Perlmutter 3
The prevalence estimates of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are roughly comparable across diverse cultures. This finding lends support to
the pancultural view of psychological disorders.
A concordance rate indicates
the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.
The bystander effect is the finding that
the probability that a witness to an emergency will help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
In couples therapy, the primary focus of treatment is
the relationship between the partners.
Herbert Benson has demonstrated that if you settle yourself comfortably in a distraction-free environment, focus your attention on a constant stimulus, and adopt a passive attitude, you may well experience what he called
the relaxation response.
The results of both twin and family studies suggest that for anxiety disorders,
there is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders.
According to the stress-vulnerability models for mood disorders and schizophrenic disorders,
these disorders emerge when high biological vulnerability combines with high stress.
According to the romantic love as an attachment perspective, one's intimate relationships in adulthood follow the same form as one's attachments first formed
to caregivers in infancy.
Terror management theory asserts that much of our behavior is motivated by our needs
to defend our worldview and preserve our self-esteem.
During psychoanalysis, when a client begins to start relating to his or her therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in his or her life, the patient is said to be engaging in
transference.
Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately, she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously, she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own husband. According to Freud, Tasha's behavior may be a sign of
transference.
According to Rogers, parents who give their children affection both when the children meet and also when they fail to meet expectations provide their children with
unconditional love or affection.
When Braden was nine, he saw one of his classmates fall under the wheels of a school bus as it pulled away from the curb. Today, at the age of 34, he has no memory of the accident. The evening news carried a flashback of the accident that happened 25 years ago, and Braden still didn't remember being at the scene when the accident happened. According to Freud, it seems that Braden's memory of the accident is contained in his
unconscious mind.
A teen who regularly engages in masturbation touches a religious icon exactly 10 times after each masturbatory act. In this example, Freud would suggest that the teen is dealing with the stress generated by the act of masturbation through
undoing.
According to Freud, when an individual copes with stressful situations by trying to atone for unacceptable desires or behaviors, that individual is using the defense mechanisms of
undoing.
In his studies on conformity, Asch found that if a group of people espouse an opinion contradictory to one's own opinion, one is most likely to
voice the group's opinion.
Research on physical attractiveness has shown that
we tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good-looking people.
Two forms of therapy developed within positive psychology are
well-being therapy and positive psychotherapy.
Which of the following statements BEST represents the approach of a cognitive therapist in treating a chronically anxious client?
"Let's see if we can identify the irrational thoughts that are producing your anxiety."
The personality inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that describes an individual in terms of a limited number of personality source traits is the
16 Personality Factor Questionnaire.
Noncompliance with medical advice occurs approximately
30-50% of the time.
Dr. Guralski believes that most psychological disorders are a result of negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Knowing this, you might expect that Dr. Guralski's bookshelves contain a large number of books written by
Aaron Beck.
The headline in The National Busybody reads "97-Pound Mom Lifts SUV off Toddler." Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome was mom MOST likely in at the time?
Alarm
The purveyors of miracle cures and psychic advice tend to rely on which of the following forms of evidence?
Anecdotal evidence
Which of the following is NOT one of the principle types of stress?
Anxiety
Which of the following statements concerning homeless individuals is true?
Approximately 1/3 of the homeless suffer from a severe mental illness.
Which of the following statements about risk factors for atherosclerosis is LEAST accurate?
Atherosclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men.
Aversion therapy is designed to remove unwanted
Aversion therapy is designed to remove unwanted
Which of the following therapies is MOST likely to see the symptom as the problem?
Behavior therapy
Which of the following situations is MOST likely to result in chronic stress?
Being diagnosed with AIDS
Which of the following is NOT a major reason American minority groups tend to underutilize mental health services?
Belief that psychological disorders are caused by supernatural forces
Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound disorder?
Bipolar disorder
According to dissonance theory, how do people usually reduce dissonance?
By changing their cognitions
In Asch's studies, what was the relationship between group size and conformity?
Conformity increased steadily as group size went from two to four, and then leveled off.
Susan has withdrawn from social contact with others. She spends most of her time alone in her bedroom. She has stopped going to her job and no longer talks to her family on the phone. Additionally, Susan neglects her personal hygiene and rarely bathes, brushes her teeth, or changes clothes. Susan's behavior BEST illustrates which symptom of schizophrenia?
Deterioration of adaptive behavior
Which of the following is NOT a consequence associated with the release of catecholamines in the body?
Digestive processes speed up
Which of the following is NOT one of the crucial dimensions of attitudes?
Distinctiveness
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major categories of psychotherapy?
Emotion therapies
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Even a moderate amount of exercise reduces one's risk of disease
A psychologist with which of the following orientations is MOST likely to analyze romantic relationships in terms of the adaptive problems they have presented over the course of human history?
Evolutionary
Which of the following is NOT offered by psychologists as an explanation for why people delay seeking needed medical treatment?
Fear of possible medical treatments
Groups seeking donations often ask people to simply sign a petition first. This approach illustrates which of the following social influence techniques?
Foot-in-the-door technique
Which of the following is the best piece of advice regarding exercise and its ability to reduce your vulnerability to stress?
Gradually increase your participation in an enjoyable activity.
Which type of therapy will MOST likely be used more frequently in the future due to economic pressures in mental health care?
Group therapy
Censoring dissent, pressuring to conform, omitting contradictory evidence, and polarizing ingroup and outgroup are basic features of which of the following?
Groupthink
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with someone who has a bipolar disorder?
Hallucinations
Rick is very involved in his community and has a strong attitude concerning the mayor of his city. Which of the following statements illustrates the affective component of Rick's attitude concerning the mayor?
He feels proud when the mayor represents his city at the state capital
The stress-vulnerability models that have been developed for mood disorders and schizophrenic disorders illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?
Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
Which of these characteristics has NOT been linked to optimism?
Higher levels of conscientiousness
Which of the following statements regarding hindsight bias is LEAST accurate?
Hindsight bias is generally restricted to thinking about issues related to personality.
What do the histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders have in common?
Impulsivity and overdramatization
Which temperament is characterized by shyness, timidity, and wariness?
Inhibited
Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
Which of the following social influence techniques involves getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed?
Lowball technique
Roger enjoys gambling so much that he does it every day, totally neglecting his family and job. Roger's behavior satisfies which criterion of abnormality MOST clearly?
Maladaptive behavior
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
Many people who need therapy don't receive it.
Which of the following is NOT one of the barriers to effective healthcare provider-patient communication discussed in the text?
Many providers resent patients who ask questions
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
One should seek to avoid all stress
Mary and John are teaming up to make an important sales presentation to 15 executives from a Fortune 500 company. Mary finds the challenge exhilarating, but John is a nervous wreck over the presentation. Their differing reactions illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?
Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
An individual thinks he is Jesus Christ. He also believes that, because he is Christ, people are trying to kill him. Assume that this individual is not correct¾he is not Christ, and people are not trying to kill him. Which of the following would be the MOST likely diagnosis?
Paranoid schizophrenia
Which of the following is NOT an important factor in patient nonadherence or noncompliance to medical advice?
Patients believe the instructions are inappropriate
Which of the following people are MOST likely to be viewed as more competent?
People who are physically attractive
Which of the following is a common stereotype about psychological disorders?
People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous.
According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following characteristics in a prospective mate would be the LEAST important consideration for a woman seeking a mate?
Physical attractiveness
In the research on romantic attraction, which of the following did researchers discover to be the key determinant of a person's initial attraction to someone else?
Physical attractiveness
Which form of therapy attempts to get clients to forgive those who have wronged them?
Positive psychotherapy
The fact that there are literally dozens of insightful theories of personality illustrates which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?
Psychology is theoretically diverse.
Which of the following are disorders that occur in ALL cultures?
Schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder, and depression
Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on conformity?
Solomon Asch
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
Some people inherit a polygenetically transmitted vulnerability to schizophrenia.
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
Stigmatization of mental illness has remained stable over many years.
Which of the following statements concerning the effects of stress is MOST accurate?
Stress can promote personal growth and self-improvement.
Which of the following could be an example of the fundamental attribution error?
Sue explained Ralph's failure in terms of his incompetence and laziness.
Which of the following behavior therapy techniques would MOST likely be used to treat a fear of flying?
Systematic desensitization
The terms "mental illness" and "psychopathology" are MOST closely associated with which model of abnormal behavior?
The medical model
What need was Abraham Maslow expressing when he said, "What a man can be, he must be"?
The need to self-actualize
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning the onset of bipolar disorder?
The peak age of onset is in the late teenage years
Which of the following is LEAST accurate in regard to defense mechanisms?
They invariably reduce coping effectiveness
Which of the following statements concerning antipsychotic drugs is FALSE?
They reduce symptoms in approximately 95% of patients
The physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for action was first identified by
Walter Cannon.
Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves conflict?
You can't decide whether to go to Florida or Mexico for spring break
Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves frustration?
You want to go to the big game tomorrow, but the game is sold out
Laura is planning to buy a new car and is trying to decide between a Ford and a Honda. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Laura should be MOST persuaded by statements made by
a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford.
Christine is relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, and amicable. Christine would be classified as having
a Type B personality.
"Preparedness" is a term coined by Seligman that refers to
a biological predisposition to be easily conditioned to fear certain things.
Drug therapy is classified as ____ therapy; electroconvulsive shock therapy is classified as ____ therapy.
a biomedical; a biomedical
Dr. Nenning is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients. He encourages his clients to talk about their concerns, and he often acts as a sounding board, restating and clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns and problems. Dr. Nenning appears to be
a client-centered therapist.
Dave washes his hands at least 50 times per day, even though his hands are rarely dirty. Dave's behavior is an example of
a compulsion.
Grayson seems to be preoccupied with the possibility that he might miss an important message from someone in his family. He checks for new messages on his answering machine every 15 minutes. Grayson's constant checking for messages could be considered an example of
a compulsion.
The cartoon character Charlie Brown, with his extreme dread, pessimism, worrying, and brooding, could be diagnosed as having
a generalized anxiety disorder.
The bystander effect should be strongest in
a large group when need for help is ambiguous.
Tina has been extremely hyperactive for the past week and getting by with only three hours of sleep each night. Her thoughts seem to be racing out of control, and she is convinced that the novel she started last week will become a best seller and win a Pulitzer Prize, even though she has never had any of her writing published in the past. Tina's symptoms suggest that she is currently experiencing
a manic episode.
Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use
a psychoanalytic approach in therapy.
According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance research, you would predict GREATEST attitudinal change in a person who is led to lie by
a simple request to do so.
Dr. Varsho is a psychotherapist who often argues openly with her clients. She is very assertive and tries to persuade her clients to alter their patterns of thinking. Dr. Varsho is
a therapist who uses Beck's cognitive approach.
MOST authentic cases of dissociative identity disorder have in common a background of
a traumatic childhood characterized by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.
According to the medical model,
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease.
Cognitive therapy is to negative thinking as drug therapy is to
abnormal neurotransmitter activity.
The application of classical conditioning principles is most directly associated with the ____ component of attitudes.
affective
Virginia has a favorable attitude toward aerobics and working out. Just the thought of her daily workout is enough to make Virginia feel good, and she finds that when she is at the gym she feels much more relaxed and much less stressed. These emotional responses form part of the ______________ component of Virginia's attitude toward working out.
affective
With regard to age, suicides peak in the
age group over 75 years old.
According to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis put forth by Dollard and his colleagues,
aggression is always caused by frustration.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
allows scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in specific areas of the brain.
Love as the basis for marriage is
an 18th-century invention of Western culture.
Leonard has 15 years of seniority at a job with a small company where he gets along well with everyone. Recently, a competitor called to offer him a job that would pay more money, but where he would have to start over, with no seniority. As Leonard tries to decide whether to accept the new job because it offers more money or turn it down because it would mean giving up his seniority, he is facing
an approach-avoidance conflict.
Melissa has an old car that is desperately in need of expensive repairs. She is trying to decide whether to spend the $1,500 she has in her savings account to repair her old clunker or use her savings to buy the used car that her neighbor has for sale. As Melissa considers which of these two options she will select, she is facing
an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
The practice of therapy that involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one is known as
an eclectic approach to therapy.
Psychological inhibition of emotions has been linked to
an increase in autonomic arousal.
Humanistic personality theories focus on
an individual's freedom and potential for growth.
Mark has been unsuccessful in using compensation to help him master life's challenges; according to Adler's theory, Mark may exhibit
an inferiority complex.
When the causes of a person's behavior are attributed to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings, it is
an internal attribution.
In the past nine months, Andrew has been fired by three different employers. He was unreliable and often missed work, and each employer finally let him go when they found he had been stealing money and materials. Andrew feels no remorse over his actions, but he has managed to convince each of his former employers that he is sorry for his actions and none of the employers plan to press any charges. In this case, Andrew's behavior is consistent with that seen in
antisocial personality disorder.
Ruth was convicted of five separate counts of fraud. She had used her charm to persuade elderly pensioners to sign their life savings over to her. She confessed to the crimes, but she showed no remorse for her actions. She even bragged at the trial that she would do it all again when she had the chance. In this case, Ruth's behavior is consistent with that seen in
antisocial personality disorder.
According to Rogers, experiences that threaten a person's self-concept often result in the person experiencing
anxiety.
A strength of the behavioral theories of personality is that the theories
are based on extensive empirical research.
One's risk of developing heart disease is related to the amount of stress in one's life, whether ones has Type A personality, is depressed, is obese, or smokes. This partial list of risk factors BEST reflects the unifying theme in psychology that
behavior is determined by multiple causes.
Therapies that involve physiological intervention intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders are
biomedical therapies.
Electroconvulsive therapy and drug therapy for psychological disorders are two types of
biomedical therapy.
Jay has periods of elevated mood to the point of extreme euphoria and optimism that are followed by periods of depression. Jay is MOST likely to be diagnosised with a
bipolar disorder.
Abby was watching a documentary on some of the horrors of the Vietnam War. Even when she saw soldiers being blown up after stepping on land mines, she showed no emotional reaction or response. In this case, Abby is displaying symptoms of
blunted or flat affect.
Felicity scored 98% on her first statistics exam, while Baxter scored only 35%. Felicity studied really hard in an attempt to score 100% on the next exam. Baxter decided he wasn't going to be successful in the course, so he didn't study at all. On the second exam Felicity scored 89%, while Baxter scored 42%. One explanation for this might be
both Felicity's and Baxter's scores reflect regression toward the mean.
Individuals with ____ typically maintain a reasonably normal weight.
bulimia nervosa
Studies of the immune system in humans have found that stress
can lead to decreased levels of immune activity.
A major idea behind rational-emotive therapy is that stress is caused by
catastrophic thinking.
The idea that emotional tension can be released through behavior and that this response may be adaptive is known as
catharsis
Garret is frustrated and angry when his request for a pay raise is turned down. After work, Garret goes to his gym and hits the punching bag for 10 minutes. Garret finds that he feels less tense and wound up after his workout. This change in Garret's mood is consistent with the concept of
catharsis.
According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, when people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages, it is referred to as the
central route.
Current research suggests it is MOST accurate to view the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) as assessing
changes that relate to a wide variety of stressful experiences.
In client-centered therapy, the therapist's key task is
clarification.
A recent anti-smoking campaign on television showed graphic images of the internal effects of smoking. Twelve-year-old Kandice has seen a number of these ads, and they made her feel nauseated. Now she finds that she has developed an unfavorable attitude toward smoking. In this case, Kandice's attitude appears to have developed as a result of
classical conditioning.
Travis saw a television advertisement in which a new long-distance telephone service provider showed a vignette of pleasant family scenes while some relaxing music played in the background. Later, when Travis is asked about this particular long-distance service provider, he has a positive attitude toward their service, even though he actually uses a different long-distance service. Travis's attitude appears to have developed through the process of
classical conditioning.
Cognitive dissonance refers to the state one is in when
cognitions are inconsistent.
Conditioning theories of anxiety disorders are being revised to include more emphasis on
cognitive factors.
Social-cognitive theory differs from Skinner's approach in giving more weight to
cognitive processes.
Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more effective than others. Martin Seligman asserts that panic disorders respond BEST to
cognitive therapy.
Steve and Stacey have been a couple for several years. Their love is characterized by warm feelings and affection. They enjoy spending time together and describe themselves as lovers and friends. Steve and Stacey's love is BEST described as
companionate love.
A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being
compulsive.
Carmen has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Carmen then makes the decision to wear what her friends are wearing. Carmen's party dressing behavior demonstrates
conformity.
In determining the probabilities associated with comorbidity (the coexistence of two or more psychological disorders), epidemiologists would need to work with
conjunctive probabilities.
One personality characteristic correlated with good physical health is
conscientiousness
One personality characteristic correlated with good physical health is
conscientiousness.
According to social psychologists, a group
consists of two or more people who interact and are interdependent.
Researchers can try to control for regression toward the mean and placebo effects through the use of
control groups, random assignment, and statistical adjustment.
Improved communication sklls are MOST relevant to
couples and family therapy.
Jose has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed a drug that affects both the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in Jose's nervous system. Based on this information, it is MOST likely that Jose is being treated for
depression.
Preliminary research suggest positive psychotherapy can be effective in treatment for
depression.
Inadequate social skills, and therefore a decrease in sources of social support, have been suggested as factors that contribute to the development of
depressive disorders.
All of the following are Freudian techniques to bring unconscious material to consciousness EXCEPT
directed confrontation.
Nicole is a 30-year-old lawyer who holds very conservative views. She always votes the straight Republican ticket in every election. At a New Year's Eve party, she meets Frank who is also a 30-year-old lawyer but who holds very liberal views. He tells Nicole that he would never think of voting for a Republican candidate. Based on the research by Rosenbaum, you should predict that Nicole will
dislike Frank because he holds opposite political views.
Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week, he struck out on an easy pitch. When this happened, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. According to Freud, Jose may be unconsciously dealing with his anger at himself by using the defense mechanism of
displacement.
According to Albert Ellis, the key to making realistic appraisals of stress is to
dispute irrational assumptions.
The class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity, is known as
dissociative disorders.
For people suffering from bipolar disorder, manic episodes usually
do not last as long as depressive episodes.
Freud considered ____ to be the MOST direct way to access the patient's unconscious, or the "royal road to the unconscious."
dreams
All of the following were cited in the textbook as factors that promote relaxation EXCEPT for
drinking a small amount of alcohol.
College health clinics are probably MOST likely to experience an increase in students seeking treatment for colds and other minor illnesses
during finals week.
The Featured Study "Does Negative Thinking Cause Depression?" found that participants who
exhibited a negative cognitive style were more likely to develop depression.
The major emphasis in client-centered therapy is to provide the client with
feedback and clarification.
Research MOST strongly suggests that people who have been betrayed by someone will experience improved mood if they
forgive the betrayer.
Being prevented from reaching a goal will cause MOST individuals to experience
frustration.
When a person's pursuit of a goal is blocked or thwarted, the person experiences
frustration.
Stuart feels like he has been worrying constantly for the past four months. He is worried about making his car payments, losing his job, and how his children are doing in school. He has also started to experience dizziness and occasional heart palpitations. In this case, Stuart's symptoms are MOST consistent with
generalized anxiety disorder.
William has just been to a therapist who prescribed an antidepressant medication. William should expect to experience a noticeable reduction in his symptoms of depression
gradually, after 1-2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug.
Social loafing is MORE likely to occur if the
group members feel that the responsibility for getting the job done is diffused among the members of the group.
When group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction, it is referred to as
group polarization.
One widely used rule to determine whether an individual accused of a crime qualifies as insane is if the individual
has a mental disorder that makes the individual unable to distinguish right from wrong.
Kim suffers from anhedonia, which means that she
has difficulty experiencing pleasure.
Bill is a subject in an experiment designed to imitate cheering at an athletic event and is asked to make as much noise as he can by cheering and clapping. Bill will probably make the LEAST noise if
he is in a group of people all making noise at the same time.
Lola saw her family doctor last week because she had experienced a number of asthma attacks in the preceding month. Her family doctor told Lola that her asthma was a psychosomatic disease. Lola's doctor was telling her that
her asthma has an organic basis, but that it was caused in part by psychological factors.
Roommates Ann and Margaret both woke up yesterday with a headache, upset stomach, and muscle stiffness. While Ann was showering for her 9:00 art history class, Margaret rushed off to the college health clinic. MOST likely Margaret exhibits a ____ than Ann.
higher level of anxiety and higher level of neuroticism
Dr. Smith has just been appointed chief of staff at a large hospital located near an area of town where many minorities live. Dr. Smith is very interested in increasing the level of mental health services provided to the minority community. If you could give him one piece of advice, it would be MOST beneficial if you told him he should
hire trained therapists who are from the same minority group.
Dr. Dieringer is a behavior therapist. Her major concern in treating an abnormal behavior would be to discover
how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behavior.
Covert attitudes that are expressed subtly and automatically are known as __________ attitudes.
implicit
Rita believes that racial prejudice is wrong, but she also possesses subtle negative views about other races. Rita's negative views make up her
implicit attitudes.
The rise of the medical model in the study of psychopathology brought about
improvements in the treatment of individuals who exhibited abnormal behavior.
The negative effects of ____________ may be more severe than the negative effects of obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive drinking.
inadequate social support
Freud is to unconscious conflicts as Rogers is to
incongruence
Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by
inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality.
Research suggests that efforts to actively suppress emotions result in
increased autonomic arousal and decreased stress.
John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy, believing that if he learns why he is so anxious, he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is MOST likely to seek a therapist who emphasizes the ____ approach.
insight therapy
Observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of males; observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of females.
internal; external
A therapist's attempt to explain the significance of a client's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is referred to as
interpretation.
The person who is MOST likely to experience frustration is one who
is a perfectionist.
As a result of the fundamental attribution error, if you observe a construction worker relaxing under a tree, you would be MOST likely to conclude that the worker
is lazy.
A change in your marital status, a job change, moving, having a baby, and getting promoted are all examples of
life changes.
Charlie alternates between periods of elation and depression. Which of the following medications is he MOST likely to receive to control his condition?
lithium
When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen they have
made an illusory correlation.
Dallas watches as Rhoda missteps in the cafeteria and spills coffee on herself and two other students. If Dallas concludes that Rhoda is an uncoordinated "klutz" who wasn't paying attention to what she was doing, he has
made an internal attribution.
Carly has had intense feelings of sadness for the past several weeks. She has very little energy and has stopped going out with her friends. She has lost her appetite and rarely cooks. Carly feels her situation is hopeless and that she only has herself to blame. MOST likely, Carly has
major depressive disorder.
Behavior that interferes with an individual's social or occupational functioning may be considered to be
maladaptive.
Randall is an alcoholic who has been fired from four jobs in the past year, but he is not concerned because he feels that there are lots of other jobs available. In this example, the fact that Randall's alcoholism affects his occupational status would MOST likely be considered
maladaptive.
In persuasion, the information transmitted is referred to as the
message.
The cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of depressive disorders maintains that people who are more likely to develop depressive disorders tend to do all of the following EXCEPT
misinterpret harmless situations as threatening.
The therapeutic drugs used to control bipolar disorder are referred to as
mood stabilizers.
Harry is an excellent basketball player who seldom misses a shot during practice. After yesterday's practice, Harry's coach told him that some scouts from a big college would be at today's practice. Based on the research by Baumeister, it is likely that this increase in pressure will make Harry
more self-conscious and will interfere with his performance.
Evolutionary psychologists ascribe much of the bias in person perception to cognitive mechanisms that have been shaped by
natural selection.
The finding that many schizophrenics have difficulty in focusing their attention implies that schizophrenia may be caused by
neurological defects.
Melissa has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. If Melissa were to complete a personality assessment, it is likely that her personality profile would list her as
obsessive, rigid, and emotionally restrained.
Kate constantly thinks about jumping in front of an oncoming car when she is walking. The only way she seems to be able to stop these self-destructive thoughts is to say Mother Goose nursery rhymes over and over to herself. In this case, Kate's symptoms are most consistent with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Lukas does not trust anyone. He is convinced that no one around him is truthful and everything they say to him is a lie. He is extremely suspicious of other people's motives, and he often flies into a jealous rage when his wife speaks to other men. If Lukas has a personality disorder, his symptoms are MOST consistent with those associated with disorders in the
odd/eccentric cluster.
Vanessa bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can't seem to stop herself from doing this. According to Freud, Vanessa's nail biting may be evidence of fixation at the
oral stage of development.
Valerie has attempted suicide on four separate occasions in the past month. Her family has approached a judge asking for legal intervention to protect Valerie from hurting herself. In this case, it is likely that the judge will
order that Valerie be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric facility.
You believe that short men have a tendency to be insecure. The concept of illusory correlation implies that you will
overestimate the frequency of insecure short men.
According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, when persuasion depends on factors such as the attractiveness and credibility of the source or emotional responses by the receiver, it is referred to as the
peripheral route.
Behavior that causes anxiety or concern for the affected individual may be considered to be
personally distressing.
The general adaptation syndrome describes one's
physiological responses to stress.
Compared with attractive people, less attractive people
place less emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness.
Four years have passed since the death of Bill's eldest son, and Bill still experiences bouts of depression and anxiety when he thinks about the tragic accident that led to his son's death. This lingering depression and anxiety is characteristic of
posttraumatic stress disorder.
A two-category scheme for classification of schizophrenia has been suggested as an alternative to the older four categories. These two categories are based on
predominance of positive or negative symptoms.
Recent research suggests that chronic stress can impair people's ability to pay attention by reducing activity in the
prefrontal cortex.
The Flashback football team was down by 35 points at half-time, but they made a big comeback in the second half. With less than 15 seconds remaining on the clock, they scored a touchdown that narrowed the other team's lead to a single point. Their quarterback has decided to try for a two-point conversion in an attempt to win the game by a single point in the final seconds. As the team lines up for the last play of the game, both the quarterback and the intended receiver are likely to be experiencing
pressure.
Anthony just received a pop quiz from his instructor, but he decides that he doesn't care how he performs on the quiz because his score is irrelevant to his grade. This evaluation is part of Anthony's _________ appraisal of the situation.
primary
Ana has been in psychotherapy for five years. At the start of each session, she describes any dreams that she has had since her last session. Her therapist analyzes the symbolism in these dreams and helps Ana understand the unconscious conflicts that underlie the dreams. In this case, Ana is MOST likely seeing a therapist who is trained in
psychoanalysis.
Freud's approach for the treatment of psychological disorders is
psychoanalysis.
When people give a false but plausible excuse to justify their unacceptable behavior, they are using
rationalization.
The rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the
reciprocity norm.
Systematic desensitization is a therapy designed to
reduce phobic responses.
Stress affects the immune system by
reducing its activity, thus causing the body to become more vulnerable to illness.
Under stress, a college student cries and throws things. The behavior of the student is an example of
regression
Herbert Benson believes the key to the beneficial effects of meditation is
relaxation
Todd was physically abused up until the age of eight. He is now 40 years old and has absolutely no memories of the early abuse that he experienced. According to Freud, Todd may be unconsciously dealing with the potential anxiety related to his abuse using the defense mechanism of
repression.
Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy are referred to as
resistance
With three finals and two papers on her schedule at the beginning of finals week, Kim was very aware of feeling her body "all keyed up" as she worried how she could possibly do everything she needed to do. By the middle of the week, Kim felt calmer and was dealing fairly well with budgeting her time and was completing tasks in a timely fashion. During the middle of finals week, Kim was MOST likely in the ____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
resistance
The presence of structural abnormalities in the brain that are assumed to reflect deterioration of brain tissue has been associated with
schizophrenic disorders.
According to Lazarus and Folkman, we evaluate our coping resources during
secondary appraisal.
The illusory correlation effect occurs when we
see correlations between social traits that really aren't there, because our expectations distort our memories.
Compared to traditional antipsychotic drugs, the newer atypical antipsychotic drugs
seem to produce fewer unpleasant side effects.
According to Maslow, after people satisfy their physiological needs and safety and security needs, they will next become concerned with
self-actualization needs.
The collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior is referred to as one's ____, according to Rogers.
self-concept
Rogers believed that client-centered therapists must provide unconditional positive regard for their clients. In other words, they must
show complete, nonjudgmental acceptance of the client as a person.
Your therapist is a client-centered therapist and must provide unconditional positive regard. In other words, your therapist must
show complete, nonjudgmental acceptance of the client as a person.
In his Stanford Prison study, Zimbardo found that
situational factors have a powerful impact on social behavior.
Actors and observers tend to give different explanations for the same instance of behavior because
situational pressures may not be readily apparent to an observer.
The newest antidepressant drugs such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft
slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses.
When Jerry thought he was the only person who was assigned the job of contacting alumni for a 15-year reunion, he spent several hours on the phone each evening trying to reach members of his graduating class. When he learned that eight other people were also working on contacting the alumni, he spent only 30 minutes each night making phone calls. The process that would BEST explain the decrease in Jerry's effort when he learned that he was working as part of a larger group, is
social loafing.
The association between stress and mood disorders is inconsistent, but it is clear that
stress affects the likelihood of relapse.
Research on national character using the Big Five personality traits found that
subjects displayed considerable agreement concerning what was typical of their culture.
A classical conditioning-based behavior therapy designed to treat an individual suffering from a spider phobia is ____, while a classical conditioning-based behavior therapy designed to treat alcohol abuse is ____.
systematic desensitization; aversion therapy
When Darren's classmate earns a D on an essay for their history class, Darren figures the classmate is unmotivated and should have spent more time working on the paper and less time socializing. The classmate is disappointed with her grade, but she knows she didn't have much time to work on the essay because she had to work double shifts the entire week before the paper was due. The different attributions for the low grade on the essay illustrate
the actor-observer bias.
Researchers have uncovered strong links between cognitive reactions or ________ and specific emotions.
the appraisal of the event
Allie has a chronic medical condition. She was advised to take a drug from a manufacturer that claims it reduces the risk of mortality from her condition by 25%. Before taking the drug, it is MOST important that Allie investigate
the base rate for mortality from her condition.
Jeff, Greg, Dan, and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground. They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911. In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates the phenomenon known as
the bystander effect.
Behavior therapy requires that
the client's vague complaints be translated into concrete behavioral goals.
The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist is that
the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counseling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems.
A marketing firm has been hired to develop new advertisements for the "Safe and Sober" campaign. The goal of the campaign is to persuade people to drive more carefully. The firm is considering two different television commercials. One commercial shows graphic accidents with actual accident victims; the other shows controlled collisions with plastic crash dummies. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, you should predict that
the commercial with the graphic accidents will arouse more fear, and therefore be more effective.
Clients' subjective ratings of changes in their feelings, measures of clients' behavioral change, and therapists' subjective ratings of change in clients' adaptive functioning could all be used as measures of
the effectiveness of therapy.
