PC FINAL

What disease requires the use of an N95 (airborne precautions) mask?

(TB) Tuberculosis

Kubler-Ross stages of grief

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Depression 4. Bargaining 5. Acceptance

Sacred Seven

1. Localization 2. Chronology 3. Quality 4. Severity 5. Onset 6. Aggravating or alleviating factors 7. Associated manifestations

Measurements of temperature

1. Oral- mouth 2. Axillary- armpit 3. Tympanic- ear 4. Temporal- forehead 5. Rectal- anal (Length of time 20 seconds to 3 minutes)

Surgical Zones

1. Unrestricted 2. Semi-restricted 3. Restricted

AVERAGE RESPIRATION RATES- ADULT

12-20 breaths per minuet

AVERAGE RESPIRATION RATES- CHILD under 10 years

20-30 breaths per minuet

AVERAGE RESPIRATION RATES- NEWBORN

30-60 breaths per minuet

If hands are visibly soiled how long should you wash for (minimum)?

40 seconds

Normal resting pulse rate- ADULT

60-100 bpm

Normal resting pulse rate- CHILD

70-120 bpm

Community-Acquired Infection

A person who enters a health care facility with an infection

Immunocompromised

A person's body that does not adequately defend it self against disease Unable to neutralize, destroy or eliminate invading antigens from his or her body

Nosocomial Infection

AKA Health-care acquired infections (HAIs) Acquired in course of medical care (Includes infections contracted at birth by infants of infected mothers)

Aseptic Technique

AKA Sterile technique or surgical asepsis A process used to keep an area/object free of pathogens Destroys pathogens and their spores Reduces the probability of acquiring an infection to zero

Fomites

An inanimate object that, when contaminated with infectious agents, can transfer disease to a new host

Medical asepsis

Any practice that helps reduce the number & spread of microorganisms (Microbes not 100% eliminated)

Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care

Appoints an agent that the person trusts to make decisions if patient is unable

Cyanosis

Assessing skin changes: Bluish condition of skin due to inadequate oxygen supply

Methods of Sterilization

Autoclave: Moist heat using steam in form of steam under pressure, Only for use on items that are heat and moisture resistant, Most widely used and dependable Ethylene oxide: For use with temperature- and moisture-sensitive medical devices and supplies

Infectious Agents

Bacteria,Viruses,Fungi,Protozoa

Thermoregulation

Balance between heat produced and heat lost

Body: Physical Needs

Diet, water, rest, sleep, physical wellbeing, physical fitness and activity

Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing unless standing or sitting up

Disinfectants

Eliminate as many microorganisms as possible from surfaces by physical or chemical means Used on inanimate objects: Tables, floors, walls, imaging equipment

T/F AS body temp increases oxygen demands decrease

FaLsE- Oxygen demands would InCrEaSe ofc!

T/F 45 seconds is the minimum of hand hygiene time

False - 20 seconds is the minimum of hand hygiene time

T/F the axillary is the most accurate form of body temperature

False - Rectal is most accurate

T/F when opening a sterile pack you should keep your fingers within 2 inches of the wrapping

False- 1 inch of the wrapping

T/F Doffing means to put on your gloves

False- Donning is on, Doffing is off

T/F the average pulse is 74bpm

False- everyone knows its 72bpm

T/F rectal is the MOST convenient method to take a patients temperature

False- that would be Temporal silly goose!

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Gloves• Gowns• Masks• Face shields• Eye protection

Sterile Gowning and Gloving

Gowns are considered sterile on sleeves and front of gown from waist up• Back of gown and area below waist considered unsterile• Persons in sterile gown & gloves must pass each other back-to-back• Sterile gloves must be kept in sight and above waist level

Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E

Hepatitis A & E: transmitted by fecal-oral route• Hepatitis B, C, & D: transmitted by blood or body fluids

Most Common Occupational Infections in Health Care

Hepatitis B and C (bloodborne)• HIV/AIDS (bloodborne)• Tuberculosis (airborne)• Respiratory infections (airborne/droplet) Coronaviruses Influenza

Direct Contact

Host touched by infected person Organisms are placed in direct contact with susceptible tissue

HIV/AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Tachypnea

Increased respiration (Greater than 20 breaths/min)

Chain of Infection

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry and susceptible host.

Objective Data

Information that can be seen, heard or felt Ex: Health care professional observes swelling and bruising around the right ankle

Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)

Law made in 1990• Establishes guidelines concerning patient's wishes when confronted with serious illness

Microorganisms

Living organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye

Mind: Mental Health

Mental health includes one's emotional, psychological, and social well-being

Surgical asepsis

Microorganisms and their spores completely destroyed by heat or chemical sterilization process Theoretically eliminates all infectious agents

Medical asepsis

Microorganisms eliminated using soap, water, friction, & various disinfectants Reduction in numbers of infectious agents

Basic Principles of Sterile Technique

Only sterile items in sterile fields• If in doubt, consider object unsterile• Sterile field must be continuously monitored• Create sterile fields close to time of use• Sterile persons must avoid nonsterile areas (and vice versa!)

Living Will

Patient's wishes concerning future medical care• May be altered by competent patient at any time

Assimilation

Persons of a different culture, over time, give up their original cultural language and identify with, and try to merge into, another culture (usually the majority)

vital signs

Primary mechanisms that adapt to responses to maintain homeostasis (temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure)

PULSE LOCATIONS

Radial: thumb side of wrist (most common) Carotid: neck Brachial: antecubital groove of elbow Apical: apex of heart (Auscultation)

Tuberculosis (TB)

Recurrent, chronic communicable disease Infectious, airborne bacilli that typically affects the lungs

body temperature

Reflects degree of heat of deep tissues

PULSE

Reflects the rapidity of each heart contraction Recorded as BPM Accurate assessment = count for 1 minuet

Iatrogenic Infection

Results from a treatment or therapeutic procedure

Bradypnea

Slow breathing (Less than 12 breaths/min)

T/F Anything that falls below waist level is considered unsteril

TRUE

T/F One respiration = One inspiratory phase and an expiratory phase

TRUE duhhh

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Tachypnea, Bradypnea & Apnea Can indicate death is imminent

Biculturalism

The ability of individuals to be able to negotiate competently two or more cultures: the mainstream culture and the individual's own culture

Surgical asepsis

The complete removal of microorganisms and their spores from the surface of an object (Microbs and their spores are 100% eliminated)

Antiseptics

Topical removal of microorganisms (appropriate for skin)

Indirect Contact

Transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching contaminated objects (fomites)

(T/F) Hand hygiene is the single most important element of standard precautions

True

T/F (TB) is Treatable if found in early stages

True

T/F A sterile package must have an expiration date?

True

T/F Healthcare workers most often contract Hepatitis B or C from needle stick Injuries

True

T/F Most microorganisms do not cause infection or disease, and some are essential for our well-being

True

CDC states

Unless hands are visibly soiled, an alcohol-basedhand rub is preferred over soap and water Due to evidence of better compliance compared to soap and water

Tidal Volume

Volume of air in one respiratory cycle

Adding sterile solutions to a tray

When pouring a sterile solution place lid face up• Do not touch the inside of lid or lip of solution• Do not cross over sterile field• Do not touch bottle to container or tray• Avoid splashing liquid

Antigens

a foreign substance that induces an immuneresponse in the body called antibodies

Apnea

absence of breathing

Tier 2

airborne, droplet and contact precautions

Exogenous infection

caused by microorganisms that are not part of normal flora

Modes of Transmission

contact (direct or indirect) droplet, airborne, vehicle, vector

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

Pathogens

disease causing agents (type of microorganisms)

Respiration

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Expiration

exhale CO2- Relaxation of diaphragm and chest return's to normal position

T/F Hepatitis A & E: transmitted by blood or body fluids

false

High body temperature terms

fever, hyperthermia, febrile, pyrexia

what is considered the body's thermostat?

hypothalamus

Low body temperature is termed as...

hypothermia BRRRRR

Stages of Infection

incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence

Endogenous infection

infection as a result of an overgrowth of normal flora

Subjective Data

information perceived from the patient (or "subject") Ex: Patient states, "My right ankle is throbbing and hurts."

Inspiration

inhale O2- Diaphragm moves downward and the chest expands

Infection

refers to establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host

Tier 1

standard precautions

Normal flora

the microbial community found on or in a healthy person