion gait 4. scissors gait

1. spastic gait

A 50-year-old female was diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. Which of the following assessment findings would most likely occur? 1. Bronze colored skin 2. Decreased iron 3. Normochromic erythrocytes 4. Aplastic bone marrow

1. Bronze colored skin

Which of the following nutritional components will the nurse encourage a patient to consume as it is needed for erythropoiesis? 1. Cobalamin 2. Vitamin B1 3. Vitamin D 4. Zinc

1. Cobalamin

A hematologist is discussing hematopoiesis. Which information should be included? ________ participate in hematopoiesis. 1. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Neutrophils

1. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

A middle-aged male speaks to his physician about benign BPH. He reveals that his father was recently diagnosed with this condition, and he wants to know if he could have it. The physician tells him that a common complaint from men with mild to moderate BPH is: 1. Decreased urinary stream 2. Infertility 3. Sexual dysfunction 4. Prostatodynia

1. Decreased urinary stream

A nurse is teaching the staff about the three phases of cellular catabolism. Which of the following should the nurse include? 1. Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle 2. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport 3. S phase, G phase, and M phase 4. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion

1. Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

A 40-year-old male is concerned about the possibility of developing prostate cancer. He reports that his father died of prostate cancer, and he wants to take all preventive measures. He is told to consume a diet low in: 1. Fat 2. Lycopene 3. Fiber 4. Calcium

1. Fat

A 3-year-old child presents with bruising on the legs and trunk and a petechial rash. The mother also reports frequent nosebleeds. Lab tests reveal a decreased platelet count. Which is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will see documented on the chart? 1. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 2. Leukemia 3. Thalassemia 4. Hemophilia

1. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

A 45-year-old male is diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. When he asks what the most likely cause of this disease is, what is the nurse's best response? 1. Ineffective iron uptake and abnormal hemoglobin production 2. Misshapen erythrocytes with low hemoglobin 3. Decreased levels of tissue iron with megaloblastic erythrocytes 4. Premature erythrocyte destruction and erythropoietin deficiency

1. Ineffective iron uptake and abnormal hemoglobin production

A 3-year-old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. The parents ask the nurse if left untreated what will happen. What is the nurse's best response? If left untreated, the child would have: 1. Mental retardation and stunted growth 2. Increased risk of childhood thyroid cancer 3. Hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder 4. Liver, kidney, and pancreas failure

1. Mental retardation and stunted growth

A 2-year-old malnourished child has vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. A blood smear suggests the deficiency is macrocytic and normochromic. The nurse would expect the hemoglobin to be: 1. Normal 2. Sporadic 3. Low 4. High

1. Normal

A 2-year-old malnourished child has vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. A blood smear suggests the deficiency is macrocytic and normochromic. The nurse would expect the hemoglobin to be: 1. Normal 2. Sporadic 3. Low 4. High

1. Normal

A 20-year-old female has an increase in eosinophils. When the patient wants to know the most likely cause of the eosinophilia. What is the nurse's best response? 1. Parasitic invasion and allergic reactions 2. Viral and bacterial infections 3. Stress and anxiety reactions 4. Fungal infections and delayed hypersensitivity

1. Parasitic invasion and allergic reactions

A nurse is discussing endocrine system dysfunction with a patient. Which statement indicates the patient understood? Endocrine system dysfunction can result from hyposecretion, hypersecretion, or from: 1. abnormal receptor activity 2. abnormal hormone levels 3. increased synthesis of second messengers 4. extracellular electrolyte alterations

1. abnormal receptor activity

A 28-year-old female presents to the ER reporting severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. She has a fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. Based upon the assessment findings, the nurse determines the patient is experiencing: 1. acute pericarditis 2. myocardial infarction (MI) 3. stable angina 4. pericardial effusion

1. acute pericarditis

A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram. Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve. The diagnosis is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). The nurse will anticipate that the treatment for this defect is 1. an indication for neonatal heart transplant 2. rarely fatal 3. easily repaired 4. asymptomatic

1. an indication for neonatal heart transplant

One consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is: 1. deceased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production 2. cellular dehydration 3. cellular alkalosis 4. free radical formation

1. deceased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production

When the nurse is teaching about the menstrual cycle, which information should be included? Menstruation is followed by the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle. 1. follicular 2. luteal 3. secretory 4. Ischemic

1. follicular

A 56-year-old female is in menopause. She has ovarian failure. While checking the lab results, which of the following will the nurse find? 1. increased FSH 2. increased estrogen 3. decreased GnRH 4. decreased LH

1. increased FSH

After activation of the Bainbridge reflex in a patient, the nurse assesses for: 1. increased heart rate 2. decreased blood pressure 3. increased rate and depth of respirations 4. decreased myocardial contractility

1. increased heart rate

When a patient wants to know about the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, what is the nurse's best response? Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II happens in the: 1. lungs 2. liver 3. kidneys 4. heart

1. lungs

A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for red face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear reveals an increased number of erythrocytes, indicating: 1. polycythemia vera (PV) 2. leukemia 3. sideroblastic anemia 4. hemosiderosis

1. polycythemia vera (PV)

A nurse is explaining the function of the heart. Which is a correct response by the nurse? A function of the pericardium is to: 1. provide a barrier against extracardial infections 2. improve blood flow through the heart 3. play a role in the cardiac conduction 4. assist in cardiac contraction

1. provide a barrier against extracardial infections

A nurse recalls the chamber that receives blood from the systemic circulation is the: 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. left ventricle 4. right ventricle

1. right atrium

A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures should the nurse assess for in this patient? 1. right heart failure 2. left heart failure 3. low-output failure 4. high-output failure

1. right heart failure

A 55-year-old female is admitted to the medical unit for complications of long-term, poorly controlled type 2 DM. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in addition to elevated glucose? 1.atherosclerosis 2. metabolic alkalosis 3. elevated liver enzymes 4. anemia

1.atherosclerosis

A 19-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition? 1. Primary hyperaldosteronism 2. Acidosis 3. Insulin secretion 4. Diuretic use

2. Acidosis

A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father? 1. bb 2. Bb 3. BB 4. Bbb

2. Bb

An experiment is designed to determine specific cell types involved in cell-mediated immune response. The experimenter is interested in finding cells that attack cells that have specific antigens. Which cells should be isolated? 1. Lymphokine-producing cells 2. Cytotoxic T cells 3. Helper T cells 4. Macrophages

2. Cytotoxic T cells

When the nurse is checking the urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of: 1. Slight glucose 2. Excessive protein 3. Blood 4. Urea

2. Excessive protein

When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: 1. Compensatory hyperplasia 2. Hormonal hyperplasia 3. Hormonal anaplasia 4. Compensatory anaplasia

2. Hormonal hyperplasia

A 30-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting fatigue, excessive sweating, and increased appetite. Physical examination reveals protruding eyes, and laboratory testing reveals hyperthyroidism secondary to autoantibody production. This disorder falls into the category of type _____ hypersensitivity. 1. I 2. II 3. III 4. IV

2. II

The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is: 1. IgG 2. IgM 3. IgA 4. IgE

2. IgM

A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by: 1. Increased serum potassium 2. Increased plasma osmolality 3. Decreased renal blood flow 4. Generalized edema

2. Increased plasma osmolality

The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in the diagnosis of: 1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2. Myasthenia gravis 3. MS 4. Autonomic hyperreflexia

2. Myasthenia gravis

The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell is called: 1. Reciprocal translocation 2. Partial trisomy 3. Inversion 4. Down syndrome

2. Partial trisomy

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? 1. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. 2. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. 3. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. 4. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

2. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.

A 5-year-old male presents with low-set ears, a fish-shaped mouth, and involuntary rapid muscular contraction. Laboratory testing reveals decreased calcium levels. Which of the following diagnosis is most likely? 1. B lymphocyte deficiency 2. T lymphocyte deficiency 3. Combined immunoligic deficiency 4. Complement deficiency

2. T lymphocyte deficiency

A nurse is preparing to teach about brain tumors. Which information should the nurse include? The most common type of brain tumor in children is: 1. neuroblastoma 2. astrocytoma 3. meningioma 4. glioma

2. astrocytoma

A 51-year-old male is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, his forearm is hyperpronated, and his legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition? 1. decorticate posturing 2. decerebrate posturing 3. caloric posturing 4. excitation posturing

2. decerebrate posturing

A 40-year-old male suffers from head trauma that affects cranial nerve I. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect? 1. visual disturbances 2. loss of sense of smell 3. loss of ability to taste 4. hearing disturbances

2. loss of sense of smell

A 10-year-old male was climbing on a house and fell. He suffered a severe brain injury. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 5 initially and 7 after 1 day. He remained unconscious for 2 weeks, then was confused and suffered from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is he most likely 1. mild dissuse brain injury 2. moderate diffuse brain injury 3. severe diffuse brain injury 4. postconcussive syndrome

2. moderate diffuse brain injury

An experiment looking at an isolated neuron revealed a sensory nerve with one process containing a dendritic portion extending away from the CNS and an axon extending toward the CNS. Which of the following classifications would this neuron fall into? 1. bipolar 2. pseudounipolar 3. bipolar 4. multipolar

2. pseudounipolar

A 25-year-old male died from a gunshot wound to the heart. Upon autopsy, abnormalities in the media of the arterial wall and degenerative changes were detected. Which of the following most likely accompanied this finding? 1. fusiform aneurysm 2. saccular aneurysm 3. arteriovenous malformation 4. thrombotic stroke

2. saccular aneurysm

Which action will occur when a patient's â-1 receptors are stimulated? 1. dilation of the coronary arteries 2. vasoconstriction of arteries 3. increase in the strength of myocardial contraction 4. decrease in the rate of myocrdial contraction

2. vasoconstriction of arteries

A 25-year-old female has a child that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. She does not have the disease. Which of the following characterizes the genetic makeup of the parents with regard to this trait? 1. Hb S and Hb S 2. Hb S and Hb A 3. Hb S and Hb C 4. Hb A and Hb C

2. Hb S and Hb A

A 60-year-old female emphysema patient experiences a rapid and pounding heart, dizziness, and fatigue with exertion. Which of the following respiratory assessment findings indicate the respiratory system is compensating for the increased oxygen demand? 1. Bronchoconstriction 2. Increased rate and depth of breathing 3. Dyspnea 4. Activation of the renin-angiotensin response

2. Increased rate and depth of breathing

Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves disease. The endocrinologist explains to the patient that the main cause of these complications is: 1. Decreased blood flow to the eye 2. Orbital edema and protrusion of the eyeball 3. TSH neurotoxicity to retinal cells 4. Local lactic acidosis

2. Orbital edema and protrusion of the eyeball

The patient's medication has a side effect of gynecomastia. The patient asks the nurse to define this term. The nurse would respond that gynecomastia is: 1. Lack of breast development in women 2. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males 3. A type of breast cancer 4. Inflammation of the mammary glands in lactating women

2. Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males

When a staff member asks the nurse which gland secretes ADH and oxytocin, how should the nurse respond? 1. Anterior pituitary 2. Posterior pituitary 3. Hypothalamus 4. Pineal gland

2. Posterior pituitary

A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytic purpura (ITP). Which information should the nurse give the staff regarding the cause of this condition? 1. Normal postnatal platelet lysis 2. Virally induces antibody destruction of platelets 3. An allergic reaction to vaccinations 4. Maternal antibodies that target platelets in the neonate

2. Virally induces antibody destruction of platelets

Within a normal physiologic range, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume would lead the nurse to monitor for: 1. an increased force of contraction 2. a decrease in cardiac output 3. an increase in heart rate 4. heart failure

2. a decrease in cardiac output

A 65-year-old male recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident. He is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. How should the nurse document this finding? 1. hypomimesis 2. agnosia 3. dysphasia 4. echolalia

2. agnosia

While preparing to teach the staff about female anatomy, which information should be included? During the years that a woman is more likely to be sexually active, the vagina mucosa is protected from infection by: 1. presence of autoantibodies 2. an acidic pH 3. low estrogen levels 4. douching

2. an acidic pH

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. While planning care, which characteristic changes should the nurse remember? 1. blood-borne organisms that adhere to the valvular surface 2. antigens that bind to the valvular lining, triggering an autoimmune response 3. high fevers that damage collagen in valve leaflets 4. rheumatoid factor in the blood, stimulating valvular degeneration

2. antigens that bind to the valvular lining, triggering an autoimmune response

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? 1. atrial tachycardia 2. atrial fibrillation 3. sinus dysrhythmia 4. idioventricular rhythm

2. atrial fibrillation

Which of the following lab tests will the nurse check to help diagnose heart failure and provide insight into its severity? 1. renin level 2. brain natriuretic 3. potassium 4. troponin

2. brain natriuretic

A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment findings will the nurse assess for? 1. bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria 2. bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension 3. hypertension, anxiety, and tachycardia 4. fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash

2. bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension

A 70-year-old male is brought to the emergency department, where he dies shortly thereafter. Autopsy reveals polycythemia vera (PV). His death was most likely the result of: 1. acute renal failure 2. cerebral thrombosis 3. sepsis 4. acute leukemia

2. cerebral thrombosis

A newborn child is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. What symptoms would the nurse expect to observe in the child? 1. high-pitched cry and dyspnea 2. cyanosis and hypoxia 3. leg pain and twitching 4. epistaxis and anemia

2. cyanosis and hypoxia

If a patient had a problem with the adrenal medulla, which of the following hormones should the nurse monitor? 1. cortisol 2. epinephrine 3. androgens 4. Estrogens

2. epinephrine

The hypotensive state seen in septic shock can lead to: 1. bradycardia due to an overworked heart 2. gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream 3. decreased oxygen demand of highly metabolic tissue 4. the increased spread of infection

2. gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? 1. anaphylactic 2. hypovolemic 3. neurogenic 4. septic

2. hypovolemic

A 5-year-old female dies from sickle cell disease. The pediatrician will document the most likely cause of death is: 1. decreased hemoglobin 2. infection 3. an obstructive crisis 4. a hyperhemolytic crisis

2. infection

A cardiologist is teaching about myocardial cells. Which information should the cardiologist include? _____ are thickened areas of the sarcolemma of myocardial cells that enable electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion. 1. myosins 2. intercalated disks 3. troponin Ts 4. I bands

2. intercalated disks

A 73-year-old female has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. The nurse should monitor for a possible complication because a potential cause for her heart to fail is: 1. hypertension 2. left heart failure 3. acute pneumonia 4. pericarditis

2. left heart failure

A 52-year-old male enters a sleep study to gather information about his sleep disturbances. He reports that his wife will not let him sleep in the bed with her until he stops snoring so loudly. He also reports feeling tired a lot through the day. When the nurse checks the chart, what is the most likely diagnosis? 1. insomnia 2. obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) 3. somnambulism 4. jet-lag syndrome

2. obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)

An 11-year-old male is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. Which classic symptoms should the nurse assess the patient for? 1. recurrent infections, visual changes, fatigue, and paresthesias 2. polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss 3. vomiting, abdominal pain, sweet, fruity breath, dehydration and Kussmaul breathing 4. weakness, vomiting, hypotension, and mental confusion

2. polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss

A nurse is preparing to teach about the most common defects of neural tube closure. Which one should the nurse discuss? 1.anterior 2. posterior 3. lateral 4. superior

2. posterior

A 65-year-old male presents for a routine checkup. A blood pressure check reveals a systolic pressure of 160 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this type of pressure elevation? 1. vasospasm 2. rigidity of the aorta 3. decreased sodium intake 4. lung disease

2. rigidity of the aorta

What factors make a patient prone to neurogenic shock? Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the: 1. parasympathetic nervous system 2. sympathetic nervous system 3. somatic nervous system 4. thalamus

2. sympathetic nervous system

A nurse takes an adult patient's blood pressure and determines it to be normal. What reading did the nurse obtain? 1. systolic pressure between 140 mm Hg and 150 mm Hg 2. systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg 3. systolic pressure less than 100 mm Hg regardless of diastolic pressure 4. systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg

2. systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg

A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. When he asks what causes the pain, how should the nurse respond? The pain occurs when: 1. cardiac output has fallen below normal levels 2. the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand 3. myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits 4. the vagus nerve is stimulated

2. the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand

Which of the following findings in the patient with Raynaud disease would indicate a need for further teaching? 1. the patient eats bananas twice a day 2. the patient smokes cigarettes 3. the patient wears mittens outside 4. the patient takes calcium channel blockers

2. the patient smokes cigarettes

Which information by the nurse indicates a good understanding of depolarization? Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of: 1. a decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to ions 2. the rapid movement of ions across the cell membrane 3. a blockade by calcium ions 4. stimuli instigated during the refractory period

2. the rapid movement of ions across the cell membrane

Which principle should the nurse remember when planning nursing care for a patient with heart problems? As stated by the Frank-Starling law, there is a direct relationship between the _____ of the blood in the heart at the end of diastole and the _____ of contraction during the next systole. 1. pressure, duration 2. volume, force 3. viscosity, force 4. viscosity, duration

2. volume, force

An 8-year-old female presents with edema of the cutaneous and mucosal tissue layers. Her mother reports that the condition is recurrent and seems to occur more often during stressful situations. The child is diagnosed with hereditary angioedema. Which of the following is deficient in this child?

C1 esterase inhibitor

A 30-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. The glass from the shattered window cut his face and neck. The scar, however, was raised and extended beyond the original boundaries of the wound. This pattern of scarring is caused by impaired:

Collagen synthesis

A primary care providing is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?

Enzymes

A 16-year-old male fell off the bed of a pickup truck and hit his forehead on the road. He now has resistance to passive movement that varies proportionally with the force applied. He is most likely suffering from:

Gegenhalten

A patient has increased intraocular pressure. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart?

Glaucoma

For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by?

Hyperventilating

A 54-year-old male intravenous (IV) drug user is diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C. Testing revealed that he is a candidate for treatment. Which of the following could be used to treat his condition?

INFs

A 16-year-old is bitten by a rabid dog while jogging in the park. Upon admission to the emergency department, the nurse will administer which of the following to help prevent infection?

Immune globulin

When a patient's vagus nerve is stimulated, what does the nurse expect to observe?

Increased gastrointestinal activity

A 10-month-old infant presents for a well-baby visit. Which of the following reflexes should be present at this age?

Landau

When a student asks which type of nerves transmit nerve impulses at a faster rate, what is the best response by the nurse?

Large, myelinated

A cell was isolated from the CNS. A researcher revealed that its main function was to clear cellular debris. What type of cell is the researcher studying?

Microglia

Which of the following diseases does the nurse screen for in all newborns?

PKU

When assessing the effects of elevated a-endorphins in a patient, which of the following should the nurse monitor?

Pain inhibition

A patient has paralysis of both legs. What type of paralysis does this patient have?

Paraplegia

A 50-year-old male cut his hand off while working in a sawmill. Several years later he still sporadically feels pain in the absent hand. What type of pain should the nurse document in the chart?

Phantom limb pain

A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response?

Pregnancy in women over age 35

The most common form of sensorineural hearing loss in the elderly is:

Presbycusis

A 50-year-old male presents with low back pain. He denies trauma and says he just woke up and it was hurting. An MRI reveals that the vertebra L5 slid forward relative to those above and below it. Which of the following conditions will be documented on the chart?

Spondylolisthesis

A 70-year-old female is being closely monitored in the neurological critical care unit for severe closed head injury. After 48 hours, her condition begins to deteriorate. Her pupils are small and sluggish, pulse pressure is widening, and she is bradycardic. These clinic findings are evidence of what stage of intracranial hypertension?

Stage 3

A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?

Subdural hematoma

Parents of a 3-month-old infant bring him to the emergency room (ER) after he has had a seizure. He has muscle rigidity, and the parents report they are of Jewish ancestry. For what genetic disease should this infant be screened?

Tay-Sachs disease

When a patient has a fever, which of the following thermoregulatory mechanisms is activated?

The body's thermostat is reset to a higher level

A 10-year-old male sneaks into a meat freezer at the local supermarket. Fearing he will get caught if he comes out, he decides to stay in there for several hours until the store closes. While in the cooler his body is most likely experiencing: a) increased respirations b) ischemic tissue damage c) CNS excitation d) increased cellular metabolism

b) ischemic tissue damage

Which patient is most prone to metabolic alkalosis? A patient with: a) Retention of metabolic acids b) Hypoaldosteronism c) Excessive loss of chloride (CI) 4) Hyperventilation

c) Excessive loss of chloride (CI)

The ophthalmologist is teaching about the structure of the eye that prevents light from scattering in the eye. What structure is the ophthalmologist describing? a) iris b) pupil c) choroid d) retina

c) choroid

During the sleep cycle, when does loss of temperature control occur? 1. non-REM sleep 2. light sleep 3. REM sleep 4. Delta wave sleep

3. REM sleep

What problem should the nurse assess for in a patient with chronic hyperparathyroidism? 1. Seizure disorders 2. Vitamin D malabsorption 3. Hyponatremia 4. Osteoporosis and pathologic fractures

4. Osteoporosis and pathologic fractures

A 20-year-old female undergoes lab testing for anemia. Results show high iron, bilirubin, and transferrin and low hemoglobin and hematocrit. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis to be documented on the chart? 1. Pernicious anemia 2. Folate deficiency anemia 3. Iron deficiency anemia 4. Sideroblastic anemia

4. Sideroblastic anemia

A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. A blood smear reveals severely sickled cells. A nurse recalls the sickled cells will be removed from circulation mostly by the: 1. Liver 2. Pancreas 3. Kidney 4. Spleen

4. Spleen

Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus (DM), and SIADH share which of the following assessment manifestations? 1. Polyuria 2. Edema 3. Vomiting and abdominal cramping 4. Thirst

4. Thirst

A 35-year-old female took corticosteroid therapy for several months. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find? 1. Renal toxicity 2. Episodes of hypoglycemia 3. Hypotension 4. Type 2 DM

4. Type 2 DM

A 67-year-old male was diagnosed with polycythemia vera (PV) but refused treatment. His condition is at risk for converting to: 1. chronic lymphocytic leukemia 2. burkitt lumphona 3. multiple myeloma 4. acute myeloid leukemia

4. acute myeloid leukemia

For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following factors should the nurse determine occurred? 1. the individual must be immunosuppressed 2. the myocardium must be impaired 3. the infection must be gram negative 4. bacteria must enter the bloodstream

4. bacteria must enter the bloodstream

A nurse assesses the heart after acetylcholine because the effect of acetylcholine on the heart is to: 1. decrease the refractory period 2. increase calcium influx 3. increase the strength of myocardial contraction 4. decrease the heart rate

4. decrease the heart rate

A 28-year-old female with seizure disorder has a vagus nerve stimulator implanted to help control seizure activity. Which of the following would the nurse also expect to occur? 1. increased speed of cardiac cycle 2. increased cardiac contractility 3. decreased vasodilation 4. decreased cardiac conduction

4. decreased cardiac conduction

After activation of the Bainbridge reflex in a patient, the nurse assesses for: 1. increased heart rate 2. decreased blood pressure 3. increased rate and depth of respirations 4. decreased myocardial contractility

4. decreased myocardial contractility

A 25-year-old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Palpation of her neck would most likely reveal: 1. a normal sized thyroid 2. a small discrete thyroid nodule 3. multiple discrete thyroid nodules 4. diffuse thyoid enlargement

4. diffuse thyoid enlargement

A 30-year-old Caucasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. A nurse determines which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis? 1. race 2. diet 3. age 4. genes

4. genes

A 19-year-old female with type 1 DM was admitted to the hospital with the following lab values: serum glucose 500 mg/dl (high), urine glucose and ketones 4+ (high), and arterial pH 7.20 (low). Her parents state that she has been sick with the "flu" for a week. Which of the following statements best explains her acidotic state? 1. increased insulin levels promote protein breakdown and ketone formation 2. her uncontrolled diabetes has led to renal failure 3. low serum insulinpromotes lipid storage and a corresponding release of ketones 4. insulin deficiency promotes lipid metabolism and ketone formation

4. insulin deficiency promotes lipid metabolism and ketone formation

A 50-year-old female is diagnosed with primary thrombocythemia. A nurse would expect the blood smear to reveal _____ platelets. 1. defective 2. fragmented 3. consumed 4. overproduced

4. overproduced

While planning care for a heart patient, which principle should the nurse recall? Right ventricular afterload is affected by: 1. vascular resistance in the systemic vessels 2. right end-diastolic pressure 3. pressures in the vena cava 4. pulmonary vascular resistance

4. pulmonary vascular resistance

A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about aplastic anemia. Which information should the nurse include? Aplastic anemia is caused by: 1. iron deficiency 2. excess levels of erythropoietin 3. hemolysis 4. stem cell deficiency

4. stem cell deficiency

A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about aplastic anemia. Which information should the nurse include? Aplastic anemia is caused by: 1. iron deficiency 2. excess levels of erythropoietin 3. hemolysis 4. stem cell deficiency

4. stem cell deficiency

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience? 1. headache and blurred vision 2. nausea and vomiting 3. chest pain and palpitations 4. syncope and fainting

4. syncope and fainting

A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with left bundle branch block. Which of the following structures would not receive an electrical impulse? 1. atrioventricular (AV) node 2. sinoatrial (SA) node 3. bundle of his 4. the left ventricle

4. the left ventricle

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is: 1. hypovolemia caused by blood loss 2. hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses 3. vasodilation caused by gram negative bacterial infection 4. vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

4. vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

A patient is undergoing a sleep lab test. When the sleep lab worker notices EEG patterns with brain activity similar to the normal awake pattern, which phase of sleep is occurring? 1. non-rapid eye movement (REM) 2. fast wave 3. REM 4. delta wave

3. REM

During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles? 1. Endocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Phagocytosis 4. Exocytosis

3. Phagocytosis

A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement pathways would be activated in this case? 1. Classical pathway 2. Lectin pathway 3. Alternative pathway 4. Kinin pathway

3. Alternative pathway

When a patient presents at the emergency department for an allergic reaction, the nurse recognizes the most severe consequence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is: 1. Urticaria 2. Hives 3. Anaphylaxis 4. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

3. Anaphylaxis

When the immunologist says that pathogens possess virulence, what does virulence mean? 1. Spreads from one individual to others and causes disease 2. Induces an immune response 3. Causes disease 4. Damages tissue

3. Causes disease

An experiment is carried out to characterize newly discovered immunoglobulins. Specificity of the amino acids within the immunoglobulin could be determined by studying the: 1. C region of the light chain 2. C region of the H chain 3. Complementary-determining region (CDR) 4. Framework regions

3. Complementary-determining region (CDR)

A baby is stillborn after 6 hours of labor. Autopsy reveals hydrocephalus caused by cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle and aqueductal compression. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 1. congenital hydrocephalus 2. microcephaly 3. Dandy-Walker deformity 4. Macewan sign

3. Dandy-Walker deformity

A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by: 1. Decreasing leukotriene production 2. Increasing histamine release 3. Decreasing prostaglandin production 4. Increasing platelet-activating factor

3. Decreasing prostaglandin production

A 15-year-old male was struck by a motor vehicle and suffered a traumatic brain injury. Paramedics found him unconscious at the scene of the accident. During the ambulance ride, he regained consciousness and was able to maintain a conversation with the medical staff. Upon arrival to hospital, he was alert and oriented. Physical exam reveals confusion and impaired responsiveness. What is the probable nature of his brain injury based on this history? 1. mild concussion 2. subdural hematoma 3. extradural (epidural) hematoma 4. mild diffuse axonal injury

3. Extradural (epidural) hematoma

A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer? 1. Herpes virus 2. Rubella virus 3. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 4. Hepatitis B virus

3. Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A 5-month-old child is admitted to the hospital with recurring respiratory infections. A possible cause of this condition is: 1. Hypergammaglobulinemia 2. Increased maternal IgG 3. Immune insufficiency 4. Decreased maternal antibody breakdown, resulting in hyposensitivity

3. Immune insufficiency

A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? 1. Mitochondria 2. Ribosome 3. Nucleolus 4. Nucleus

3. Nucleolus

Which statement indicates the patient has a good understanding of cancer risk factors? The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to: 1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation 2. Radon 3. Estrogen 4. Cigarette smoke

4. Cigarette smoke

A 30-year-old male was diagnosed with HIV. Which of the following treatments would be most effective? 1. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 2. Protease inhibitors 3. Entrance inhibitors 4. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

4. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Which of the following patients is most prone to hypochloremia? A patient with: 1. Hypernatremia 2. Hypokalemia 3. Hypercalcemia 4. Increased bicarbonate intake

4. Increased bicarbonate intake

A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected? 1. Symptoms subside quickly 2. Increased ICF volume 3. Decreased ECF volume 4. Intracellular dehydration

4. Intracellular dehydration

Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: 1. Release of growth factors 2. Tumor regression 3. Apoptosis 4. New blood vessel growth

4. New blood vessel growth

A patient, age 9, is admitted to a pediatric unit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. When planning care the nurse recalls the patient inherited this condition through a _____ trait. 1. Sex-linked dominant 2. Sex-influenced 3. Sex-limited 4. Sex-linked recessive

4. Sex-linked recessive

Which cell type is the nurse discussing? A cell that is involved in forming the blood-brain barrier is the: 1. microglia 2. schwann cell 3. oligodendrocyte 4. astrocyte

4. astrocyte

A 50-year-old male suffers a severe head injury when his motorcycle hits a tree. His breathing becomes deep and rapid but with normal pattern. What term should the nurse use for this condition? 1. gasping 2. ataxic breathing 3. apneusis 4. central neurogenic hyperventilation

4. central neurogenic hyperventilation

A patient is looking at a picture of the brain and points to the convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum. The nurse should tell the patient these are called: 1. sulci 2. fissures 3. reticular formations 4. gyri

4. gyri

The progress notes read: the cerebellar tonsil has shifted through the foramen magnum due to increased pressure within the posterior fossa. The nurse would identify this note as a description of _____ herniation. 1. supratentorial 2. central 3. cingulated gyrus 4. infratentorial

4. infratentorial

A 75-year-old female suffers a stroke and now has difficulty writing and production of language. This condition is most likely caused by occlusion of the: 1. anterior communicating artery 2. posterior communicating artery 3. Circle of Willis 4. middle cerebral artery

4. middle cerebral artery

A neurologist is teaching the staff about motor neurons. Which information should be included? Motor neurons are structurally classified as _____ neurons. 1. unipolar 2. pseudounipolar 3. bipolar 4. multipolar

4. multipolar

Which of the following signs is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer? 1. Dimpling 2. Nipple discharge 3. Chest pain 4. A painless lump

4. A painless lump

When a teenager asks what makes the breast grow, what is the nurse's best response? The hormone that promotes breast development during puberty is: 1. Progesterone 2. Prolactin 3. Oxytocin 4. Estradiol

4. Estradiol

A nurse is teaching staff about protein hormones. Which information should the nurse include? One of the protein hormones is: 1. Thyroxine (T4) 2. Aldosterone 3. Testosterone 4. Insulin

4. Insulin

While planning care for a patient with inflammation, which principle will the nurse remember? The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: 1. Eosinophil 2. Lymphocyte 3. Macrophage 4. Neutrophil

4. Neutrophil

A 20-year-old male suffers a severe closed head injury in a motor vehicle accident. He remains in a vegetative state (VS) 1 month after the accident. Which of the following structures is most likely keeping him in a vegetative state?

Brainstem

Which finding indicates the patient is having complications from the heat stroke?

Cerebral edema and degeneration of the CNS

A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for immunity against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be the best to determine immunity?

Titer