Personality, Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, Body Image

Describe how body image can be measured: affective measures. (3)

- Asses feelings such as worry, shame, anxiety, comfort, embarrassment, and pride in relation to the body. - Greater negative feelings = greater body image disturbance - Measures social physique anxiety, body comfort

Describe how body image can be measured: behavioural measures. (1)

- Assess frequency with which individual engages in activities that might indicate body image disturbance ex. avoidance behaviours, lifestyle behaviours, body checking behaviours

Name 2 ways body image is important for physical well-being.

- Health-damaging behaviours - Health-promoting behaviours

Name 4 factors in body image formation and disturbance.

- Media influence - Cultural influences - Activity participation - Changes in body reality

Describe the influence of self perceptions on exercise.

- Participants with higher self-esteem or self-concept at start of exercise intervention are more adherent to intervention. - Self-concept and exercise have reciprocal effects, direction of influence hard to predict.

Name 4 ways body image is important for psychological well-being.

- Self-esteem - Depression and anxiety - Body dysmorphic disorder - Muscle dysmorphia

What effect does exercise have on self perceptions.

- Small but significant, positive effects on global self-esteem and general self-concept. - Less research on physical self-concept - but generally led to positive changes in self-concept.

How is body image dissatisfaction of men and women related to BMI?

- Women's body image = positively correlated to BMI - Men's body image = curvilinear to BMI

Describe how body image can be measured: cognitive measures.

1. Questionnaires that the degree of satisfaction with one's body shape. - Items on list - Choose from series of images, selecting current and ideal sizes *Some scales not accurate regarding muscularity 2. Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ)

Describe how body image can be measured: perceptual measures. (1)

Assesses the level of accuracy of judgements about the size of one's body parts or the body as a whole.

Describe the Interactionist Perception.

Behaviour is explained by examining he environment and the individual's reaction.

Describe the Situation = Environment.

Behaviour is explained by examining the environment and in the individual's reaction.

Describe the Person = Trait Approach.

Consistent responses over time.

Define personality core.

Developed early, includes perceptions of self, attitude, values, interests, self-concept. Least amenable to change.

Describe the relationship between personality and exercise research: types of exercise choose to do.

Extroverts and "adrenaline-seeking" activities

Describe the relationship between personality and exercise research: settings.

Introverts exercise alone.

Define body image.

Multidimensional - how we see our body, think, feel and act toward it.

Name and define 4 dimensions of body image. (4)

Perceptual: - Picture we form in our mind, how we see our body in the mirror Cognitive: - How we think about our body in appearance and function Affective/Emotional: - Feelings in relation to body's appearance and function (proud, disgusted) Behavioural: - Things we do that reflect positive or negative perceptions about our bodies (i.e. clothing we wear)

Define typical responses.

Predictable way of reacting to environment.

Describe the commonality of body image disturbance among men and women.

Same commonality among both genders.

Define self-esteem.

The evaluation or affective consequences of one's self-concept. ("How I feel about who I am")

Define self-concept.

The way in which we see or define ourselves. ("Who I am") - Domain specific

Describe the relationship between personality and exercise research: potential benefits.

Type A and stress-reduction benefits from exercise.

Define personality.

Underlying psychological structures and processes that shape a person's action and reactions to the environment.

Define role related behaviours.

Variable, daily behaviours depending on contest. Most easily changed/influenced by environment.