PERIOD 4 PART 2 EXAM!

Jackson's veto of the Maysville Road

-Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense (1830) -. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. - Example of strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson - Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government, not the states, could make laws governing the Cherokees. Though the Cherokees won the case Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying "John Marshall has made his decision...Now let him enforce it."

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North; a small number of blacks managed to escape to the North or to Canada via underground railroads which were organized by free blacks and sympathetic whites. But, the odds of a successful escape were low due to distance of lack of knowledge of geography and "slave patrols".

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.; State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank; Taney was in charge of this

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. All residents would share equally in the labor of the community so that all could share as well in the leisure, which was essential for self-cultivation.

Surrogate Families

African American Communities began to create surrogate families which would be when families were separated as a result of slavery, other African Americans would look after the family members that were left. The surrogate families represented how there was a change in the family structure of African American families and it was an example of communities uniting to protect the family structures.

Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda

Jefferson was the Architect of Monticello. Introduced the idea of ancient Greek architecture to connect America to democracy. The Rotunda was the circular part of architecture like in Monticello

KNICKERBOCKER WRITERS SUCH AS WASHINGTON IRVING AND JAMES FENIMORE COOPER

Knickerbocker school, a group of writers active in and around New York City during the first half of the 19th century. The group, whose affiliation was more a regional than an aesthetic matter, sought to promote a genuinely American national culture and establish New York City as its literary center. Irving was the first American literary figure and Cooper was the first American novelist and discussed Democratic ideals.

Lucretia Mott

Lucretia Coffin Mott was an early feminist activist and a strong advocate for ending slavery. A powerful orator, she dedicated her life to speaking out against racial and gender injustice. Mott was raised a Quaker. Mott, along with her supportive husband, argued ardently for the abolitionist cause as members of William Lloyd Garrison's American Anti-Slavery Society in the 1830s. Garrison, who encouraged women's participation as writers and speakers in the anti-slavery movement embraced Mott's commitment. Mott was one of the founders of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. Not everyone supported women's public speaking. In fact, Mott was constantly criticized for behaving in ways not acceptable for women of her sex, but it did not deter her. Eight years later, in 1848, Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Fall Convention, attended by hundreds of people including noted abolitionist Frederick Douglass. Stanton presented a "Declaration of Sentiments" at the meeting, which demanded rights for women by inserting the word "woman" into the language of the Declaration of Independence and included a list of 18 woman-specific demands. These included divorce, property and custody rights, as well as the right to vote. The latter fueled the launching of the woman suffrage movement.

NAT TURNER'S REBELLION

Nathaniel "Nat" Turner was a black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history. An insurrection was planned, aborted, and rescheduled for August 21, 1831, when he and six other slaves killed the Travis family, managed to secure arms and horses, and enlisted about 75 other slaves in a disorganized insurrection that resulted in the murder of 51 white people. Afterwards, Turner hid nearby successfully for six weeks until his discovery, conviction, and hanging at Jerusalem, Virginia, along with 16 of his followers. The incident put fear in the heart of Southerners, ended the organized emancipation movement in that region, resulted in even harsher laws against slaves, and deepened the schism between slave-holders and free-soilers. Turner, a black slave, heard angels who told him to "act as Moses and free his people from bondage." This rebellion was blamed on The Liberator and caused the banishment of anti-slavery propaganda from the South.

New England Anti-Slavery Society

New England Anti-Slavery Society (NEASS), founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in the black Baptist church on Belknap Street. Its principal founder was William Lloyd Garrison. The Society advocated for immediate, uncompensated abolition of slavery. It stated slavery was immoral. It opposed the objectives of the American Colonization Society (ACS to send freedmen to Africa). The Society worked with the General Colored Association of Boston, which was founded earlier. One of the Society's initial campaigns was to submit a petition against slavery in the District of Colombia. By 1834, the NEASS had obtained almost 2,000 members. Garrison advocated for the idea of "moral suasion," which was to inform the general public on the evils of slavery and racism. Soon, almost 50 anti-slavery societies resembling the NEASS were established throughout New England. The NEASS sponsored numerous lecturers, called "agents," who toured through New England speaking at local groups and selling abolitionist documents and copies of Garrison's The Liberator. The NEASS also organized large yearly meetings, called anti-slavery conventions. In January 1833, the New England Anti-Slavery Society merged with the Massachusetts General Colored Association. Working together, they established anti-slavery conventions and sponsored agents throughout much of New England. After 1833, African Americans became full members of the NEASS. In 1833, Garrison and Arthur Tappan expanded the NEASS and successfully created the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act. Black Hawk War was vicious and white forces attacked natives even after they surrendered

Mormonism and Joseph Smith

Smith reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; introduced polygamy (giving a man the right to take several wives); he was killed by those who opposed him. Leadership was given to Brigham Young and they traveled from illinois to SLC and mormonism reflected idea of human perfectibility

Hudson River School of Art

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century art movement that focused on nature. Before this, Western artists portrayed nature as evil or as something wild that needed to be civilized. The Hudson River School artists portrayed humans and nature coexisting. They celebrated landscapes and showed their appreciation for "untouched" lands. The artists also explored themes of discovery, exploration, Romanticism, and Nationalism. The Hudson River School was named for the place where many of its paintings were created: the Hudson River Valley, in the White Mountains of North England. The movement is considered the first truly "American" art style.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

Jacksonian Democracy: characteristics

The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the electoral college were also chosen by popular vote. (Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions.) - Faith in the ability of people to govern themselves; Society based on more of one's achievements rather than family name; Increase voter turnout

The Liberator

The Liberator was a weekly newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston, Massachusetts. Garrison was a journalistic crusader who advocated the immediate emancipation of all slaves and gained a national reputation for being one of the most radical of American abolitionists. The Liberator denounced the Compromise of 1850, condemned the Kansas-Nebraska Act, damned the Dred Scott decision and hailed John Brown's raid as "God's method of dealing retribution upon the head of the tyrant." The slaveholders in the South demanded the end of the incendiary paper and the state of Georgia offered a $5,000 reward for Garrison's capture. The Liberator was a mighty force from the beginning and became the most influential newspaper in the antebellum anti-slavery crusade.

Liberty Party, 1840

The Liberty Party (1840) was a minor political party in the US. The party advocated for the abolitionist cause, and broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society. The party advocated that the Constitution was an anti-slavery document. William Lloyd Garrison, the leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society, saw the Constitution as an evil pro-slavery document. The party tried to use electoral politics to further their cause. The party received little support.

Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote. the Seneca Falls Convention fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women. The Declaration of Sentiments was the Seneca Falls Convention's manifesto that described women's grievances and demands. Written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it called on women to fight for their Constitutionally guaranteed right to equality as U.S. citizens. Inspired by the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of Sentiments asserted women's equality in politics, family, education, jobs, religion, and morals. The declaration began with 19 "abuses and usurpations" that were destined to destroy a woman's "confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life."

COTTON GIN AND GROWTH OF UPLAND (SHORT-STAPLE) COTTON

The Short-Staple Cotton was a new product for farmers that overshadowed all others, this was a hardier and coarser strain of cotton that could grow successfully in a variety of climates and in a variety of soils. It was harder to process than the long-staple cotton variety because its seeds were difficult to remove from the fiber, but the invention of the cotton gin had solved this problem. Only short-staple cotton could be grown upland, but early efforts by planters to profit from this variety were thwarted by the time-consuming task of removing the sticky green seeds from the cotton fibers, which were short in length and covered the entire seed surface. The seeds could only be removed by hand, which proved slow and inefficient, but the Cotton Gin was created by Eli Whitney and would separate the cotton fibers from the seeds

Era of the Common Man

Jacksonians claimed, when they had victory in the election of 1828, that America had now entered a new and better era of democracy, one for the common man(landless men who recently got right to vote).

Soft Money vs. Hard Money Factions

"Soft Money": consisted largely of state bankers and their allies; objected to the BUS b/c it restrained state banks from issuing notes freely; believed in rapid economic growth and speculation "Hard Money": believed that coin was the only safe currency and condemned ALL banks that issued banknotes, state or federal; embraced older ideas of "public virtue" and looked with suspicion on expansion and speculation (JACKSON SUPPORTED THIS)

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Second Seminole War (1835-1842)

*Natives/Blacks used guerilla warfare* In 1830 Pres. Andrew Jackson, who had fought in the First Seminole War, signed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the resettlement of all Native American peoples to lands west of the Mississippi River. Gadsden then negotiated the Treaty of Payne's Landing (1832) with various Seminole leaders. It called for the Seminoles to move within three years to the land assigned to Creek Indians west of the Mississippi if Seminole leaders found the land to be suitable and for the Seminoles to be absorbed by the Creeks. It also required that African Americans living on the Seminole reservation be left behind so that they could be claimed as slaves. A delegation of Seminoles went to the Creek lands and, finding them acceptable, in 1833 were coerced into signing the Treaty of Fort Gibson, which affirmed the terms of the earlier treaty. The Seminoles subsequently denied that they had agreed to being removed. Throughout 1836, Seminoles attacked plantations, outposts, and supply lines, and they stymied several efforts by the United States to subdue them. Near the end of the year, however, General Thomas Jesup took charge of the U.S. forces, and he instituted a change in strategy, sending small contingents of men to pursue Seminole bands. Over the next four years, small engagements continued to take place, and increasing numbers of Seminoles were induced or forced to move west to the Creek reservation. By 1842 some 3,000 to 4,000 Seminoles had been resettled, and only a few hundred remained.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy (no one born into faith)

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

1831. Determined that while the Cherokee people were an independent nation, they were still a "denominated domestic dependent nation". Denied an injunction brought forth by the tribe to null and void all laws enforced by Georgia over the tribe. Marshall and the Supreme Court ruled that Cherokees could not sue because they were not a foreign nation nor real citizens.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states; Lord Ashburton was sent to America to negotiate an agreement on the Maine boundary and other matters --> US received slightly more than half the disputed area and agreed to a northern boundary as far west as the Rocky Mountains; The treaty established the present boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, granted the U.S. navigation rights on the St. John River, provided for extradition in enumerated nonpolitical criminal cases, and established a joint naval system for suppressing the slave trade off the African coast.

Romanticism

A 19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. It was a spirit that many of the nation's cultural leaders got from Europe; in literature, in philosophy, in art, and even in politics and economics, American intellections committed themselves to this idea of liberating the human spirit. (based on emotion/intuition) In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. The "perfectionists" rejected traditional notions of family and marriage and delcared that all residents were "married" to each other w/ no permanent conjugal ties --> unrestrained "Free Love", but community carefully monitored sexual behavior and women were protected from pregnancy. Children were raised communally w/o seeing much of parents. *LIBERATION OF WOMEN FROM MALE "LUST"*

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Transcedentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. Many Transcendentalists believed in the importance of nature and degraded materialism.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. - It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Gradual Emancipation

After the United States gained her independence, the nation struggled with the slavery question. Some northern states abolished the practice altogether, while others opted for gradual emancipation. In 1780, Pennsylvania passed a gradual emancipation law, and Connecticut and Rhode Island followed suit in 1784. New York and New Jersey, each of which had an enslaved population of well over 10,000 after the Revolution, initially resisted acting against slavery. However, by 1799 in New York and 1804 in New Jersey, gradual emancipation laws had been enacted. By the turn of the 19th century, slavery was well on the road to extinction in the North. most white men who controlled the process of emancipation deemed a gradual end to bondage the most judicious and moral course. While they readily acknowledged the injustice and immorality of slavery, they also sought to respect the property rights owners legally held in their slaves and to preserve the stability of the state through a slow and orderly release of the slaves.

Frederick Douglass; The North Star

American abolitionist and journalist who escaped from slavery and became an influential lecturer in the North and abroad. He wrote Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and co-founded and edited the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper. Douglas demanded not only freedom but also full social and economic equality for blacks.

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Jackson's veto of the Second Bank

Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill re-chartering the Second Bank in July 1832 by arguing that in the form presented to him it was incompatible with "justice," "sound policy" and the Constitution. The bank's charter was unfair, Jackson argued in his veto message, because it gave the bank considerable, almost monopolistic, market power, specifically in the markets that moved financial resources around the country and into and out of other nations

Utopian Communities

Antebellum reformers who engaged in communal experiments hoped to create a more stable and equitable society. These reformers' ideas found many expressions, from early socialist experiments to religious utopias inspired by the Second Great Awakening. Prior to 1815, in the years before the market and the Industrial Revolution, most Americans lived on farms where they produced much of the foods and goods they used. This largely pre-capitalist culture centered on large family units whose members all lived in the same towns, counties, and parishes. Economic forces unleashed after 1815, however, forever altered that world. More and more people began buying their food and goods in the thriving market economy—a shift that opened the door to a new way of life. People's reactions to these changes varied: some people were nostalgic for what they viewed as simpler, earlier times; others were willing to try out new ways of living and working. In the early nineteenth century, a number of experimental communities sprang up in the United States, created by men and women who hoped not just to create a better way of life but to recast American civilization so that greater equality and harmony could prevail.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Author, lecturer, and chief philosopher of the woman's rights and suffrage movements, Elizabeth Cady Stanton formulated the agenda for woman's rights that guided the struggle well into the 20th century. Mott and Stanton, now fast friends, vowed to call a woman's rights convention when they returned home. Eight years later, in 1848, Stanton and Mott held the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York. Stanton authored, "The Declaration of Sentiments," which expanded on the Declaration of Independence by adding the word "woman" or "women" throughout. This pivotal document called for social and legal changes to elevate women's place in society and listed 18 grievances from the inability to control their wages and property or the difficulty in gaining custody in divorce to the lack of the right to vote. Stanton and Anthony opposed the 14th and 15th amendments to the US Constitution, which gave voting rights to black men but did not extend the franchise to women. Their stance led to a rift with other women's suffragists and prompted Stanton and Anthony to found the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in 1869. Stanton edited and wrote for NWSA's journal The Revolution. As NWSA president, Stanton was an outspoken social and political commentator and debated the major political and legal questions of the day. The two major women's suffrage groups reunited in 1890 as the National American Woman's Suffrage Association.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle in which Native Americans united by Tecumseh and Prophet fought against General William Henry Harrison's forces and lost. Americans on the frontier blamed Britain for initiating the rebellion (1811)Significance: The Battle of Tippecanoe destroyed the hopes of a large Indian Confederacy. When the American soldiers saw that the Indians had British weapons, they knew the British were helping them resist the Americans. This caused even more hatred towards the British than there had been before. This would ultimately serve as a catalyst for the War of 1812, which would take place less than a year after.

JOHN CALHOUN'S "POSITIVE GOOD" ARGUMENTS

Calhoun thought white southerners needed to stop apologizing for slavery. Instead, he led the way in arguing that slavery was "indispensable to the peace and happiness of both" whites and blacks. He claims that instead of an evil, slavery is "a good- a positive good." This argument and his strong state's rights ideology characterized the entire debate over slavery until the Civil War. He believed that if slavery was gotten rid of, the country and economy would completely crash.

Charles Finney

Charles Finney was an influential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening. He was a Presbyterian minister who appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside. He urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals.

Robert B. Taney

Chosen by Jackson as Chief Justice during the Dred Scott vs. Sanford case. Said that slaves are property and not people therefore they can not sue in a court. Also ruled that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional

Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language

Connecticut Schoolmaster and nationalistic lobbyist for education in the U.S. He argued that the country must have its own "textbooks" in order to prevent the aristocratic ideas of England from infecting the people. He wanted American students to be educated as patriots, feeling Patriotic thoughts. To aide this effort, Webster created an American dictionary known as the "American Spelling Book" (1783) that changed the spelling of many english words that would forever stay that way in the American language. The book would later be enlarged (1828) to become "An American Dictionary of the English Language", which established a national standard of words and usages. This influenced American cultural Nationalism.

Biblical Justifications for Slavery

Defenders of slavery noted that in the Bible, Abraham had slaves. They point to the Ten Commandments, noting that "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, ... nor his manservant, nor his maidservant." In the New Testament, Paul returned a runaway slave, Philemon, to his master, and, although slavery was widespread throughout the Roman world, Jesus never spoke out against it. Defenders of slavery argued that the institution was divine, and that it brought Christianity to the heathen from across the ocean.

Second Party System

Democrats and Whigs; The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need - In this 1837 Supreme Court Case, Chief Justice Roger Taney said that a state had a right to place the public's convenience over that of a private or particular company, over the presumed right of the monopoly granted in a corporate charter. Thus a company that had a prior long-term contract for a toll bridge over the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge—and hence a monopoly on bridge traffic—could not prevent a second company from receiving another state contract to construct a competitive toll-free bridge. It advanced the interests of those who favored economic development.

DENMARK VESEY'S REBELLION

Dissatisfied with his second-class status as a freedman and determined to help relieve the far more oppressive conditions of bondsmen he knew, Vesey planned and organized an uprising of city and plantation blacks. The plan reportedly called for the rebels to attack guardhouses and arsenals, seize their arms, kill all whites, burn and destroy the city, and free the slaves. As many as 9,000 blacks may have been involved, though some scholars dispute this figure. Warned by a house servant, white authorities on the eve of the scheduled outbreak made massive military preparations, which forestalled the insurrection. During the ensuing two months, some 130 blacks were arrested. In the trials that followed, 67 were convicted of trying to raise an insurrection; of these, 35, including Vesey, were hanged, and 32 were condemned to exile. In addition, four white men were fined and imprisoned for encouraging the plot.

Dorothea Dix and Prison Reform

Dorothea Dix was an American activist who spoke for the indigent insane, in which she grimly described the living conditions as well as the treatment of the insane by recording it in a book as she went to mental institutions around the US. Prisons at the time were unregulated and unhygienic, with violent criminals housed side by side with the mentally ill. Inmates were often subject to the whims and brutalities of their jailers. Dix visited every public and private facility she could access, documenting the conditions she found with unflinching honesty. She then presented her findings to the legislature of Massachusetts, demanding that officials take action toward reform. Her reports—filled with dramatic accounts of prisoners flogged, starved, chained, physically and sexually abused by their keepers, and left naked and without heat or sanitation—shocked her audience and galvanized a movement to improve conditions for the imprisoned and insane. She is important because she succeeded by creating the first generation of American mental asylums.

Voter Participation

Due to the increase in white male suffrage, more people became invested in voting and it allowed for more participation in the political elections.

Jackson vs Marshall

During Andrew Jackson's presidency, Marshall's Court ruled on two critical cases clarifying the relationship between Native Americans and the state and federal governments (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831; Worcester v. Georgia, 1832). In the first case, he ruled that the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent" nation, not a foreign nation, and therefore, the case didn't fall under the Court's arena of original jurisdiction. In the second case, Marshall ruled on the side of the Cherokees in recognizing them as a politically independent community, and therefore, subject only to the authority of the federal government—and not the state governments—via its treaty-making powers. *JACKSON IGNORED THESE* - When Marshall died three years later, Jackson hailed him as a national hero -- but he also appointed men to the Court who would move Marshall's nationalism in the direction of states' rights (ROBERT B. TANEY!)

Federal style of architecture

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style include Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe. The Federal Style is also considered the Greek Revival period in the US because it's origins were from ancient Greek architecture. This style seen still today in government buildings is also considered slightly gothic. The style was chosen for government buildings to reflect the democracies of the ancient Greeks and Romans. (Capital Building and Supreme Court Building)

Spirituals

Field workers would use songs to pass time; AAs would create more politically challenging music in the relative privacy of their own religious services --> tradition of the spiritual emerged. Through the spiritual, Africans in America not only expressed their religious faith, but also lamented their bondage and expressed hope for freedom.

Oberlin College

Founded by pious New Englanders in Ohio's Western Reserve, from the start Oberlin radiated a spirit of reform predicated on Evangelical faith; it was the first college in America to admit either women or blacks, and it was a hotbed of antislavery doctrine. Most women also had much less access to education than men, a situation that survived into the mid-nineteenth century. Although they were encouraged to attend school at the elementary level, they were strongly discouraged -and in most cases effectively barred-from pursuing higher education. Oberlin College in Ohio became the first college in America to accept female students; it permitted females to enroll in 1837, despite criticism that coeducation was a rash experiment approximating free love. Other institutions did not share this view.

American Colonization Society

From the start, colonization of free blacks in Africa was an issue on which both whites and blacks were divided. Some blacks supported emigration because they thought that black Americans would never receive justice in the United States. Others believed African-Americans should remain in the United States to fight against slavery and for full legal rights as American citizens. Some whites saw colonization as a way of ridding the nation of blacks, while others believed black Americans would be happier in Africa, where they could live free of racial discrimination. Still, others believed black American colonists could play a central role in Christianizing and civilizing Africa. The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed in 1817 to send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the United States. In 1822, the society established on the west coast of Africa a colony that in 1847 became the independent nation of Liberia. By 1867, the society had sent more than 13,000 emigrants. Beginning in the 1830s, the society was harshly attacked by abolitionists, who tried to discredit colonization as a slaveholder's scheme. And, after the Civil War, when many blacks wanted to go to Liberia, financial support for colonization had waned. During its later years, the society focused on educational and missionary efforts in Liberia rather than emigration.

Universal Manhood Suffrage

Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not.

Horace Mann and Education Reform

Horace Mann was the first Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. Believed education was the only way to preserve democracy and he reorganized Massachusetts school system. In 1839, the first state funded public school was established in Lexington. Mann worked to establish a public school system in every northern state, and also introduced schools that blended religion with basic education. Mann also was one of the first to establish the idea of graded work, and also mandated colleges based on the training of future teachers.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

David Walker's Appeal To The Colored Citizens of the World (1829)

In 1829, Walker, a free black man who had moved from NC to Boston published a harsh pamphlet (An Appeal To The Colored Citizens of the World) which described slavery as a sin that would draw divine punishment if not abolished. He urged slaves to kill their masters or be killed.

Election of 1836

Jackson's selected appointment successor martin van buren from NY. Rigged the democratic convention. Van buren was supported by jacksonites but not enthusiastically. Whigs unable to nominate a single candidate, instead several "favorite sons", caused their loss and Van Buren won by close popular vote, safe electoral majority.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. This made people believe that Clay and Adams had made a deal to rig the election.

Jackson's Use of the Spoils System

In the spoils system, getting a government job was all about connections, so people who helped the president win his office and who were committed to the president's party were prime candidates for civil service positions. It didn't matter much if these individuals were educated or had experience in a particular job. The winner of the election could appoint whomever he wanted, and of course, he usually chose those closest to him. The spoils of his electoral victory were his and his alone, and those spoils, i.e., government appointments, were important tools to keep his loyal supporters close to him.

Independent Treasury Act

In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation. (was supposed to be a debate over public lands and tariffs --> states rights vs national power) Cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and nationalism. Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident At issue was the source of constitutional authority - Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

OPPOSITION OF WHIGS TO DEMOCRAT "KING ANDREW"

Political cartoon and notion that President Andrew Jackson was overstepping his power as a president and acting as if he was a tyrant

South Carolina Nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South; The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings. The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered to pacify these objections.

south carolina exposition and protest by john calhoun (1828)

The 1828 South Carolina Exposition was an explanation written by John C. Calhoun that reinforced the doctrine, or principle, of Nullification. The 1828 South Carolina Exposition was written in response to the 1828 Tariff of Abominations that favored the commercial interests of the North at the expense of the South. They threatened secession, which led to the Doctrine of Nullification written by John C. Calhoun; In 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders.

Richard Allen's African Methodist Episcopal Church (1816)

The African Methodist Episcopal Church was first National Denomination, for blacks, under Reverend Richard Allen in 1816. Many of the sermons and songs played were for the plight for freedom. Canaan was the land of Freedom that was sung. Slaves saw emancipation pre-determined from God. These Invisible Institutions gave Africans a chance to create own world and gave them sense of community, solidarity, and self-esteem; Richard Allen found this in 1816 as the first independent black-run Protestant church in US. It was active in promoting abolition and found educational institutions for free blacks.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. - 5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, and Chickasaw) possessed lands southerners coveted for their growing cotton empire

Force Act of 1833

The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

American Temperance Society

The first American Temperance Society was founded on February 13, 1826. The purpose was to decrease the consumption of alcohol. The leader of the union was Lyman Beecher who was also a leader of the Second Great Awakening. It was the first U.S social organization to promote national support for a national cause. The movement was the result of increased consumption of alcohol and the people's desire to improve the better general family life. So naturally as the American people drank more alcohol the reaction to these negative effects increased as well. This led to over 2,200 temperance societies in five years and 170,000 men who took a pledge of abstinence from alcohol. Churches were the center of much of the activity. As time went on the people involved in the temperance movements went from encouraging abstinence of alcohol to demanding the prohibition of alcohol. They called alcohol "Demon Rum," because it was said that the Devil used it to take people off their righteous path. By the year 1835, there were over one million members of temperance organizations across the country. The society was most successful in the northern states. It was significant because not only did it prove the fact that the north was not only more diverse but also more for supporting different acts and laws created by the government. This act is also significant because it is an example of the first restriction on alcohol that we know eventually crumbles and fails outrageously during the prohibition.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Benjamin Lunch's Genius of Universal Emancipation

The newspaper that William Lloyd Garrison worked for previously, the leading antislavery magazine at the time, which was run by NJ Quaker Benjamin Lundy. However, this is more moderate than the Liberator

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections. Throughout Jackson's Presidency, he helped to largely expand suffrage to ALL white males.

END OF PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS TO VOTE BY 1828

The right to vote was extended to a much larger population as many states eliminated the property requirement that had prohibited many people from voting in the past

Transcendental Writers (Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau)

The transcendentalists promoted a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between what they called "reason" (individual's innate capacity to grasp beauty and truth by giving full expression to the instincts and emotions) and "understanding" (use of intellect in the narrow, artificial ways imposed by society); they wanted a cultivation of "reason" --> Emerson: led first group of transcendentalist philosophy and believed that individuals should work for a communion with the natural world in order to reach self-fulfillment --> Thoreau: believed each individual should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society's expectations and responding instead to his or her own instincts. Believed in refusal to obey unjust laws --> undergird some anti slavery reform and attacks on racial segregation

Lydia Maria Child

This white woman wrote popular and highly successful historical novels. In 1831, she attended a public meeting where she heard William Lloyd Garrison give a speech against slavery. She was moved and in 1833, her book, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans, was published. The book was powerful and caused many notable whites to join the anti-slavery movement, including Charles Sumner. Her traditional audience and the sales of her books dropped dramatically and she started a weekly newspaper instead, the Anti-Slavery Standard. She, along with Lucretia Mott and Maria Chapman, were elected to the executive committee of the Anti- Slavery Society in 1839. While she continue to fight for racial equality, she broadened her views to include the rights of women and Native Americans.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. - Gov't had substantial surplus in treasury and used that money to pay its surplus funds to the states each year in four quarterly installments as interest-free, unsecured loans (states spent money quickly) --> strained the state banks in which they had been deposited by the gov't and the banks had to call in their own loans to make the transfer of funds to the state gov'ts

Growth of Internal Slave Trade

When the international slave trade was banned in the U.S. in 1808, it fostered the growth of vigorous internal slave trade. The upper South states like Virginia became major sources of supply for the booming cotton economy of the Deep South. However, most of the increase in slave population in the U.S. came from natural reproduction. The growth of the internal slave trade after the international slave trade was banned demonstrated the true reliance on slavery in the American South.

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON'S "IMMEDIATE AND UNCOMPENSATED" EMANCIPATION

William Lloyd Garrison was a radical who founded The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, in Boston in 1831. He advocated immediate, uncompensated (that is, not paying slaveowners for giving up their slaves) emancipation and even civil equality for blacks. This made Garrison a famous and highly controversial abolitionist whose main tactic was to stir up emotions on the slavery issue. He did not favor plans set forth by organizations such as the American Colonization Society, which sought to gradually end slavery. His harsh writings offended some, for which he was unapologetic

Slow urban growth

With the growth of the importance of short-staple cotton in the Deep South which caused thousands of wealthy planters and small slaveholders to move to the Deep South (in addition to thousands of slaves moving from upper south to the deep south ("second middle passage")). When agricultural production declined in the upper south, the sale of slaves to the deep south became an important economic activity. Milling and textile manufacturing businesses in the South were slow and insignificant compared to the agricultural economy. There was also an inadequate transportation system in the South (few canals, bad roads, and railroads were often ineffective in tying different regions together; principal means of transportation was water). The South depended on the north for industrial means and did not grow in their urban areas.

Robert Owen; New Harmony

a Welsh industrialist and reform, hoped his utopian socialist community would provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution - named New Harmony a "Village of Cooperation" and every resident worked and lived in total equality, but was an economic failure

Tecumseh's Confederacy

a group of northwestern Indians who were seen as a threat which led to the US attack on them in the battle of Tippecanoe and led them to engage with the British against the US in the War of 1812. The significance is that it proved to be a threat to the US but after Tecumseh's death they were dissolved, bargained with US to gain power. Tecumseh was a Shawnee Native American chief, born about 1768 south of present-day Columbus, Ohio. During the early 1800s, he attempted to organize a confederation of tribes to resist white settlement.

First Seminole War

conflict that occurred between U.S. and Seminole; The Seminoles began raiding American settlements along the Georgia-Florida border. in November 1817, U.S. soldiers attacked the Seminole village of Fowltown, and a battle ensued. In retaliation, a group of Seminoles laid siege to a boat carrying reinforcements to Fort Scott on the Apalachicola River and killed 43 men, women, and children. In December 1817, U.S. General Andrew Jackson was given command of U.S. forces in the area. In the following spring, he led troops against Seminole villages on Lake Miccosukee and along the Suwannee River, destroying them as he went. In addition, he seized the Spanish military post at what is now St. Marks and then proceeded to take the Spanish-held town of Pensacola. Jackson's military successes paved the way for Spain's agreement to relinquish its territory in Florida to the United States under the terms of the 1819 Transcontinental Treaty; very controversial act by Jackson

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie (gold or silver currency). It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

American Anti-Slavery Society

the society was founded in 1833 under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison (wanted an immediate abolition of slavery) By 1840 its auxiliary societies numbered 2,000, with a total membership ranging from 150,000 to 200,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out agents and lecturers (70 in 1836 alone) to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences. In 1839 the national organization split over basic differences of approach: Garrison and his followers were more radical than other members; they denounced the U.S. Constitution as supportive of slavery and insisted on sharing organizational responsibility with women. The less radical wing, led by the Tappan brothers, formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which advocated moral suasion and political action and led directly to the birth of the Liberty Party in 1840.

William Henry Harrison and John Tyler (Election of 1840)

was chosen as the Whigs nominee for the election of 1840 (he was a renowned soldier and a popular national figure) --> in election he was portrayed as a wealthy member of frontier elite, but a simple man of the people who loved log cabins and hard cider; Harrison won with popular majority against Van Buren - Harrison died of pneumonia one month after taking office and VP john tyler succeeded him --> Tyler represented many Democratic ideas in his presidency despite being a Whig (Tyler did not support recharter of BUS and vetoed several internal improvement bills sponsored by congressional Whigs) --> Tyler was voted out of congressional Whigs party and every cabinet member left; Tyler replaced them with former Democrats and believed in relatively aristocratic political ideas

Planter Aristocracy

was the head of the southern society. they determined the political, economic, and even the social life of their region. the wealthiest had home in towns or cities as well as summer homes, and they traveled widely, especially to europe. they were defined as the cotton magnates, the sugar, rice, and tobacco nabobs, the whites who owned at least 40 or 50 slaves and 800 or more acres; The South was more of an oligarchy, a government ran by a few. The government was heavily affected by the planter aristocracy. Southern aristocracy widened the gap between the rich and poor because the aristocrats made governmental decisions in their favor. The Southern plantation wife commanded the female slaves. It caused social distinctions between the groups and maintained a conservative rigid society that supported slavery.

Covert Resistance

when slaves secretly or subtly resisted their masters (breaking tools, stealing food, etc); slaves would begin to refuse to work hard; some slaves stole from masters or neighboring whites and others performed isolated acts of sabotage: losing or breaking tools or performing tasks improperly. Severe acts: blacks would make themselves useless by cutting off fingers or committing suicide or would kill masters (RARE!)